Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-m6dg7 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-08T09:22:59.263Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Polar meteorology: a review of some recent research

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 October 2009

Gunter Weller
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

The general large-scale circulation of the global atmosphere has its basic driving mechanism in the equator-poleward temperature gradients in both hemispheres. It has become increasingly obvious over the last few decades that to understand and predict the behaviour of the atmosphere at any point, it is essential to understand the behaviour of the total global fluid system. The Global Atmospheric Research Project (GARP) is an outcome of this recognition. Studies of the heat sinks (the polar regions) are therefore just as important as studies of the heat source (the equatorial regions) to understand the meteorology of the planet. Interest in polar meteorology has undergone many cyclic fluctuations, peaking during the various international polar years and, more recently, during the International Geophysical Year, 1957–58. At the present, the focus of GARP's first objective (improved extended weather forecasts) is on the tropical heat source, where convection and cloud formation and dissipation are still relatively little understood processes. However, the second GARP objective (better understanding of the physical basis of climate) requires more attention to be devoted to the cryosphere, its long-term interaction with oceans and atmosphere, and its role as an indicator of climatic change. The idea of a polar experiment (POLEX) was initially introduced by Treshnikov and others (1968) and by Borisenkov and Treshnikov (1971). A summary of the early history of POLEX was recently given by Weller and Bierly (1973). The two closely related objectives of POLEX that most directly pertain to GARP may be restated in their simplest terms as (1) a better understanding of energy transfer processes and the heat budgets of the polar regions for the purpose of parameterizing them properly in general circulation models and climate models, and (2) provision of adequate data from the polar regions during the First GARP Global Experiment (FGGE) in 1978.

Type
Articles
Information
Polar Record , Volume 17 , Issue 108 , September 1974 , pp. 277 - 294
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1974

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Allison, I. 1974. A study of heat budgets over sea ice and water near Mawson, Antarctica. In: Proceedings of International Association of Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics/International Association for the Physical Sciences of the Ocean. First Special Assemblies. Melbourne, Australian Academy of Sciences (in press).Google Scholar
Australia. Commonwealth Meteorology Research Centre. 1973. Annual Report. 1972–1973. 30 p.Google Scholar
Badgley, F. G. 1966. Heat budget at the surface of the Arctic Ocean. In: Fletcher, J., ed. Proceedings of the Symposium on the Arctic Heat Budget and Atmospheric Circulation. Los Angeles, University of California, RAND Corporation, p 267–77.Google Scholar
Ball, T. K. 1956. The theory of strong katabatic winds. Australian Journal of Physics, Vol 9, No 3, p 373–86.Google Scholar
Batten, E. S. 1974. Effects of a stratospheric dust cloud as simulated by a general circulation model. In: Weller, G. and Bowling, S. A., eds. Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science Conference on the Climate of the Arctic. Fairbanks, University of Alaska (in press).Google Scholar
