Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-7cvxr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-27T06:28:08.641Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Politically Unengaged, Distrusting, and Disaffected Individuals Drive the Link Between Compulsory Voting and Invalid Balloting

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 April 2017

Abstract

Invalid ballots are relatively common in countries with compulsory voting, yet there is no cross-national evidence as to who is more likely to cast a blank or spoiled ballot where voting is forced. I argue that increased rates of blank and spoiled balloting where voting is obligatory result from the behavior of the politically unknowledgeable, uninterested, untrusting, and disaffected, who are incentivized to turn out to the polls where they can be sanctioned for abstention. To test this, I conduct an individual-level examination of the influence of compulsory voting on invalid balloting across countries. I find support for my expectations with analyses of survey data from several American democracies, many of which compel electoral participation.

Type
Original Articles
Copyright
© The European Political Science Association 2017 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

*

Shane P. Singh is an Associate Professor in the Department of International Affairs, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 ([email protected]). The author would like to thank Kymara Sneed and Kerri Anne Watson for their assistance. He also thanks the Latin American Public Opinion Project and Latinobarómetro for the data used in this project. To view supplementary material for this article, please visit https://doi.org/10.1017/psrm.2017.11

References

Almond, Gabriel Abraham, and Verba, Sidney. (eds). 1980. The Civic Culture Revisited. Boston, MA: Little Brown.Google Scholar
Barthélemy, Joseph. 1912. L’ Organisation Du Suffrage Et L’expérience Belge. Paris: M. Giard & É. Brière.Google Scholar
Berggren, Heidi M. 2001. ‘Institutional Context and Reduction of the Resource Bias in Political Sophistication’. Political Research Quarterly 54(3):531552.Google Scholar
Berry, William D., DeMeritt, Jacqueline H. R., and Esarey, Justin. 2010. ‘Testing for Interaction in Binary Logit and Probit Models: Is a Product Term Essential?American Journal of Political Science 54(1):248266.Google Scholar
Birch, Sarah. 2009. Full Participation: A Comparative Study of Compulsory Voting. Manchester: Manchester University Press.Google Scholar
Blais, André. 2006. ‘What Affects Voter Turnout?Annual Review of Political Science 9:111125.Google Scholar
Blais, André, and St-Vincent, Simon Labbé. 2011. ‘Personality Traits, Political Attitudes and the Propensity to Vote’. European Journal of Political Research 50(3):395417.Google Scholar
Bowler, Shaun, and Donovan, Todd. 2013. ‘Civic Duty and Turnout in the UK Referendum on AV: What Shapes the Duty to Vote?Electoral Studies 32(2):265273.Google Scholar
Broomall, John M. 1893. ‘Compulsory Voting’. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 3:9397.Google Scholar
Carlin, Ryan E. 2006. ‘The Decline of Citizen Participation in Electoral Politics in Post-Authoritarian Chile’. Democratization 13(4):632651.Google Scholar
Carlin, Ryan E., and Love, Gregory J.. 2015. ‘Who is the Latin American Voter?’ In Ryan E. Carlin, Matthew M. Singer and Elizabeth J. Zechmeister (eds), The Latin American Voter: Pursuing Representation and Accountability in Challenging Contexts, 3159. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Carreras, Miguel. 2016. ‘Compulsory Voting and Political Engagement (Beyond the Ballot Box): A Multilevel Analysis’. Electoral Studies 43(1):158168.Google Scholar
Carreras, Miguel, and Castañeda-Angarita, Néstor. 2014. ‘Who Votes in Latin America? A Test of Three Theoretical Perspectives’. Comparative Political Studies 47(8):10791104.Google Scholar
Catterberg, Gabriela, and Moreno, Alejandro. 2006. ‘The Individual Bases of Political Trust: Trends in New and Established Democracies’. International Journal of Public Opinion Research 18(1):3148.Google Scholar
