Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-7cvxr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-28T05:24:08.142Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Do Religious Justifications Distort Policy Debates? Some Empirics on the Case for Public Reason

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 February 2020

Steven Kettell*
Affiliation:
University of Warwick
Paul A. Djupe
Affiliation:
University of Warwick
*
Address correspondence and reprint requests to: Steven Kettell, Department of Politics and International Studies, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK. E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

Scholars engaged in debates about the use of public reason often view religious arguments as being out of bounds. Yet the real-world impact of religious discourse remains under-explored. This study contributes to research in this area with an empirical test looking at the impact of religious arguments on a particular policy debate. A survey experiment explored the effects of religious and secular cues with varied policy directions on the issue of assisted dying. The findings showed that secular arguments were considerably more likely to elicit a positive response, and that, while religious arguments were not a conversation stopper, they produced significant distortions in political perceptions among participants, though not necessarily along the identity lines critical to the public reason debate.

Type
Article
Copyright
Copyright © Religion and Politics Section of the American Political Science Association 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

We would like to thank the two anonymous reviewers for their thoughtful comments and suggestions on an earlier version of this paper. We would also like to thank Angelia Wilson, who brought us together at a conference at the University of Manchester.

References

REFERENCES

An-Na'im, A. 2005. “The Dichotomy Between Religious and Secular Discourse in Islamic Societies.” In Women and Islam: Critical Concepts in Sociology, Vol. I. ed. Moghissi, H.. pp. 5160. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Audi, R. 2000. Religious Commitment and Secular Reason. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bader, V. 2009 Secularism, Public Reason or Moderately Agonistic Democracy? In Secularism, Religion and Multicultural Citizenship, eds. Levey, G. B. and Modood, T.. pp. 110135. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Benson, B. V., Merolla, J. L., and Geer, J. G.. 2011. “Two Steps Forward, one Step Back? Bias in the 2008 Presidential Election.” Electoral Studies 30 (4): 607620.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berinsky, A. J., and Mendelberg, T.. 2005. “The Indirect Effects of Discredited Stereotypes in Judgments of Jewish Leaders.” American Journal of Political Science 49 (4): 845–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beyerlein, K., and Eberle, C. J.. 2014. “Who Violates the Principles of Political Liberalism?: Religion, Restraint, and the Decision to Reject Same-sex Marriage.” Politics & Religion 7 (2): 240264.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boas, T. C. 2014. “Pastor Paulo vs. Doctor Carlos: Professional Titles as Voting Heuristics in Brazil.” Journal of Politics in Latin America 6 (2): 3972.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boas, T. C. 2016. “Pastors for Pinochet: Authoritarian Stereotypes and Voting for Evangelicals in Chile.” Journal of Experimental Political Science 3: 197205.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Calfano, B. R., and Djupe, P. A.. 2009. “God Talk: Religious Cues and Electoral Support.” Political Research Quarterly 62 (2): 329339.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Calfano, B. R., Djupe, P. A, and Wilson, A. R. 2013a. “God Save This “Broken” Land: The Efficacy of Closed-Circuit Voter Targeting in a U. K. Election.” Politics & Religion 6 (1): 5073.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Calfano, B. R., Friesen, A. J., and Djupe, P. A. 2013b. “Mitigating Mormonism: Overcoming Religious Identity Challenges with Targeted Appeals.” PS: Political Science & Politics 46: 562568.Google Scholar
Carle, R. 2005. “Revealing and Concealing: Islamist Discourse on Human Rights.” Human Rights Review 6 (3): 122137.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carter, S. L. 1993. The Culture of Disbelief: How American Law and Politics Trivialize Religious Devotion. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Castle, J. J., Layman, G. C., Campbell, D. E., and Green, J. C.. 2017. “Survey Experiments on Candidate Religiosity, Political Attitudes, and Vote Choice.” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 56 (1): 143161.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chaplin, J. 2009. “Talking God: The Legitimacy of Religious Public Reasoning.” Ethics in Brief 13 (5).Google Scholar
Ciszewski, W. 2016. “Narrow or Broad? Questioning the Scope of Public Reason.” Nauki Humanistyczne 14: 7996.Google Scholar
Clements, B. 2014. “Religion and Attitudes towards Euthanasia in Britain: Evidence from Opinion Polls and Social Surveys.” http://www.brin.ac.uk/2014/religion-and-attitudes-towards-euthanasia-in-britain-evidence-from-opinion-polls-and-social-surveys/ (3 January 2014)Google Scholar