Belon, A. E. and Miller, J. M. 1973. Remote sensing by satellite: applications to the Alaskan environment and resources. University of Alaska. Geophysical Institute. Report, 1972–73, p 127–47.Google Scholar
Benson, C. S. 1965. Ice fog; low temperature air pollution defined with Fairbanks, Alaska, as type locality. University of Alaska. Geophysical Institute. Report UAG R-173, 78 p, and appendices.Google Scholar
Bjerknes, J. 1969. Atmospheric teleconnections from the equatorial Pacific. Monthly Weather Review, Vol 97, No 3, p 163–72.2.3.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Borisenkov, E. P. and Treshnikov, A. F. 1971. Role of the polar regions in global investigations of the oceanic and atmospheric circulations. A1DJEX Bulletin, No 10, p 9–28.Google Scholar
Bowling, S. A.and others. 1968. Winter pressure systems and ice fog in Fairbanks, Alaska. By Bowling, S. A., Ohtake, T., and Benson, C. S.. Journal of Applied Meteorology, Vol 7, No 6, p 961–68.Google Scholar
Bowling, S. A. 1974. Possible significance of recent weather and circulation anomalies in northeastern Canada for the initiation of continental glaciation. In: Weller, G. and Bowling, S. A., eds. Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science Conference on the Climate of the Arctic. Fairbanks, University of Alaska (in press).Google Scholar
Brennecke, W. 1904. Beziehungen zwischen der Luftdruckverteilung und den Eisverhältnissen des Ostgrönländischen Meeres. Annalen der Hydrographie und Maritimen Meteorologie, Vol 32, No 2, p 49–62.Google Scholar
Bryan, K. 1969. Climate and the ocean circulation. Monthly Weather Review, Vol 97, p 806–27.Google Scholar
Bryan, K. and Cox, M. D. 1968. A nonlinear model of an ocean driven by wind and differential heating. Journal of Atmospheric Science, Vol 25, No 6, p 924–78.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bryson, R. A. and Hare, F. K.eds. 1973. Climates of North America. Vol. 11. World Survey of Climatology. Amsterdam, Elsevier Press. 425 p.Google Scholar
Budd, W. F.and others. 1971. Derived physical characteristics of the Antarctic ice sheet. By Budd, W. F., Jenssen, D., and Radok, U.. Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions Interim Reports, Series A (IV). Glaciology Publication No 120, 178 p, and maps.Google Scholar
Budyko, M. I. 1969. The effect of solar radiation variations on the climate of the earth. Tellus. Vol 21, No 5, p 611–19.Google Scholar
Budyko, M. I. 1972. The future climate. EOS. Transactions of the American Geophysical Union, Vol 53, No. 10, p 868–74.Google Scholar
Campbell, W. J. 1974. Climate record. In: US. Contribution to the Polar Experiment. (POLEX). Part 1. POLEX-GARP (NORTH). Washington, DC, National Academy of Sciences, 119 p.Google Scholar
Campbell, W. J.and others. 1973. Dynamics and morphology of Beaufort Sea ice via drifting stations, aircraft and satellites. By Campbell, W. J., Nordberg, W., Gloersen, P., and Wilheit, T. T.. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Goddard Space Flight Center. Report X-650-73-194. 20 p.Google Scholar
Chylek, P. and Coakley, J. A. 1974. Man-made aerosols and the heating of the atmosphere over polar regions. In: Weller, G. and Bowling, S. A., eds. Proceedings of the Conference on the Climate of the Arctic, Fairbanks, University of Alaska (in press).Google Scholar
Cox, M. A. 1974. A baroclinic numerical model of the world ocean: preliminary results. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory Report. 24 p.Google Scholar
Crutcher, H. L.and others. 1971. Climate of the upper air. Southern Hemisphere. Vol. 4. Selected meridional cross sections of temperature, dew point and height. By Crutcher, H. L., Jenne, R. L., Taljaard, J. J., and van Loon, H.. National Climatic Center Asheville. Report. 62 p (NAVAIR 50-1C-58).Google Scholar