Dalton, Russell J., and Welzel, Christian. (eds). 2014a. The Civic Culture Transformed: From Allegiant to Assertive Citizens. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Dalton, Russell J., and Welzel, Christian. 2014b. ‘From Allegiant to Assertive Citizens’. In R. J. Dalton and C. Welzel (eds), The Civic Culture Transformed: From Allegiant to Assertive Citizens, 282306. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Dalton, Russell J., and Welzel, Christian. 2014c. ‘Political Culture and Value Change’. In R. J. Dalton and C. Welzel (eds), The Civic Culture Transformed: From Allegiant to Assertive Citizens, 234. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Dalton, Russell J., and Shin, Doh Chull. 2014. ‘Reassessing the Civic Culture Model’. In R. J. Dalton and C. Welzel (eds), The Civic Culture Transformed: From Allegiant to Assertive Citizens, 91115. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
deCharms, Richard. 1968. Personal Causation: The Internal Affective Determinants of Behavior. Hillsdale, MI: Lawrance Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Deci, Edward L. 1975. Intrinsic Motivation. New York: Plenum Press.Google Scholar
de Leon, Fernanda Leite Lopez, and Rizzi, Renata. 2014. ‘A Test for the Rational Ignorance Hypothesis: Evidence From a Natural Experiment in Brazil’. American Economic Journal: Economic Policy 6(4):380398.Google Scholar
Dettrey, Bryan J., and Schwindt-Bayer, Leslie A.. 2009. ‘Voter Turnout in Presidential Democracies’. Comparative Political Studies 42(10):13171338.Google Scholar
Driscoll, Amanda, and Nelson, Michael J.. 2014. ‘Ignorance or Opposition? Blank and Spoiled Votes in Low-Information, Highly Politicized Environments’. Political Research Quarterly 67(3):547561.Google Scholar
Engelen, Bart. 2007. ‘Why Compulsory Voting Can Enhance Democracy’. Acta Politica 42(1):2339.Google Scholar
Fornos, Carolina A., Power, Timothy J., and Garand, James C.. 2004. ‘Explaining Voter Turnout in Latin America, 1980 to 2000’. Comparative Political Studies 37(8):909940.Google Scholar
Galston, William A. 2001. ‘Political Knowledge, Political Engagement, and Civic Education’. Annual Review of Political Science 4(1):217234.Google Scholar
Goot, Murray. 1985. ‘Electoral Systems’. In D. Aitkin (ed.), Surveys of Australian Political Science, 179264. Sydney: George Allen & Unwin for the Academy of the Social Sciences in Australia.Google Scholar
Gordon, Stacy B., and Segura, Gary M.. 1997. ‘Cross-National Variation in the Political Sophistication of Individuals: Capability or Choice?Journal of Politics 59(1):126147.Google Scholar
Grönlund, Kimmo, and Setälä, Maija. 2007. ‘Political Trust, Satisfaction and Voter Turnout’. Comparative European Politics 5(4):400422.Google Scholar
Henn, Matt, and Oldfield, Ben. 2016. ‘Cajoling or Coercing: Would Electoral Engineering Resolve the Young Citizen-State Disconnect?Journal of Youth Studies 19(9):12591280.Google Scholar
Hirczy, Wolfgang. 1994. ‘The Impact of Mandatory Voting Laws on Turnout: A Quasi-Experimental Approach’. Electoral Studies 13(1):6476.Google Scholar
Hooghe, Marc, Marien, Sofie, and Pauwels, Teun. 2011. ‘Where Do Distrusting Voters Turn if There is No Viable Exit or Voice Option? The Impact of Political Trust on Electoral Behaviour in the Belgian Regional Elections of June 2009’. Government and Opposition 46(2):245273.Google Scholar
Imbens, Guido W., and Lemieux, Thomas. 2008. ‘Regression Discontinuity Designs: A Guide to Practice’. Journal of Econometrics 142(2):615635.Google Scholar
Irwin, Galen. 1974. ‘Compulsory Voting Legislation: Impact on Voter Turnout in the Netherlands’. Comparative Political Studies 7(3):292315.Google Scholar
Jakobsen, Tor Georg, and Listhaug, Ola. 2014. ‘Social Change and the Politics of Protest’. In R. J. Dalton and C. Welzel (eds), The Civic Culture Transformed: From Allegiant to Assertive Citizens, 213239. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Karp, Jeffrey A., Banducci, Susan A., and Bowler, Shaun. 2003. ‘To Know It is to Love It?: Satisfaction With Democracy in the European Union’. Comparative Political Studies 36(3):271292.Google Scholar
Knack, Stephen, and Keefer, Philip. 1997. ‘Does Social Capital Have an Economic Payoff? A Cross-Country Investigation’. Quarterly Journal of Economics 112(4):12511288.Google Scholar
Kostadinova, Tatiana, and Power, Timothy J.. 2007. ‘Does Democratization Depress Participation? Voter Turnout in the Latin American and Eastern European Transitional Democracies’. Political Research Quarterly 60(3):363377.Google Scholar
Kouba, Karel, and Lysek, Jakub. 2016. ‘Institutional Determinants of Invalid Voting in Post-Communist Europe and Latin America’. Electoral Studies 41(1):92104.Google Scholar
Kreft, Ita, and Leeuw, Jan de. 1998. Introducing Multilevel Modeling. London: Sage.Google Scholar
Lacroix, Justine. 2007. ‘A Liberal Defence of Compulsory Voting’. Politics 27(3):190195.Google Scholar