Djupe, P. A., and Calfano, B. R. 2009. “Justification not by Faith Alone: Clergy Generating Trust and Certainty by Revealing Thought.” Politics & Religion 2 (1): 130.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Djupe, P. A., and Calfano, B. R. 2019. “Communication Dynamics in Religion and Political Behavior.” In Oxford Encyclopedia of Politics & Religion, eds. Djupe, Paul A., Rozell, Mark, and Jelen, Ted G.. pp. 130. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Djupe, P. A., Lewis, A. R., and Jelen, T. G.. 2016. “Rights, Reflection and Reciprocity: Implications of the Same-sex Marriage Debate for Tolerance and Political Process.” Politics & Religion 9 (3): 630648.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Djupe, P. A., and Smith, A. E. 2019. “Experimentation in the Study of Religion and Politics.” In Oxford Encyclopedia of Politics & Religion, eds. Djupe, Paul A., Rozell, Mark, and Jelen, Ted G.. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Druckman, J. N., and Kam, C. D. 2011. “Students as Experimental Participants.” In Cambridge Handbook of Experimental Political Science, eds. Druckman, James N., Green, Donald P., Kulkinski, James H. and Lupia, Arthur. New York: Cambridge University Press, 4157.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Evans, J. H. 2018. “Aversion to and Understanding of God Talk in the Public Sphere: A Survey Experiment.” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 56 (3): 459480.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gervais, W. M., Shariff, A. M., and Norenzayan, A.. 2011. “Do you Believe in Atheists? Distrust is Central to Anti-Atheist Prejudice.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 101 (6): 11891206.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goldstein, H., and Healy, M. J. R.. 1995. “The Graphical Presentation of a Collection of Means.” Journal of the Royal Statistical Society A 158: 175177.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Graham, E. 2013. Between a Rock and a Hard Place: Public Theology in a Post-Secular Age. London: SCM Press.Google Scholar
Habermas, J. 2006. “Religion in the Public Sphere.” European Journal of Philosophy 14 (1): 125.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Henrich, J., Heine, S., and Norenzayan, A.. 2010. “The Weirdest People in the World?Behavioral and Brain Sciences 33 (2–3): 6183.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hofrenning, D. J. B. 1995. In Washington But Not of It: The Prophetic Politics of Religious Lobbyists. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.Google Scholar
Hunt, S. 2010. “The Rhetoric of Rights in the UK Christian Churches Regarding Non-Heterosexual Citizenship.” Politics and Religion Journal 4 (2): 183200.Google Scholar
Hunt, S. 2014. “Christian Lobbyist Groups and the Negotiation of Sexual Rights in the UK.” Journal of Contemporary Religion 29 (1): 121–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jelen, T. G. 1993. “The Political Consequences of Religious Group Attitudes.” Journal of Politics 55 (1): 178190.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jelen, T. G. 2005. “Political Esperanto: Rhetorical Resources and Limitations of the Christian Right in the United States.” Sociology of Religion 66 (3): 303–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kam, C. D., Wilking, J. R., and Zechmeister, E. J.. 2007. “Beyond the ‘Narrow Data Base’: Another Convenience Sample for Experimental Research.” Political Behavior 29: 415440.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kane, J. G., Craig, S. C., and Wald, K. D.. 2004. “Religion and Presidential Politics in Florida: A List Experiment.” Social Science Quarterly 85: 281293.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Karaflogka, A. 2002. “Religious Discourse and Cyberspace.” Religion 32 (4): 279291.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kettell, S. 2016a. “The Collective Action Framing of Conservative Christian Groups in Britain.” Politics and Religion 10 (2): 286310.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kettell, S. 2016b. “Always Read the Label: The Identity and Strategy of Britain's “Christian Right”, Politics.” Religion and Ideology 17 (1): 117.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kettell, S. 2018. “You Can't Argue with God: Religious Opposition to Same-Sex Marriage in Britain.” Journal of Church and State 61 (3): 361380.Google Scholar
Kettell, S. 2019. “How, When, and Why Do Religious Actors Use Public Reason? The Case of Assisted Dying in Britain.” Politics and Religion 12(2): 385408.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Knol, M. J., Pestman, W. R., and Grobbee, D. E.. 2011. “The (Mis)use of Overlap of Confidence Intervals to Assess Effect Modification.” European Journal of Epidemiology 26:253254.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Knoll, B. R., and Bolin, C. J. (2019). “Religious Communication and Persuasion.” In Oxford Encyclopedia of Politics & Religion, eds. Djupe, Paul A., Rozell, Mark and Jelen, Ted G.. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Knutson, K. E. 2013. Interfaith Advocacy: The Role of Religious Coalitions in the Political Process. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Laborde, C. 2013. “Justificatory Secularism.” In Religion in a Liberal State: Cross-Disciplinary Reflections, eds. D'Costa, G., Evans, M., Modood, T. and Rivers, J.. pp. 164186. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lövheim, M., and Axner, M.. 2011. “Halal-TV: Negotiating the Place of Religion in Swedish Public Discourse.” Nordic Journal of Religion and Society 24 (1): 5774.Google Scholar