Dansgaard, W.and others. 1973. Stable isotope glaciology. By Dansgaard, W., Johnsen, S. J., Clausen, H. B., and Gundestrup, N.. Meddelelser Øm Grønland, Vol 197, No 2, p 1–53.Google Scholar
Defant, D. 1933. Der Abflusschwerer Luftmassen auf geneigtem Boden nebst einigen Bemerkungen zu der Theorie stationärer Lufstroeme. Sitzungsbericht der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaft. Physikalisch-Mathematische Klase, Vol 18, p 624–35.Google Scholar
Dingle, R.and others. 1967. Surface and sub-surface micrometeorology at Plateau Station. By Dingle, R., Radok, U., Schwerdtfeger, P., and Weller, G.. Antarctic Journal of the United States, Vol 2, No 5, p 162.Google Scholar
Doronin, Yu. P. 1969. Thermal interaction between the atmosphere and the hydrosphere in the Arctic. Leningrad, Gidrometeoizdat. (Translated by Israel Program for Scientific Translation, Jerusalem, 1970. 244 p.)Google Scholar
Dütsch, H. U. 1969. Atmospheric ozone and ultraviolet radiation. In: Landsberg, H. E., ed. World Survey of Climatology, Vol. 4. New York, Elsevier Publishing Company.Google Scholar
Fletcher, J. O. 1965. The heat budget of the Arctic basin and its relation to climate. Rand Corporation. Santa Monica. Report R-444-PR.Google Scholar
Fletcher, J. O.and others. 1972. Numerical simulation of the influence of Arctic sea ice on climate. By Fletcher, J. O., Mintz, Y., Arakawa, A., and Fox, T.. In: Proceedings of the International Association of Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics. XV General Assembly, Moscow (in press).Google Scholar
Flohn, H. 1974. Background for a model of the next glaciation. In: Weller, G. and Bowling, S. A., eds. Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science Conference on the Climate of the Arctic. Fairbanks, University of Alaska (in press).Google Scholar
Fritts, H. C. and Blasing, T. J. 1974. Past climate of the Arctic and North Pacific since 1700 as reconstructed from tree rings. In: Weller, G. and Bowling, S. A., eds. Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science Conference on the Climate of the Arctic. Fairbanks, University of Alaska (in press).Google Scholar
Gates, W. L. 1974. Numerical modeling experiments. In: U.S. Contribution to the Polar Experiment (POLEX). Part 1. POLEX-GARP (NORTH). Washington, DC, National Academy of Sciences, 119 p.Google Scholar
Gavrilova, A. K. 1963. Radiation climate of the Arctic. Leningrad, Hydrometeorological Publishing House, 178 p.Google Scholar
Gutman, L. N. and Mal'bakhov, V. M. 1965. On the theory of the katabatic winds of Antarctica [Translated from Meteorologicheskiye Issledovaniya, No 9, 1965, by U. Radok]. Melbourne, University of Melbourne. 7 p.Google Scholar
Haugen, D. P. and Kerut, E. G. 1973. The Arctic data buoy: a system for environmental monitoring in the Arctic. AIDJEX Bulletin, No 22, p 37–54.Google Scholar
Haurwitz, B. 1974. Long waves in the polar atmosphere. In: Weller, G. and Bowling, S. A., eds. Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science Conference on the Climate of the Arctic. Fairbanks, University of Alaska (in press).Google Scholar
Hoffmann, D. J.and others. 1973. Particles in the polar stratospheres. By Hofmann, D. J., Rosen, J. M., Pepin, R. J. and Pinnick, R. G.. University of Wyoming, Laramie. Report GM-12. 11 p.Google Scholar
Holmgren, B. 1971. Climate and energy exchange on a sub-polar ice cap in summer. Arctic Institute of North America Devon Island Expedition, 1961–63. Meddelanden från Uppsala Universitets Meteorologiska Institutionen. Reports 107–10, 83 p, 43 p, 43 p, and 29 p.Google Scholar
