Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-v9fdk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-10T08:23:38.946Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

1986: Boom Year for Biopolitics

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 May 2016

Albert Somit ,
Steven A. Peterson  and
Denise Peer
Albert Somit
Affiliation:
Lesar Law Building, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois 62901
Steven A. Peterson
Affiliation:
Division of Social Sciences, Alfred University Alfred, New York 14802
Denise Peer
Affiliation:
Division of Social Sciences, Alfred University Alfred, New York 14802
Get access

Extract

As our title indicates, by almost every measure, 1986 was a good year for biopolitics. First, the total number of items which appeared, 116, set an all-time record (the previous high was 92 in 1985). Second, there continued to be an influx of new entrants, with 22 first-time contributors emerging from our literature search. Third, 15 percent of the items were written by non-American political scientists, up from last year's 10 percent and an indication, we believe, of the healthy growth in international interest. Fourth, and perhaps best of all, five biopolitical dissertations-in-progress, or actually completed, were listed in the annual PS compilation, a nice upturn from 1984's low.

Type
Articles and Commentaries
Information
Politics and the Life Sciences , Volume 6 , Issue 1 , August 1987 , pp. 58 - 63
Copyright
Copyright © Association for Politics and the Life Sciences 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Somit, A., and Peterson, S. A. (1984). “Publication Patterns in Biopolitics.” American Political Science Association meeting, Washington, D. C.Google Scholar
1986 BibliographyGoogle Scholar
KEY:Google Scholar
1-Case for BiopoliticsGoogle Scholar
2-Ethology/Sociobiology/EvolutionGoogle Scholar
3-PhysiologyGoogle Scholar
4-Research MethodsGoogle Scholar
5-Public PolicyGoogle Scholar
6-MetaphorGoogle Scholar
Arnhart, L. (1986). “Aristotle's Biopolitics.” Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Washington, D. C. (2)Google Scholar
Arnhart, L. (1986). “The Problem of Teleology in Aristotle's Biopolitics.” Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association, Chicago. (2)Google Scholar
Axelrod, R. (1986). “An Evolutionary Approach to Norms.” American Political Science Review 80: 1095–1112.(2)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Balch, S. H. (1986). “The Neutered Civil Servant: Eunuchs, Celibates, Abductees, and the Maintenance of Organizational Loyalty.” In White, E. and Losco, J. (eds.), Biology and Bureaucracy. Lanham, Md.: University Press of America. (2)Google Scholar
Barner-Barry, C. (1986). “Informal Organization and the Study of Bureaucratic Behavior: A Research Agenda.” In White, E. and Losco, J. (eds.), Biology and Bureaucracy. Lanham, Md.: University Press of America. (2)Google Scholar
Barner-Barry, C. (1986). “An Introduction to Nonparticipant Observational Research Techniques.” Politics and the Life Sciences 5 (1): 139–146. (4)Google Scholar
Barner-Barry, C. (1986). “Rob: Children's Tacit Use of Peer Ostracism to Control Aggressive Behavior.” In Gruter, M. and Masters, R. D. (eds.), Ostracism. New York: Elsevier. (2)Google Scholar
Beer, F. A. (1986). “Global Evolution and Bonding.” Politics and the Life Sciences 4 (2): 141–142. (2)Google Scholar
Blank, R. H. (1986). “The Allocation of Scarce Medical Resources.” Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Washington, D. C. (5)Google Scholar
Blank, R. H. (1986). “The Challenge of Emergent Public Policy Issues in Genetic Counseling.” Paper presented at the National Society of Genetic Counselors Conference, Philadelphia. (5)Google Scholar