Lavareda, José Antônio. 1991. A Democracia Nas Urnas: O Processo Partidário Eleitoral Brasileiro (1945–1964). Rio de Janeiro: Rio Fundo Editora.Google Scholar
Lee, David S. 2008. ‘Randomized Experiments From Non-Random Selection in US House Elections’. Journal of Econometrics 142(2):675697.Google Scholar
Lijphart, Arend. 1997. ‘Unequal Participation: Democracy’s Unresolved Dilemma’. American Political Science Review 91(1):114.Google Scholar
Loewen, Peter John, Milner, Henry, and Hicks, Bruce M.. 2008. ‘Does Compulsory Voting Lead to More Informed and Engaged Citizens? An Experimental Test’. Canadian Journal of Political Science 41(3):655672.Google Scholar
McAllister, Ian, and Makkai, Toni. 1993. ‘Institutions, Society or Protest? Explaining Invalid Votes in Australian Elections’. Electoral Studies 12(1):2340.Google Scholar
Nerincx, Alfred. 1901. ‘Compulsory Voting in Belgium’. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 18:8790.Google Scholar
Panagopoulos, Costas. 2008. ‘The Calculus of Voting in Compulsory Voting Systems’. Political Behavior 30(4):455467.Google Scholar
Payne, J. Mark, Zovatto, Daniel, and Díaz, Mercedes Mateo. 2006. La Política Importa: Democracia Y Desarrollo En América Latina. Washington, DC: Inter-American Development Bank and International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance.Google Scholar
Power, Timothy J., and Garand, James C.. 2007. ‘Determinants of Invalid Voting in Latin America’. Electoral Studies 26(2):432444.Google Scholar
Power, Timothy J., and Roberts, J. Timmons. 1995. ‘Compulsory Voting, Invalid Ballots, and Abstention in Brazil’. Political Research Quarterly 48(4):795826.Google Scholar
Prothro, James W., and Grigg, Charles M.. 1960. ‘Fundamental Principles of Democracy: Bases of Agreement and Disagreement’. Journal of Politics 22(2):276294.Google Scholar
Rabe-Hesketh, Sophia, and Skrondal, Anders. 2005. Multilevel and Longitudinal Modeling Using Stata. College Station, TX: Stata Press.Google Scholar
Reynolds, Andrew, and Steenbergen, Marco. 2006. ‘How the World Votes: The Political Consequences of Ballot Design, Innovation and Manipulation’. Electoral Studies 25(3):570598.Google Scholar
Scheff, Thomas J., and Retzinger, Suzanne M.. 1991. Emotions and Violence: Shame and Rage in Destructive Conflicts. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.Google Scholar
See, Mark. 2007. ‘The Case for Compulsory Voting in the United States’. Harvard Law Review 121(2):591612.Google Scholar
Selb, Peter, and Lachat, Romain. 2009. ‘The More, the Better? Counterfactual Evidence on the Effect of Compulsory Voting on the Consistency of Party Choice’. European Journal of Political Research 48(5):573597.Google Scholar
Sheppard, Jill. 2015. ‘Compulsory Voting and Political Knowledge: Testing a “Compelled Engagement” Hypothesis’. Electoral Studies 40(1):300307.Google Scholar
Sherman, Lawrence W. 1993. ‘Defiance, Deterrence, and Irrelevance: A Theory of the Criminal Sanction’. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 30(4):445473.Google Scholar
Shieh, Yann-Yann, and Fouladi, Rachel T.. 2003. ‘The Effect of Multicollinearity on Multilevel Modeling Parameter Estimates and Standard Errors’. Educational and Psychological Measurement 63(6):951985.Google Scholar
Singh, Shane P. 2011. ‘How Compelling is Compulsory Voting? A Multilevel Analysis of Turnout’. Political Behavior 33(1):95111.Google Scholar
Singh, Shane P. 2015. ‘Compulsory Voting and the Turnout Decision Calculus’. Political Studies 63(3):548568.Google Scholar
Singh, Shane P. Forthcoming. ‘Compulsory Voting and Dissatisfaction With Democracy.’ British Journal of Political Science. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123416000041 Google Scholar
Stegmueller, Daniel. 2013. ‘How Many Countries for Multilevel Modeling? A Comparison of Frequentist and Bayesian Approaches’. American Journal of Political Science 57(3):748761.Google Scholar
Tyler, Tom R. 2006. Why People Obey the Law. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Uggla, Fredrik. 2008. ‘Incompetence, Alienation, or Calculation? Explaining Levels of Invalid Ballots and Extra-Parliamentary Votes’. Comparative Political Studies 41(8):11411164.Google Scholar
Welzel, Christian, and Alvarez, Alejandro Moreno. 2014. ‘Enlightening People: The Spark of Emancipative Values’. In R. J. Dalton and C. Welzel (eds), The Civic Culture Transformed: From Allegiant to Assertive Citizens, 5988. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Supplementary material: Link
Link
Supplementary material: PDF

Singh supplementary material

Appendix

Download Singh supplementary material(PDF)
PDF 829.5 KB