Holmgren, B.and others. 1974. Acoustic soundings of the winter temperature inversion in Fairbanks, Alaska. By B. Holmgren, L. Spears, and C. Wilson. In: Weller, G. and Bowling, S. A., eds. Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science Conference on the Climate of the Arctic. Fairbanks, University of Alaska (in press).Google Scholar
Huschke, R. E. 1969. Arctic cloud statistics from “air-calibrated” surface weather observations. RAND Corporation, Santa Monica. Report RM-6173-PR. 79 p.Google Scholar
Jenne, R. L.and others. 1971. Climate of the upper air: Southern Hemisphere. Vol 3. Vector mean geostrophic winds. By Jenne, R. L., Crutcher, H. L., van Loon, H. and Taljaard, J. J.. National Center of Atmospheric Research, Boulder. Report TN-STR-58. 68 p (NAVAIR 50-1C-57).Google Scholar
Karlsson, T. 1972. ed. Sea ice. Proceedings of International Conference, Reykjavik Iceland. Reykjavik, National Research Council. 309 p.Google Scholar
Koch, L. 1945. The east Greenland ice. Meddeleher øm Grønland, Vol 130, No 3, p 1–373.Google Scholar
Kellogg, T. B. 1974. Late Quaternary climatic changes in the Norwegian and Greenland seas. In: Weller, G. and Bowling, S. A., eds. Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science Conference on the Climate of the Arctic. Fairbanks, University of Alaska (in press).Google Scholar
Kellog, W. M. 1974. Meteorological observations in support of weather forecasting. In: U.S. Contribution to the Polar Experiment (POLEX). Part 1. POLEX-GARP (NORTH). Washington, DC, National Academy of Sciences. 119 p.Google Scholar
Kuhn, M. 1970. Analysis of direct solar radiation at Plateau Station, 1966–68. Antarctic Journal of the United States, Vol 5, No 5, p 175.Google Scholar
Kuhn, M. 1974. Special energy distribution in shortwave fluxes over the east Antarctic plateau. In: Proceedings of IAMAP/IAPSO/SCAR/WMO Symposium, Moscow. Geneva, World Meteorological Organization, p 24–27 (Technical Report No 129).Google Scholar
Kuhn, M.and others, 1974. The climate of Plateau station, Antarctica. By M. Kuhn, A. Riordan, and I. Wagner. In: Weller, G. and Bowling, S. A., eds. Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science Conference on the Climate of the Arctic. Fairbanks, University of Alaska (in press).Google Scholar
Kuicla, G. J. and Kukla, H. J. 1974. Increased surface albedo in the Northern Hemisphere. Science, Vol 183, No 4126, p 709–14.Google Scholar
Lettau, H. 1966. A case study of katabatic flow on the South Pole Plateau. Studies in Antarctic Meteorology. Antarctic Research Series. Vol 9, p 1–11.Google Scholar
Lettau, H. 1971. Antarctic atmosphere as a test tube for meteorological theories. In: Quam, L. O. ed. Research in the Antarctic, Washington, DC, American Association for the Advancement of Science, p 443–75.Google Scholar
Lettau, H. and Dabberdt, W. 1970. Variangular windspirals. Boundary Layer Meteorology, Vol 1, No 1, p 64–79.Google Scholar
Lettau, H. and Lettau, K. 1974. Regional climatonomy of tundra and boreal forests in Canada. In: Weller, G. and Bowling, S. A., eds. Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science Conference on the Climate of the Arctic. Fairbanks, University of Alaska (in press).Google Scholar
Lettau, H. and Schwerdtfeger, W. 1967. Dynamics of the surface wind regime over the interior of Antarctica. Antarctic Journal of the United States, Vol 2, No 5, p 155–58.Google Scholar
McClain, E. P. 1974. Environmental research and applications using the very high resolution radiometer (VHRR) on the NOAA-2 satellite: a pilot project in Alaska. In: Weller, G. and Bowling, S. A., eds. Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science Conference on the Climate of the Arctic. Fairbanks, University of Alaska (in press).Google Scholar
Manabe, S. and Bryant, K. 1969. Climate and the ocean circulation. Monthly Weather Review, Vol 97, No 11, p 739–827.Google Scholar