Blank, R. H. (1986). “Emerging Notions of Women's Rights and Responsibilities During Gestation.” Journal of Legal Medicine 7: 441–469. (5)Google Scholar
Blank, R. H. (1986). “Medical Technologies and the Courts.” Public Law Forum 5: 49–67. (5)Google Scholar
Blank, R. H. (1986). “Public Administration and Biopolicy.” In White, E. and Losco, J. (eds.), Biology and Bureaucracy. Lanham, Md.: University Press of America. (5)Google Scholar
Blank, R. H. (1986). “Teaching Biomedical Policy to Undergraduates.” Politics and the Life Sciences 5 (1): 67–74. (1)Google Scholar
Bonnicksen, A. (1986). “In Vitro Fertilization and Public Policy: Turning to the Consumer.” Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Washington, D. C. (5)Google Scholar
Bonnicksen, A. (1986). “In Vitro Fertilization, Consumer Awareness, and Public Policy.” Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Washington, D. C. (5)Google Scholar
Bristol, T. (1986). “Teaching Politics to Nurses.” Politics and the Life Sciences 5 (1): 92–102. (1)Google Scholar
Caldwell, L. K. (1986). “Biocracy: The Irrepressible Influence of Biology on Politics.” In White, E. and Losco, J. (eds.), Biology and Bureaucracy. Lanham, Md.: University Press of America. (2, 5)Google Scholar
Caldwell, L. K. (1986). “Problems of Applied Ecology: Perceptions, Institutions, Methods, and Operational Tools.” BioScience 16: 524–527. (5)Google Scholar
Carmen, I. H. (1986). Cloning and the Constitution. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. (5)Google Scholar
Caton, H. P. (1986). The Humanist Experiment-Superman from the Test Tube. Brisbane: Council for a Free Australia. (5)Google Scholar
Caton, H. P. (1986). “Pascal's Syndrome: Positivism as a Symptom of Depression and Mania.” Zygon 20: 203–248. (3)Google Scholar
Caton, H. P. (1986). “Sound and Shoddy Sociobiology.” The Behavioral and Brain Sciences 9: 188–189. (2)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Caton, H. P. (1986). “Teaching Biopolitics to Humanities Students.” Politics and the Life Sciences 5 (1): 113–121. (1)Google Scholar
Cole, L. A. (1986). “The Politics of Yellow Rain.” Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Washington, D. C. (5)Google Scholar
Davies, J. C. (1986). “Biology, Darwinism, and Political Science.” Journal of Social and Biological Structures 9: 227–240. (2, 3)Google Scholar
Davies, J. C. (1986). “The Brain and Bureaucracy.” In White, E. and Losco, J. (eds.), Biology and Bureaucracy. Lanham, Md.: University Press of America. (3)Google Scholar
Davies, J. C. (1986). “Roots of Political Behavior.” In Hermann, M. (ed.), Political Psychology. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers. (2, 3)Google Scholar
Davies, J. C. (1986). “Surface and Depth in Political Biology.” Journal of Social and Biological Structures 9: 94–103. (2, 3)Google Scholar
Declercq, E. (1986). “The Politics of Regulation of Midwifery and Home Births in the States.” Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Washington, D. C. (5)Google Scholar
DeForest, P. (1986). “Bureaucracy in Biology: The Struggle to Control the Management and Conduct of Postwar Bio-medical Research.” In White, E. and Losco, J. (eds.), Biology and Bureaucracy. Lanham, Md.: University Press of America, Inc. (5)Google Scholar
DeForest, P. (1986). “European Community Bio-technology Research and Development Policy: Conflict or Cooperation.” Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Washington, D. C. (5)Google Scholar
Diamond, I. (1986). “Women and Fertility: Notes toward the End of Political Economy.” Paper presented at the meeting of the Western Political Science Association, Eugene, Oregon. (5)Google Scholar
Dobuzinskis, L. (1986). “Politics and the Life Sciences: Constructing an Epistemological Bridge out of Complex and Paradoxical Materials.” Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Washington, D. C. (1)Google Scholar