MacGregor-Fors, I., and Payton, M. E.. 2013. “Contrasting Diversity Values: Statistical Inferences Based on Overlapping Confidence Intervals.” PLoS ONE 8 (2): e56794.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maclure, J. 2006. “On the Public use of Practical Reason: Loosening the Grip of Neo-Kantianism.” Philosophy and Social Criticism 32 (1): 3763.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mason, L. 2018. “Ideologues Without Issues: The Polarizing Consequences of Ideological Identities.” Public Opinion Quarterly 82 (S1): 280301.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McDermott, M. 2009. “Religious Stereotyping and Voter Support for Evangelical Candidates.” Political Research Quarterly 62: 340354.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McLaughlin, B., and Wise, D.. 2014. “Cueing God: Religious Cues and Voter Support.” Politics & Religion 7: 366394.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miles, M. R. 2019. Religious Identity in US Politics. Boulder: Lynne Reiner.Google Scholar
NatCen. 2019. A Britain that is Losing its Religion, has Faith in Science and is Adopting More Liberal Ideas about Sex and Relationships. http://www.natcen.ac.uk/news-media/press-releases/2019/july/a-britain-that-is-losing-its-religion,-has-faith-in-science-and-is-adopting-more-liberal-ideas-about-sex-and-relationships/ July 11.Google Scholar
North, R. 2012. “Public Reason: Religious Restraint and Respect.” Philosophia 40:179193.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Payton, M. E., Greenstone, M. H., and Schenker, N.. 2003. “Overlapping Confidence Intervals or Standard Error Intervals: What do They Mean in Terms of Statistical Significance?Journal of Insect Science 3: 3439.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Perry, M. J. 2001. “Why Political Reliance on Religiously Grounded Morality Does not Violate the Establishment Clause.” William and Mary Law Review 42 (3):663683.Google Scholar
Pfeifer, H. 2019. “The Normative Power of Secularism: Tunisian Ennahda's Discourse on Religion, Politics, and the State (2011–2016).” Politics and Religion 12 (3): 478500.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Quong, J. 2004. “The Scope of Public Reason.” Political Studies 52: 233250.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rawls, J. 1971. A Theory of Justice. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Rorty, R. 2003. “Religion in the Public Square: A Reconsideration.” Journal of Religious Ethics 31 (1): 141149.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ross, Lee D., Amabile, T. M., and Steinmetz, J. L.. 1977. “Social Roles, Social Control, and Biases in Social-Perception Processes.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 35 (7): 485494.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sajo, A. 2009. “Constitutionalism and Secularism: The Need for Public Reason.” Cardozo Law Review 30 (6): 24012429.Google Scholar
Sears, D. O. 1986. “College Sophomores in the Laboratory: Influences of a Narrow Data Base on Social Psychology's View of Human Nature.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 51 (3): 515530.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sharp, S. 2016. “Belief in Miracles and Attitudes Towards Voluntary Euthanasia.” Death Studies 41 (4): 211219.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Silva, E. O. 2018. “Stigmatization and Validation of Atheism, Literalism, and non-Literalism in the Discourse Over Evolutionary Theory.” Secularism and Nonreligion 7 (1): 115.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Snyder, M., and Swann, W. B.. 1978. “Behavioral Confirmation in Social Interaction: From Social Perception to Social Reality.” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 14 (2): 148162.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tan, S. 2010. “Religion in the Abortion Discourse in Singapore: A Case Study of the Relevance of Religious Arguments in Law-Making in Multi-Religious Democracies.” Journal of Law and Religion 26 (2): 505539.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thomas, J. N. 2014. “Outsourcing Moral Authority: The Internal Secularization of Evangelicals’ Anti-Pornography Narratives.” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 52 (3): 457475.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thomas, J. N., and Olson, D. V. A.. 2012. “Evangelical Elites’ Changing Responses to Homosexuality, 1960–2009.” Sociology of Religion 73 (3): 239272.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tilley, J. 2015. “‘We Don't do God’? Religion and Party Choice in Britain.” British Journal of Political Science 45 (4): 907927.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Verbakel, E., and Jaspers, E.. 2010. “A Comparative Study on Permissiveness Toward Euthanasia: Religiosity, Slippery Slope, Autonomy, and Death with Dignity.” Public Opinion Quarterly 74 (1): 109139.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wallsten, K., and Nteta, T. M.. 2016. “For you Were Strangers in the Land of Egypt: Clergy, Religiosity, and Public Opinion Toward Immigration Reform in the United States.” Politics & Religion 9: 566604.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walton, M., and Jerryson, M.. 2016. “The Authorization of Religio-Political Discourse: Monks and Buddhist Activism in Contemporary Myanmar and Beyond.” Politics and Religion 9 (4): 794814.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weber, C., and Thornton, M.. 2012. “Courting Christians: How Political Candidates Prime Religious Considerations in Campaign Ads.” Journal of Politics 74: 400413.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilson, A. R., and Djupe, P. A.. 2020. “Communicating in Good Faith? Dynamics of the Christian Right Agenda.” Politics & Religion.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yi, J., Jung, G., and Phillips, J.. 2017. “Evangelical Christian Discourse in South Korea on the LGBT: The Politics of Cross-Border Learning.” Society 54 (1): 2933.CrossRefGoogle Scholar