Maykut, G. A. and Untersteiner, N. 1971. Some results from a time-dependent thermodynamic model of sea ice. Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol 76, No 6, p 1550–75.Google Scholar
Maykut, G. A.and others. 1972. AIDJEX Scientific Plan. By Maykut, G. A., Thorndike, A. J. and Untersteiner, N.. AIDJEX Bulletin, No 15, p 1–67.Google Scholar
Meinardus, W. 1906. Periodische Schwankungen der Eistrift bei Island. Annalen der Hydrographie und Maritimen Meteorologie, Vol 34, No 4, p 148–62.Google Scholar
Miller, S. and Schwerdtfeger, W. 1972. Ice crystal formation and growth in the warm layer above the Antarctic temperature inversion. Antarctic Journal of the United States. Vol 7, No 5, p 170.Google Scholar
Nakano, Y. and Brown, J. 1972. Mathematical modelling and validation of the thermal regimes in tundra soils, Barrow, Alaska. Arctic and Alpine Research, Vol 4, No 1, p 19–38.Google Scholar
Namias, J. 1972. Large-scale and long-term fluctuations in some atmospheric and oceanic variables. In: Nobel Symposium 20. Stockholm, Almqvist and Wiksell, p 27–48.Google Scholar
National Academy of Sciences. 1972. Polar Research. Washington, DC, National Academy of Sciences, 204 p.Google Scholar
National Academy of Sciences. 1974. US. Contribution to the Polar Experiment (POLEX). Part I. OLEX-GARP (NORTH). Washington, DC, National Academy of Sciences, 119 p.Google Scholar
Newton, C. W.ed. 1972. Meteorology of the Southern Hemisphere. American Meteorological Society. Monograph, Vol 13, No 35, 263 p.Google Scholar
Ng, E. and Miller, P. C. 1974. A model of the effect of tundra vegetation canopy structure on soil temperatures and depth of thaw. In: Weller, G. and Bowling, S. A., eds. Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science Conference on the Climate of the Arctic. Fairbanks, University of Alaska (in press).Google Scholar
Nutt, D. C. 1969. The North Water of Baffin Bay. Polar Notes, No, 9, p 1–25.Google Scholar
Ohtake, T. 1968. Freezing of water droplets and ice fog phenomena. In: Proceedings of International Conference on Cloud Physics. Toronto, University of Toronto, p 285–89.Google Scholar
Olenicoff, S. M. 1968. Soviet development and use of drifting automatic radiometeorological stations for Arctic Research. RAND Corporation, Santa Monica. Memorandum RM-5624-PR, 68 p.Google Scholar
Olenicoff, S. M. 1973. The Soviet DARMS program: twenty years of development, deployment and data. AIDJEX Bulletin, No 22, p 8–34.Google Scholar
Oort, A. H. 1974. Year-to-year variations in the energy balance of the Arctic atmosphere. Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol 79, No 9, p 1253–60.Google Scholar
Orvig, S. ed. 1970. Climates of the polar regions. Amsterdam, Elsevier Press. 370 p (World Survey of Climatology. Vol 14).Google Scholar
Outcalt, S. A. 1974. The simulation of diurnal surface contrast in sea ice and tundra terrain. Archiv für Meteorologie Geophysik und Bioklimatologie, Series B, Vol 21, p 147–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Paulson, C. A. and Smith, J. D. 1973. The AIDJEX lead experiment. A1DJEX Bulletin. No 23, p 1–8.Google Scholar
Radok, U. 1971. On the energetics of surface winds over the Antarctic ice cap. In: Orvig, S.ed. Proceedings of the IAMAP/IAPSO/SCAR/WMO Symposium, Moscow. Geneva, World Meteorological Organization, p 69–100.Google Scholar
Raschke, E.and others. 1973. The radiation balance of the earth-atmosphere system from NIMBUS-3 radiation measurements. By Raschke, E., Haar, T. H. Vonder, Pasternak, M. and Bandeen, W. R.. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Technical Note TND-7249, 73 p.Google Scholar
