Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-p9bg8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-27T12:00:47.147Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The Religious Affiliation of Representatives and Support for Funding the Iraq War

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 September 2011

Todd A. Collins*
Affiliation:
Western Carolina University
Kenneth A. Wink*
Affiliation:
University of Texas, Tyler
James L. Guth*
Affiliation:
Furman University
C. Don Livingston*
Affiliation:
Western Carolina University
*
Address correspondence and reprint requests to: Todd A. Collins, Western Carolina University, Department of Political Science, 344 Stillwell Building, Cullowhee, NC 28723. E-mail: [email protected]
Kenneth A. Wink, University of Texas at Tyler, 3900 University Blvd., Tyler, TX 75799. E-mail: [email protected]
James L. Guth, Furman University, Greenville, NC 29613. E-mail: [email protected]
C. Don Livingston, Western Carolina University, Department of Political Science, 344 Stillwell Building, Cullowhee, NC 28723. E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

In this article, we add to the evolving literature examining the importance of religious orientation and political elite behavior. We use data on the religious affiliations of United States House of Representative members to test the influence of religion on military funding for the “War on Terror.” Our findings indicate that, even after controlling for traditional political factors, such as ideology and partisanship, representatives' religious backgrounds often played a role in support for this bill. Roman Catholics, African-American Protestants, and those of other religions and the non-religious were more strongly opposed to funding for military intervention than mainline Protestants, even after controlling for other factors. This article provides a further look at the influence of religion and suggests that factors outside the traditional political dynamics may also be important in examining elite behaviors.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Religion and Politics Section of the American Political Science Association 2011

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Allen, John L. Jr., 2002. “Vatican Will not Support American War on Iraq.” National Catholic Reporter http://www.usccb.org/bishops/iraq.shtml (Accessed on August 29, 2009).Google Scholar
Barker, David C., Hurwitz, Jon, and Nelson, Traci L.. 2008. “Of Crusades and Culture Wars: ‘Messianic’ Militarism and Political Conflict in the United States.” Journal of Politics 70:307–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barone, Michael, and Cohen, Richard E.. 2003. The Almanac of American Politics. Washington, DC: National Journal Group.Google Scholar
Bartels, Larry M. 1991. “Constituency Opinion and Congressional Policy Making: The Reagan Defense Build Up.” American Political Science Review 85:457474.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baumgartner, Jody C., Francia, Peter L., and Morris, Jonathan S.. 2008. “A Clash of Civilizations? The Influence of Religion on Public Opinion of U.S. Foreign Policy in the Middle East.” Political Research Quarterly 61:171–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benson, Peter, and Williams, Dorothy. 1982. Religion On Capitol Hill. San Francisco, CA: Harper and Row.Google Scholar
Betts, Richard K. 1991. Soldiers, Statesmen, and Cold War Crises. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Bullock, Charles S III, and Brady, David W.. 1983. “Party, Constituency, and Roll-Call Voting in the U.S. Senate.” Legislative Studies Quarterly 8:2944.Google Scholar
Catholic News Service. n.d. “Pope Warns Against War.” http://www.americancatholic.org/News/JustWar/Iraq/papalstatement.asp (Accessed on 31, 2009).Google Scholar
Catholic News Service. 2003. “Saddam's Capture May Bring Peace, Doesn't Excuse War, Cardinal Says.” http://www.americancatholic.org/News/JustWar/Iraq/papalstatement.asp (Accessed on August 28, 2009).Google Scholar
Cox, Gary W., and McCubbins, Mathew D.. 1993. Legislative Leviathan: Party Government in the House. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Cronin, Patrick, and Fordham, Benjamin O.. 1999. “Timeless Principles or Today's Fashion? Testing the Stability of the Linkage between Ideology and Foreign Policy in the Senate.” Journal of Politics 61:967998.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Domke, David. 2004. God Willing? Political Fundamentalism in the White House, The “War on Terror,” and the Echoing Press. London, UK: Pluto Press.Google Scholar
Erikson, Robert S., and Wright, Gerald C.. 1993. “Voters, Candidates and Issues in Congressional Elections.” In Congress Reconsidered, eds. Dodd, Lawrence C., and Oppenheimer, Bruce I.. Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly.Google Scholar