Duncan, D. E. (1986). “Law, Genetics, and Public Policy: An Analysis of the National Genetic Diseases Act of 1976.” , Howard University. (5)Google Scholar
Emmert, M. A. (1986). Organizational Cohesion and Commitment: An Evolutionary Perspective.” In White, E. and Losco, J. (eds.), Biology and Bureaucracy. Lanham, Md.: University Press of America. (2)Google Scholar
Ershkowitz, M. (1986). “Big Business, Government, and Bioethics: The Case of Sickle Cell Anemia.” In White, E. and Losco, J. (eds.), Biology and Bureaucracy. Lanham, Md.: University Press of America. (5)Google Scholar
Ezekial, E. (1986). “The Ends of Life: Medical Ethics in a Liberal Polity.” , Harvard University. (5)Google Scholar
Flohr, H. (1986). “Bureaucracy and Its Clients: Exploring a Biosocial Perspective.” In White, E. and Losco, J. (eds.), Biology and Bureaucracy. Lanham, Md.: University Press of America. (2, 3)Google Scholar
Flohr, H. (1986). “Human Ethology as a Social Science.” Politics and the Life Sciences 4 (2): 188–192. (2)Google Scholar
Flohr, H. (1986). “The Importance of Biology for the Social Sciences.” Ratio 28: 1–19. (1)Google Scholar
Flohr, H. (1986). “Probleme biologischer Orientierung der Soziologie.” In Klingemann, C. (ed.), Rassenmythos und Sozialwissenschaften in Deutschland. Weisbaden, Federal Republic of Germany. (1)Google Scholar
Flohr, H. (1986). “Teaching Biopolitics in Germany.” Politics and the Life Sciences 5 (1): 103–112. (1)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Flohr, H. (1986). “Unsere Biokulturelle Natur. For die Beachtung der Biologie bei der Erklarung menschlichen Sozialverhaltens.” In Eltung, A. (ed.), Menschliches Handeln und Sozialstruktur. Leverkusen: Leske. (2)Google Scholar
Flohr, H. (1986). “What is Biopolitics?” In Wind, J. and Reynolds, V. (eds.), Essays in Human Sociobiology. Belgium: Free University of Brussels. (1)Google Scholar
Flohr, H., Tönnesmann, W., and Pohls, U. (1986). “Studying Leader-Follower Relationships from an Ethological Perspective.” Paper presented at the International Conference on Human Ethology, Tutzing. (2)Google Scholar
Gruter, M., and Masters, R. D. (1986). “Ostracism as a Social and Behavioral Phenomenon.” In Gruter, M. and Masters, R. D. (eds.), Ostracism. New York: Elsevier. (2)Google Scholar
Gruter, M., and Masters, R. D., eds. (1986). Ostracism. New York: Elsevier. (2)Google Scholar
Gugin, D. A. (1986). “The Politics of Teaching Biopolitics.” Politics and the Life Sciences 5 (1): 31–35. (1)Google Scholar
Hadwiger, D. F. (1986). “Commentary.” Politics and the Life Sciences 4 (2): 167–168. (5)Google Scholar
Hartigan, R. S. (1986). “The Anatomy of Teaching Biopolitics: Some Reflections.” Politics and the Life Sciences 5 (1): 22–30. (1)Google Scholar
Hartigan, R. S. (1986). “Biology and Justice.” Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association, Chicago. (2)Google Scholar
Hartigan, R. S. (1986). “The Biology of Justice.” Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Washington, D. C. (2)Google Scholar
Honey, J. C. (1986). “Commentary on Teaching Biopolitics.” Politics and the Life Sciences 5 (1): 122–125. (1)Google Scholar
Johnson, G. (1986). “Human Nature and the Origin of Government: A Biopolitical Theory.” Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Washington, D. C. (2)Google Scholar
Johnson, G. (1986). “Kin Selection, Socialization, and Patriotism.” Politics and the Life Sciences 4 (2): 127–140. (2)Google Scholar
Johnson, G. (1986). “Some Thoughts on Human Extinction, Kin Recognition, and the Impact of Patriotism on Inclusive Fitness.” Politics and the Life Sciences 4 (2): 149–154. (2)Google Scholar