Reiter, E. R. 1973. Trace gases, aerosols and solar radiation in the stratosphere—explored and unexplored problem areas. In: Proceedings of International Conference on the Environmental Impact of Aerospace Operations in the High Atmosphere. Boston, American Meteorological Society.Google Scholar
Riordan, A. and Wong, E. 1971. Micrometeorology at Plateau station. Antarctic Journal of the United States, Vol 6, No 5, p 215–17.Google Scholar
Rubin, M. J. 1973. Antarctic Meteorology. In: Lewis, R. L. and Smith, P. M., eds. Frozen future: a prophetic report from Antarctica. Toronto, Fitzhenry and Whiteside, p 146–66.Google Scholar
Sachs, H. 1974. Radiolarian-based estimates of North Pacific sea surface temperature regime during the last glacial maximum. In: Weller, G. and Bowling, S. A., eds. Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science Conference on the Climate of the Arctic. Fairbanks, University of Alaska (in press).Google Scholar
Scherhag, R. 1936. Eine Bemerkenswerte Klimaänderung über Nordeuropa. Annalen der Hydrographie und Maritimen Meteorologie, Vol 64, p 96–100.Google Scholar
Schmitt, W. R.and others. 1974. Ice ages and northern forests. By W. R. Schmitt, C. K. Stidd, and J. D. Isaacs. In: Weller, G. and Bowling, S. A., eds. Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science Conference: Climate of the Arctic. Fairbanks, University of Alaska (in press).Google Scholar
Schneider, S. H. 1974. Surface temperature—albedo coupling—implications for climate stability. In: Weller, G. and Bowling, S. A., eds. Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science Conference on the Climate of the Arctic. Fairbanks, University of Alaska (in press).Google Scholar
Schwerdtfeger, W. and Kutzbach, G. 1967. Temperature variations and vertical motion in the free atmosphere over Antarctica in the winter. In: Polar meteorology. Proceedings of the WMO/SCAR/ICPM Symposium on polar meteorology, Geneva. Geneva . . . 1966. World Meteorological Organization, p 225–48 (Technical Note No 87).Google Scholar
Schwerdtfeger, W. and Mahrt, L. 1968. The relation between the Antarctic temperature inversion in the surface layer and its wind regime. In: Gow, A. J. and others, eds. Proceedings of International Symposium on Antarctic Glaciological Exploration. Gentbrugge, International Association of Scientific Hydrology, Commission on Snow and Ice, Publication No 86, p 308–15.Google Scholar
Sellers, W. D. 1969. A global climatic model based on the energy balance of the earth-atmosphere system. Journal of Applied Meteorology, Vol 8, No 3, p 392–400.Google Scholar
Smith, W. L.and others. 1973. Vertical temperature profiles from satellites: results from 2nd generation instrumentation aboard NIMBUS-5. By Smith, W. L., Staelen, D. H., and Houghton, J. T.. (Paper presented at the COSPAR Symposium, Konstanz, Federal Republic of Germany. May–June 1973).Google Scholar
Shaw, G. 1974. The vertical distribution of tropospheric aerosols at Barrow, Alaska. Tellus (in press).Google Scholar
Streten, N. W. 1973. Some characteristics of satellite-observed bands of persistent cloudiness over the Southern Hemisphere. Monthly Weather Review, Vol 101, No 6, p 486–95.2.3.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Streten, N. A. and Troup, A. J. 1973. A synoptic climatology of satellite observed cloud vortices over the Southern Hemisphere. Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, Vol 99, No 419, p 56–72.Google Scholar
Strübino, H. 1967. Uber Zusammenhange zwischen der Eisfiihrung des Ostgrönlandstroms und der atmospharischen Zirkulation über dem Nordpolarmeer. Deutsche Hydrographische Zeitschrift, Vol 20, No 6, p 257–65.Google Scholar
Takano, K.and others. 1973. Numerical simulation of the seasonally varying baroclinic world ocean circulation. University of California, Los Angeles Department of Meteorology Report.Google Scholar