Fox, John. 1991. Regression Diagnostics. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fox, John, and Monette, Goerges. 1992. “Generalized Collinearity Diagnostics.” Journal of the American Statistical Association. 87:178183.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Froese, Paul, and Mencken, F. Carson. 2008. “A U.S. Holy War? The Effects of Religion on Iraq War Policy Attitudes.” Social Science Quarterly 90:103116.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gelpi, Christopher, and Feaver, Peter D.. 2002. “Speak Softly and Carry a Big Stick? Veterans in the Political Elite and the American Use of Force.” American Political Science Review 96:779–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Green, John C., and Guth, James L.. 1991. “Religion, Representatives, and Roll Calls.” Legislative Studies Quarterly 16:571–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greenberg, Anna, and Wald, Kenneth D., 2001. “Still Liberal After All These Years? The Contemporary Political Behavior of American Jewry.” In Jews in American Politics, eds. Maisel, L. Sandy, and Forman, Ira N.. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 161194.Google Scholar
Grofman, Bernard, Griffin, Robert, and Glazer, Amihai. 1992. “The Effect of Black Population on Electing Democratics and Liberals to the House of Representatives.” Legislative Studies Quarterly 17:365379CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guth, James L. 2007a. “Religious Leadership and Support for Israel: A Study of Clergy in Nineteen Denominations.” Presented at the annual meeting of the Southern Political Science Association, New Orleans, January 3–7, 2007Google Scholar
Guth, James L. 2007b. “Religion and Roll Calls: Religious Influences on the United States House of Representatives, 1997–2002.” Presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Chicago.Google Scholar
Guth, James L. 2009a. “Religion and American Public Opinion: Foreign Policy Issues.” In The Oxford Handbook of Religion and American Politics, eds. Smidt, Corwin E., Kellstedt, Lyman A., and Guth, James L.. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 243265.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guth, James L. 2009b. “Militant and Cooperative Internationalism Among American Religious Publics, 2008.” Presented at the Annual BISA Working Group Conference on US Foreign Policy, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK, 17–18th September 2009.Google Scholar
Guth, James L., Green, John C., Smidt, Corwin E., Kellstedt, Lyman A., and Poloma, Margaret M.. 1997. The Bully Pulpit: The Politics of Protestant Clergy. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas.Google Scholar
Hero, Alfred O. 1973. American Religious Groups View Foreign Policy: Trends in Rank-and-File Opinion, 1937–1969. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Hertzke, Allen D. 2004. Freeing God's Children: The Unlikely Alliance for Global Human Rights. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group.Google Scholar
Hoge, Dean R., Johnson, Benton, and Luidens, Donald A.. 1994. Vanishing Boundaries: The Religion of Mainline Protestant Baby Boomers. Louisville, KY: Westminster/John Knox Press.Google Scholar
Holsti, Ole R. 2004. Public Opinion and American Foreign Policy. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Huntington, Samuel, 2004. Who Are We? The Challenges to America's National Identity. New York, NY: Simon and Schuster.Google Scholar
Jervis, Robert. 2002. “An Interim Assessment of September 11: What Has Changed and What Has Not?Political Science Quarterly 117:37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Judis, John. 2005. “The Chosen Nation: The Influence of Religion on U.S. Foreign Policy.” In Policy Brief 37. Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.Google Scholar
Kingdon, John W. 1989. Congressmen's Voting Decisions, 3rd ed. New York, NY: Harper & Row.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kratchovil, Peter. 2009. “The Religious Turn in IR: A Brief Assessment.” Perspectives: Review of International Affairs 17:512.Google Scholar
Kurtz, Lester, and Goran Fulton, Kelly. 2002. “Love Your Enemies? Protestants and United States Foreign Policy.” In The Quiet Hand of God: Faith-Based Activism and the Public Role of Mainline Protestantism, eds. Wuthnow, Robert, and Evans, John H.. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 364380.Google Scholar
Layman, Geoffrey C. 2001. The Great Divide: Religious and Cultural Conflict in American Party Politics. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Leege, David C., and Kellstedt, Lyman A., eds. 1993. Rediscovering the Religious Factor in American Politics. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe.Google Scholar
Liao, Tim Futing. 1994. Interpreting Probability Models. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marsh, Charles. 2007. Wayward Christian Soldiers. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Nincic, Miroslav, and Nincic, Donna J.. 2002. “Race, Gender, and War.” Journal of Peace Research 39:547568.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oldmixon, Elizabeth, Rosenson, Beth, and Wald, Kenneth. 2005. “Conflict Over Israel: The Role of Religion, Race, Party and Ideology in the United States House of Representatives, 1997–2002.” Terrorism and Political Violence 17:407426.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pachon, Harry R., and De la Garza, Rodolfo O.. 2000. “Foreign Policy Preferences of Hispanic Elites.” In Latinos and U.S. Foreign Policy: Representing the “Homeland”? eds. Pachon, Harry, De la Garza, Rodolfo O. and Pachon, H.Lanham, MD., Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.Google Scholar