Kenney, M., and Buttel, F. (1985). “Bio-technology: Prospects and Dilemmas for Third World Development.” Development and Change 16: 61–67. (5)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kenney, S. J. (1986). “Reproductive Hazards in the Workplace: A Comparative Study of Law and Policy in Britain and America.” Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Washington, D. C. (5)Google Scholar
Kitchin, W. (1986). “The Dialectics of Dereliction: a Neurolinguistic Analysis of the Language of the Watergate Group.” In White, E. and Losco, J. (eds.), Biology and Bureaucracy. Lanham, Md.: University Press of America. (3)Google Scholar
Kitchin, W. (1986). “The Place of Biopolitics in the Political Science Curriculum.” Politics and the Life Sciences 5 (1): 5–13. (1)Google Scholar
Kort, F. (1986). “An Evolutionary-Neurobiological Perspective of Political Processes, Institutions, and Development of Law.” Paper presented at the International Conference on Human Ethology. (2, 3)Google Scholar
Kort, F. (1986). “Considerations for a Biological Basis of Civil Rights and Liberties.” Journal of Social and Biological Structures 9: 37–52. (2)Google Scholar
Kort, F. (1986). “The Politics of Ostracism.” In Gruter, M. and Masters, R. D. (eds.), Ostracism. New York: Elsevier. (2)Google Scholar
Kort, F. (1986). “Teaching Biopolitics: Needs, Experience, Problems, and Prospects.” Politics and the Life Sciences 5 (1): 14–21. (1)Google Scholar
Laitinen, A. (1984). “Sociobiologian uu Stalkinnat.” Politikka 26: 355–367. (2)Google Scholar
Lanzetta, J. T., Sullivan, D. G., Masters, R. D., and McHugo, G. J. (1986). “Emotional and Cognitive Responses to Televised Images of Political Leaders.” In Kraus, S. and Perloff, R. M. (eds.), Mass Media and Political Thought. Beverly Hills: Sage. (2, 3)Google Scholar
Levine, J. M. (1986). “Living Off the Fat of the Land?: The Politics of Diet and Heart Disease.” , MIT. (5)Google Scholar
Losco, J. (1986). “Biology, Moral Conduct, and Policy Science.” In White, E. and Losco, J. (eds.), Biology and Bureaucracy. Lanham, Md.: University Press of America. (2, 5)Google Scholar
Losco, J. (1986). “Re-examining the Anatomy of Reason and Passion.” Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association, Chicago. (2)Google Scholar
Madsen, D. (1986). “Power Seekers are Different: Further Bio-chemical Evidence.” American Political Science Review 80: 261–270. (3)Google Scholar
Masters, R. D. (1986). “Evolutionary Biology and Natural Right.” In Deutsch, K. L. and Softer, W. (eds.), The Crisis of Liberal Democracy: A Straussian Perspective. Albany: State University of New York Press. (2)Google Scholar
Masters, R. D. (1986). “Ostracism, Voice and Exit: The Biology of Social Participation.” In Gruter, M. and Masters, R. D. (eds.), Ostracism. New York: Elsevier. (2)Google Scholar
Masters, R. D. (1986). “Political Philosopny as a Science: Evolutionary Biology, Political Theory, and Natural Justice.” Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Washington, D. C. (2)Google Scholar
Masters, R. D. (1986). “Why Bureaucracy?” In White, E. and Losco, J. (eds.), Biology and Bureaucracy. Lanham, Md.: University Press of America, Inc. (2)Google Scholar
Masters, R. D., and Sullivan, D. G. (1986). “Nonverbal Displays and Political Leadership in France and the United States.” Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Washington, D. C. (2, 3)Google Scholar
Masters, R. D., Sullivan, D. G., Lanzetta, J. T., McHugo, G. J., and Englis, B. G. (1986). “The Social Displays of Leaders.” Journal of Social and Biological Structures 9: 319–343. (2, 3)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maxwell, J. H. (1986). “Life Saving Technology in Medicine: The Myth and the Reality.” , MIT. (5)Google Scholar
Milanaccio, A. (1986). “Teaching Nature to Learn from Nature.” Politics and the Life Sciences 5 (1): 83–91. (1)Google Scholar
Milbrath, L. (1986). “A Governance Structure Designed to Help Society Learn How to Become Sustainable.” Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Washington, D. C. (5)Google Scholar
Moreland, L. B. (1986). “On Teaching Biopolicy and Values in Selected Reproductive Technologies: Abortion, In Vitro Fertilization, and Surrogate Motherhood.” Politics and the Life Sciences 5 (1): 75–82. (1, 5)Google Scholar
Nygren, D. (1986). “Domination and the Body: The Perverse Embrace of Power.” , University of Illinois at Chicago. (5)Google Scholar
O'Hara, P. (1986). “Can Ethology Bring Lucidity to Organizational Research?” In White, E. and Losco, J. (eds.), Biology and Bureaucracy. Lanham, Md.: University Press of America. (2)Google Scholar
O'Hara, P. (1986). “Teaching Biopolitics in a Professional Curriculum.” Politics and the Life Sciences 5 (1): 59–66. (1)Google Scholar
O'Neill, J. (1986). “Evolutionary International Relations: A Biopolitical Framework for Teaching World Politics.” Politics and the Life Sciences 5 (1): 44–53. (1, 2)Google Scholar
Oots, K. L. (1986). “An Individual Level Model of Terrorist Contagion.” Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Southern Political Science Association, Atlanta, Georgia. (6)Google Scholar
Oots, K. L., and Wiegele, T. C. (1986). “Utilizing a Biomedical Scale for the Assessment of Basic Personality Orientations in Local Government Elites.” Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Washington, D. C. (3)Google Scholar
Peterson, S. A. (1986). “The Unteachables: Biopolitics Courses.” Politics and the Life Sciences 5 (1): 28–30. (1)Google Scholar
Peterson, S. A. (1986). “Why Policies Don't Work: A Bio-cognitive Perspective.” In White, E. and Losco, J. (eds.), Biology and Bureaucracy. Lanham, Md.: University Press of America. (3, 5)Google Scholar
Peterson, S. A., and Franzese, B. (1986). “The Body Politic: Body Image and Political Orientations and Behavior.” Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Washington, D. C. (3)Google Scholar
Peterson, S. A., and Somit, A. (1986). “Biology and Politics: Ethology, Sociobiology, and Evolution.” In Long, S. (ed.), Political Behavior Annual. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press. (2)Google Scholar
Ra, C. P. (1986). “Toward a Biosociopolitical Transactional Model of Cognitive Psychology.” Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Washington, D. C. (3)Google Scholar
Sardell, A., and Catchen, H. (1986). “Health Politics in the 1980s.” Journal of Politics 48: 168–181. (5)Google Scholar
Schubert, G. (1986). “Primate Politics.” Social Science Information 25: 647–680. (2)Google Scholar
Schubert, G. (1986). “Scientific Creation and the Evolution of Religious Behavior.” Journal of Social and Biological Structures 9: 241–260. (2)Google Scholar
Schubert, J. N. (1986). “Human Vocalizations in Agonistic Political Encounters.” Social Science Information 25: 475–492. (2, 3)Google Scholar
Schubert, J. N. (1986). “The Social, Developmental, and Political Impacts of Food Aid.” In Browne, W. P. and Hadwiger, D. F. (eds.), World Food Policies: Toward Agricultural Interdependence. Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner Publishers. (5)Google Scholar
Schubert, J. N., Wiegele, T. C., and Hines, S. Jr. (1986). Age, Age Structure, and Political Decision Making. Final Report to the National Institute on Aging. DeKalb, III.: Program for Biosocial Research, Northern Illinois University. (2, 3, 4, 5)Google Scholar
Slavin, S. (1986). “The Social World and Political Community of Head Injury People: Difference by Gender and Family Life Cycle.” Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Washington, D. C. (3)Google Scholar
Soden, D. L., and Lovrich, N. P. (1986). “Bureaucratic Involvement in Fish and Wildlife Policy: A View from the Inside Out.” Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Southern Political Science Association, Atlanta, Georgia. (5)Google Scholar
Somit, A. (1986). “Bureaucratic Pathology, Public Administration, and the Life Sciences.” In White, E. and Losco, J. (eds.), Biology and Bureaucracy. Lanham, Md.: University Press of America. (2, 5)Google Scholar
Somit, A., and Peterson, S. A. (1986). “Biological Correlates of Political Behavior.” In Hermann, M. G. (ed.), Political Psychology San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. (2, 3, 4)Google Scholar
Somit, A., and Peterson, S. A. (1986). “Biopolitics in 1985.” Politics and the Life Sciences 5 (1): 132–136.Google Scholar
Stevenson, J. G. (1985). “Personal Covariants of Psychological Burnout in Field-units of a Federal Agency: Physical Symptoms and Social Support.” , University of Georgia. (3)Google Scholar
Strate, J. (1985). “The Role of War in the Evolution of Political Systems and the Functional Priority of Defense.” Humboldt Journal of Social Relations 12: 87–114.Google Scholar
Van der Dennen, J. M. G. (1986). “The Biological Basis of Primitive Warfare.” Paper presented at a meeting of the European Sociobiological Society, Bussum. (2)Google Scholar
Vanhanen, T. (1986). “Evolution of Political Systems by Natural Selection.” In Wind, J. and Reynolds, V. (eds.), Essays in Human Sociobiology. Belgium: Free University of Brussels. (2)Google Scholar
Vanhanen, T. (1986). “On the Evolutionary Roots of Political Structures and Behavior Patterns.” Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Washington, D. C. (2)Google Scholar
Wahlke, J. C. (1986). “What Does the Bio-Political Approach Offer Political Science?” PS 4: 871–872. (1)Google Scholar
Wahlke, J. C. (1986). “Commentary on Teaching Biopolitics.” Politics and the Life Sciences 5 (1): 125–131. (1)Google Scholar
Weatherley, R. A. (1986). “The Politics of Transgression: Policies for Pregnant and Parenting Adolescents.” Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Washington, D. C. (5)Google Scholar
White, E. (1986). “Brains, Bonds and Bureaucracy: Public Administration from a Neuro-Political Perspective.” In White, E. and Losco, J. (eds.), Biology and Bureaucracy. Lanham, Md.: University Press of America. (3)Google Scholar
White, E. (1986). “Self-Selection and Political Life: The Neuropolitics of Alienation—The Trapped and the Overwhelmed.” Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Washington, D. C. (3)Google Scholar
White, E., and Losco, J., (eds.) (1986). Biology and Bureaucracy. Lanham, Md.: University Press of America. (2, 3, 5)Google Scholar
Wiegele, T. C. (1986). “Behavioral Medicine and Bureaucratic Processes: Research Foci and Issue Areas.” In White, E. and Losco, J. (eds.), Biology and Bureaucracy. Lanham, Md.: University Press of America. (3, 5)Google Scholar
Wiegele, T. C. (1986). “Psychophysiology and Politics.” In Long, S. (ed.), Political Behavior Annual. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press. (3)Google Scholar
Wiegele, T. C., (ed.), (1986). The Social Impacts of Biotechnology: An Annotated Bibliography of Recent Works. DeKalb, III.: The Association for Politics and Life Sciences. (5)Google Scholar
Wiegele, T. C., Hines, S. M. Jr., and Schubert, J. N. (1986). “Motivation, Decisional Style, and Age Effects in Decision Making Elites.” Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Washington, D. C. (3)Google Scholar
Wildenmann, R. (1986). “Ecology, Economy, Society: Roads to a New Basic Understanding.” Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Washington, D. C. (5)Google Scholar
Willhoite, F. H. Jr. (1986). “Political Evolution and Legitimacy: The Bio-cultural Origins of Hierarchical Organizations.” In White, E. and Losco, J. (eds.), Biology and Bureaucracy. Lanham, Md.: University Press of America. (2)Google Scholar