Taljaard, J. J.and others. 1969. Climate of the upper air: Southern Hemisphere. Vol 1. Temperatures, dew points and heights at selected pressure levels. By Taljaard, J. J., van Loon, H., Crutcher, H. L. and Jenne, R. L.. Chief of Naval Operations. Washington. D.C.. Report NAVAIR 50-1C-55, 135 p.Google Scholar
Treshnikov, A. F.and others. 1969. An ocean-atmosphere interaction experiment for the Arctic. By Treshnikov, A. F., Borisenkov, Ye. P., Nikiforov, E. G., Mustafin, N. V., Chaplygin, E. D. and Spaiker, A. O.. Problems of the Arctic and Antarctic, No 28.Google Scholar
Treshnikov, A. F.and others. 1973. Preliminary program of the polar experiment for the South Polar region (POLEX-SOUTH). By Treshnikov, A. F., Girs, A. A., Baranov, G. I., and Yefimov, V. A.. Leningrad, Main Administration of the Hydrometeorological Service of the USSR, Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute. 55 p.Google Scholar
Troup, A. J. and Streten, N. 1972. Satellite observed Southern Hemisphere cloud vortices in relation to conventional observations. Journal of Applied Meteorology, Vol 11, No 6, p 909–17.Google Scholar
Untersteiner, N. 1974. The Arctic Ice Dynamics Joint Experiment AIDJEX. Arctic Bulletin (in press).Google Scholar
van Loon, H. and Jenne, R. L. 1970. Supplementary text to a film on the climatology of the Southern Hemisphere. National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder. Report, 62 p.Google Scholar
van Loon, H.and others. 1971. Climate of the upper air: Southern Hemisphere. Vol 2. Zonal geostrophic winds. By Loon, H. van, Taljaard, J. J., Jenne, R. L., and Crutcher, H. J.. National Center for Atmospheric Research, Report TN/STR-57 and NAVAIR 50-1C-56, 43 p.Google Scholar
Vowinckel, E. and Orvig, S. 1971. Synoptic heat budgets at three polar stations. Journal of Applied Meteorology, Vol 10, No 3, p 387,96.Google Scholar
Weller, G. 1969. The heat and mass balance of snow dunes on the central Antarctic plateau. Journal of Glaciology, Vol 8, No 53, p 277–84.Google Scholar
Weller, G. and Bierly, E. 1973. The Polar Experiment (POLEX). Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. Vol 54, No 3, p 212–18.Google Scholar
Weller, G. 1974. Antarctic meteorology. Antarctic Journal of the United States (in press).Google Scholar
Weller, G. and Schwerdtfeger, P. 1970. Thermal properties and heat transfer processes in the snow of the central Antarctica plateau. In: Gow, A. J.and others, eds. Proceedings of International Symposium on Antarctic Glaciological Exploration . . . 1968. Gentbrugge, International Association of Scientific Hydrology, Commission on Snow and Ice, Publication No 86, p 284–98.Google Scholar
Weller, G.and others. 1972. The tundra microclimate during snow melt at Barrow, Alaska. By Weller, G., Cubley, S., Parker, S., Trabant, D. and Benson, C.. Arctic, Vol 25, No 4, p 291–300.Google Scholar
Wendler, G. and Weller, G. 1974. A heat balance study on McCall Glacier, Brooks Range, Alaska: a contribution to the International Hydrological Decade. Journal of Glaciology, Vol 13, No 67, p 13–26.Google Scholar
Williams, J. and Barry, R. G., 1974. Simulation of climate at the last glacial maximum in the vicinity of the northern continental ice sheets. In: Weller, G. and Bowling, S. A., eds. Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science Conference on the Climate of the Arctic. Fairbanks, University of Alaska (in press).Google Scholar
Wilson, A. T. 1964. Origin of ice ages: an ice shelf theory for Pleistocene glaciation. Nature, Vol 201, No 4915, p 147–49.Google Scholar
Zoller, W. H.and others. 1974. Atmospheric concentrations and sources of trace metals at the South Pole. By Zoller, W. H., Gladney, E. S. and Duce, R. A.. Science, Vol 183, No 4121, p 198–200.Google Scholar