Patterson, Samuel C., and Caldeira, Gregory A.. 1988. “Party Voting in Congress.” British Journal of Political Science 18:111131.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Poole, Keith T. n.d. “Party Votes and Party Unity Scores.” http://voteview. Cited in John F. Bibby and Brian F. Schaffner, Politics, Parties, & Elections in America, 6th ed. Boston, MA: Thomson Wadsworth, 2008, 350–51.Google Scholar
Poole, Keith T., and Rosenthal, Howard. 1997. Congress: A Political-Economic History of Roll Call Voting. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Quinley, Harold. 1974. The Prophetic Clergy: Social Activism Among Protestant Ministers. New York, NY: Wiley.Google Scholar
Roll Call on HR 3289. 2003. http://clerk.house.gov/evs/2003/roll562.xml (Accessed on October 12, 2008).Google Scholar
Roll Call on S. 1689. 2003. http://senate.gov./legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists, (Accessed on October 12, 2008).Google Scholar
Rosenson, Beth, Oldmixon, Elizabeth, and Wald, Kenneth. 2009. “U.S. Senators' Support for Israel Examined Through Sponsorship/Co-sponsorship, 1993–2002: The Influence of Elite and Constituency Factors.” Foreign Policy Analysis 5:7391.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sagan, Scott D. 2003. “More will be worse.” In The Spread of Nuclear Weapons: A Debate Renewed, eds. Sagan, Scott D., and Waltz, Kenneth N.. New York, NY: Norton.Google Scholar
Segal, David R., Freedman-Doan, Peter, Bachman, Jerald G., and O'Malley, Patrick M.. 2001. “Attitudes of Entry-Level Enlisted Personnel: Pro-Military and Politically Mainstreamed.” In Soldiers and Civilians: The Civil-Military Gap and American National Security, eds. Feaver, Peter D., and Kohn, Richard H.. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Schreiber, E. M. 1979. “Enduring Effects of Military Service? Opinion Differences between U.S. Veterans and Nonveterans. Social Forces 57:824839.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smidt, Corwin E., Kellstedt, Lyman A., and Guth, James L.. 2009. “The Role of Religion in American Politics: Explanatory Theories and Associated Analytical and Measurement Issues.” In The Oxford Handbook of Religion and American Politics, eds. Smidt, Corwin E., Kellstedt, Lyman A., and Guth, James L.. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 342.Google Scholar
Smith, Robert C., and Seltzer, Richard. 1992. Race, Class, and Culture: A Study of Afro-American Mass Opinion. Albany,NY: State University of New York Press.Google Scholar
Sokhey, Anand, and Djupe, Paul A.. 2006. “Rabbi Engagement with the Peace Process in the Middle East.” Social Science Quarterly 87:903923.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spiegel, Steven L. 2001. “Israel and Beyond: American Jews and U.S. Foreign Policy.” In Jews in American Politics, eds. Maisel, L. Sandy, and Forman, Ira N.. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 251269.Google Scholar
Steensland, Brian, Park, Jerry Z., Regnerus, Mark D., Robinson, Lynn D., Wilcox, W. Bradford, and Woodberry, Robert D.. 2000. “The Measure of American Religion: Toward Improving the State of the Art.” Social Forces 79:291318.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tipton, Steven M. 2007. Public Pulpits: Methodists and Mainline Churches in the Moral Argument of Public Life. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
United States Conference of Catholic Bishops. 2002. “Statement on Iraq.” http://www.usccb.org/bishops/iraq.shtml (Accessed on August 28, 2009).Google Scholar
Uscinski, Joseph, Rocca, Michael S., Sanchez, Gabriel R., and Brendan, Marina. 2009. “Congress and Foreign Policy: Congressional Action on the Darfur Genocide.” PS : Political Science and Politics 42:489496.Google Scholar
Uslaner, Eric. 2007. “American Interests in the Balance: Do Ethnic Groups Dominate Foreign Policy Making?” In Interest Group Politics, 7th ed., eds. Cigler, , Allan, J., and Loomis, Burdett. Washington, DC: CQ Press, 301321.Google Scholar
Wald, Kenneth. 1992. “Religious Elites and Public Opinion: The Impact of the Bishops' Peace Pastoral.” Review of Politics 54:112143.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walt, Stephen M. 1987. “The search for a science of strategy: A review essay.” International Security 12:140–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walt, Stephen M. 1998. “International Relations: One World, Many Theories.” Foreign Policy 110:2944.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weisberg, Herbert F. 1978. “Evaluating Theories of Congressional Roll-Call Voting.” American Journal of Political Science 22:554577.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wittkopf, Eugene R. 1990. Faces of Internationalism: Public Opinion and Foreign Policy. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar