Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gbm5v Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T22:44:38.607Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The contours of the development of non-living resources in Greenland

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 February 2020

Minori Takahashi*
Affiliation:
Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0809, Japan
*
Author for correspondence: Minori Takahashi, Email: [email protected]

Abstract

In past discussions regarding development (of non-living resources) and indigenous people, a strong tendency existed to understand the act of development as a one-way impact from an outside society. This was often labelled as “environmental racism” and interpreted as a form of ethnic discrimination deeply intertwined with environmental issues. However, this view contained an element of confirmation bias regarding development and indigenous people. For example, it has been reported that in Alaska and elsewhere, indigenous people have taken initiative in developing non-living resources, making it clear that indigenous people are not necessarily passive subjects on whom development is unilaterally imposed. In this paper, after examining recent trends in the development of non-living resources, I shall take up the development of such resources in Greenland with the goal of sorting out and extrapolating the main arguments in the debate, especially within the self-rule government, regarding how the wealth obtained through the development of non-living resources should be enjoyed, while focusing on the notion of sustainable development and taking into consideration previous studies from the field of political science.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
© Cambridge University Press 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ackrén, M., & Jakobsen, U. (2015). Greenland as a self-governing sub-national territory in international relations: past, current and future perspectives. Polar Record, 51(4), 19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Altinget (2019). Forskere: Grønlands bæredygtige udvikling er i fare. Altinget. https://www.altinget.dk/arktis/artikel/forskere-groenlands-baeredygtige-udvikling-er-i-fare (Accessed 30 March 2019).Google Scholar
AMAP (2017). Adaptation Actions for a Changing Arctic (AACA) – Baffin Bay/Davis Strait (BBDS) Region, Overview Report. Tromsø: Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme.Google Scholar
Bjørst, L. R. (2016). Saving or destroying the local community? Conflicting spatial storylines in the greenlandic debate on uranium. The Extractive Industries and Society, 3, 3440.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boertmann, D. (ed.) (2018). Miljø og råstoffer i Grønland (Miljøbiblioteket 5). Aarhus: Aarhus Universitetsforlag.Google Scholar
Departementet for Sundhed og Infrastruktur (2014) Vedrørende: Svar høring af Olie- og mineralstrategien 2014-2018 (04. februar 2014). Høringsnotat- Grønlands olie- og mineralstrategi 2014–2018.Google Scholar
Elkjær, K., & Lindstrøm, M. (2018). Kvanefjeld: Greenland Minerals håber på at åbne mine i 2021. KNR: Kalaallit Nunaata Radioa. https://knr.gl/da/nyheder/greenland-minerals-håber-på-åbne-mine-i-2021 (Accessed 29 March 2019).Google Scholar
European Commission (2012). Cooperation with Greenland in Field on Raw Materials. Brussels: European Commission.Google Scholar
European Commission (2014). Programming Document for the Sustainable Development of Greenland 2014-2020. 2014/137/EU). Brussels: European Commission.Google Scholar
European Commission (n.d.). Greenland. European Commission. https://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/countries/greenland_en (Accessed 30 March 2019).Google Scholar
European Union (2006). Council decision of 17 July 2006 on relations between the European Community on the one hand, and Greenland and the Kingdom of Denmark on the other (2006/526/EC). Official Journal of the European Union. Brussels: European Union.Google Scholar
European Union (2015). Joint Declaration by the European Union, on the one hand, and the Government of Greenland and the Government of Denmark, on the other, on Relations between the European Union and Greenland. Brussels: European Union.Google Scholar
Folketinget (2009). 2008-09 S 2770, endeligt svar på Offentligt.(§20-spørgsmål S 2770 Om bortadoption af grønlandske børn (den 10-08-2009). Copenhagen: Folketinget.Google Scholar
Frederiksen, M., Boertmann, D., Ugarte, F., & Mosbech, A. (2012). South Greenland: A Strategic Environmental Impact Assessment of Hydrocarbon Activities in the Greenland Sector of the Labrador Sea and the Southeast Davis Strait (Scientific Report from DCE – Danish Centre for Environment and Energy. No.23 2012). Aarhus: Aarhus University.Google Scholar
Gad, U. P., Jacobsen, M., & Strandsbjerg, J. (2017). Politics of sustainability in the arctic: a research agenda. In Fondahl, G., & Wilson, G. N.Northern Sustainabilities: Understanding and Addressing Change in the Circumpolar World (Springer Polar Sciences) (pp. 1323). Berlin/Heidelberg/Dordrecht/New York: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gad, U. P., Jacobsen, M., & Strandsbjerg, J. (2018). Sustainability as a Political Concept in the Arctic (Part I). The Arctic Institute Center for Circumpolar Security Studies. https://www.thearcticinstitute.org/sustainability-politics-as-a-political-concept-in-the-arctic-part-i/ (Accessed 30 March 2019).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
George, T. (2018). Greenland Minerals Signs Off-take MoU with Strategic Partner Shenghe, Shares Rise. proactiveinvestors Australia. https://www.proactiveinvestors.com.au/companies/news/203257/greenland-minerals-signs-off-take-mou-with-strategic-partner-shenghe-shares-rise-203257.html (Accessed 29 March 2019).Google Scholar
Gjertsen, A., Didyk, V., Rasmussen, R. O., Kharitonova, G., & Ivanova, L. (2018) Institutional conditions in arctic frontiers: the case of mining in Greenland, Russia and Norway. In Dale, B., Bay-Larsen, I. & Skorstad, B.The Will to Drill: Mining in Arctic Communities (pp. 3359). Berlin/Heidelberg/Dordrecht/New York: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Government of Greenland Department of Geology (2018). Minex No.51: Mineral Exploration Newsletter. Nuuk: Government of Greenland.Google Scholar
Government of Greenland Mineral License and Safety Authority (2017). List of Mineral and Petroleum Licenses in Greenland. Nuuk: Government of Greenland.Google Scholar
Grønlands Arbejdsgiverforening (2014). Høringssvar vedr. Forslag til Grønlands olie- og mineralstrategi. Høringsnotat- Grønlands olie- og mineralstrategi 2014–2018.Google Scholar
Grønlands Selvstyre (2018). Finanslov for 2019 (Inatsisartutlov nr.29 af 14. december 2018 om Finanslov for 2019). Nuuk: Grønlands Selvstyre.Google Scholar
Hayashi, N. (2014). The construction of indigeneity: a case study of sheep farming in South Greenland. Cultural Anthropology, 79 (2), 143163.Google Scholar
Honda, S. (2014). Food and ritual in the extreme North of the North American Continent. In Takakura, H., & Yamaguchi, M. (Eds.), Journey around the World Concerning Food and Rituals: Siberia and America as Seen from the Perspective of Indigenous Cultures (pp. 6188). Sendai: Tohoku University Press (In Japanese).Google Scholar
Hybholt, F. (2014). Creation of a 20 Billion DKK Loan Guarantee by the Danish Government, to Secure Investments in Hydropower for Supplying Large Scale Projects in Greenland. Høringsnotat- Grønlands olie- og mineralstrategi 2014–2018.Google Scholar
Ilisimatusarfik/Grønlands Universitet og Københavns Universitet (2014). Til Gavn for Grønland: Udvalget for samfundsgavnlig udnyttelse af Grønlands naturressourcer. Nuuk/København: Ilisimatusarfik/Grønlands Universitet og Københavns Universitet.Google Scholar
Inoue, T. (2009). The Indigenous People of Alaska and oil development. In Kishikami, N. (Ed.). Development and Indigenous People (pp. 305330). Tokyo: Akashi Shoten (In Japanese).Google Scholar
Jacobsen, M. (2018). Sustainable Arctic Mining? A Comparative Analysis of Greenland and Nunavut Mining Discourses. The Arctic Institute Center for Circumpolar Security Studies. https://www.thearcticinstitute.org/sustainable-arctic-mining-comparative-analysis-greenland-nunavut-mining-discourses/ (Accessed 30 March 2019).Google Scholar
Jakobsson, A. K. (2018). Kina har store ambitioner om strategiske investeringer i Grønland. Ser vi en vasalstat i vente? Ræson. https://www.raeson.dk/2018/ph-d-andre-ken-jakobsson-kina-har-store-ambitioner-om-strategiske-investeringer-i-groenland-ser-vi-en-vasalstat-i-vente/ (Accessed 30 March 2019).Google Scholar
Japan Atomic Industrial Forum (2016). An Illustrated Outline of the ‘Uranium 2016: Resources, Production, Demand Report’ Presented in November 2016 to the OECD/NEA and the IAEA. Tokyo: Japan Atomic Industrial Forum (In Japanese).Google Scholar
Jiang, Y. (2018). China in Greenland: Companies, Governments, and Hidden Intentions?DIIS Policy Brief. Copenhagen: Danish Institute for International Studies.Google Scholar
Kamata, M. (2002). Political dialogue regarding the ‘the conservation of sacred sites’. International Politics, 129, Tokyo: Yuhikaku, 124140 (In Japanese).Google Scholar
Kanie, N. (2015). The Earth’s System and the Risk Governance of Fossil Fuels. In Suzuki, K. (Ed.), The Joint Risk Concerning Technology, Environment and Energy (Series on Japan’s National Security, Vol. 7) (pp. 107130). Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten (In Japanese).Google Scholar
KANUKOKA (2014). Høringssvar vedr. Forslag til Grønlands olie- og mineralstrategi 2014–2018. Høringsnotat- Grønlands olie- og mineralstrategi 2014–2018.Google Scholar
Kay, J., & Thorup, S. (2015). Greenland: Oil and Gas in Greenland – Still on Ice? mondaq Connecting knowledge & people. http://www.mondaq.com/x/366832/Oil+Gas+Electricity/Oil+And+Gas+In+Greenland+Still+On+Ice (Accessed 29 March 2019).Google Scholar
Kommune Kujalleq (2014) Høringssvar vedr. Naalakkersuisuts olie- og mineralstrategi. Høringsnotat- Grønlands olie- og mineralstrategi 2014-2018.Google Scholar
Kommuneqarfik Sermersooq Forvaltningen for Velfærd, Arbejdsmarked og Erhverv (2014). Kommuneqarfik Sermersooqs høringssvar vedr. Forslag til Grønlands olie- og mineralstrategi for 2014-2018 (07.02.2014). Høringsnotat- Grønlands olie- og mineralstrategi 2014–2018.Google Scholar
Lanteigne, M., & Shi, M. (2019). China Steps up Its Mining Interests in Greenland. The Diplomat. https://thediplomat.com/2019/02/china-steps-up-its-mining-interests-in-greenland/ (Accessed 30 March 2019).Google Scholar
Lynge, N. (2019). Efter 40 års ”selvstændighed” skal der gøres status over eksperimentet. Jyllands-Posten Debat, 19.02.2019.Google Scholar
Maeda, Y. (2018). Can the Study of International Relations Accept the Real Meaning of the Material Turn? In the Twilight of Multiple Demise. In Kuzuya, A. & Shibasaki, A. (Eds.), Is the Study of International Relations Over? A Reply from Japan (pp. 173194). Kyoto: Nakanishiya Publishing (In Japanese).Google Scholar
Ministry of Higher Education and Science and the Danish Agency for Science, Technology and Innovation (2016). Cutting Edge Research in the Arctic – a Presentation of Danish Polar Research. Copenhagen: Ministry of Higher Education and Science and the Danish Agency for Science, Technology and Innovation.Google Scholar
Naalakkersuisut (2007). Udenrigspolitisk Redegørelse ved Landsstyremedlemmet for Finanser og Udenrigsanliggender. FM 2007/35, UD. J.nr. 01.25-01. Nuuk: Naalakkersuisut.Google Scholar
Naalakkersuisut (2018a). Fællesskab og solidaritet: Nytårstale af Formanden for Naalakkersuisut Kim Kielsen (Det talte ord gælder). Nuuk: Naalakkersuisut.Google Scholar
Naalakkersuisut (2018b). Grønland har nu to aktive miner i produktion. Naalakkersuisut. https://naalakkersuisut.gl/da/Naalakkersuisut/Nyheder/2018/12/0612_miner (Accessed 30 March 2019).Google Scholar
Naalakkersuisut (n.d.a). PDAC Convention Toronto. Naalakkersuisut. https://www.govmin.gl/en/mineral-events/pdac (Accessed 12 April 2019).Google Scholar
Naalakkersuisut (n.d.b). Greenland Day Perth. Naalakkersuisut. https://www.govmin.gl/en/mineral-events/greenland-day-in-perth (Accessed 12 April 2019).Google Scholar
Naalakkersuisut (2014). Vurdering af Samfundsmæssig Bæredygtighed (VSB): Vejledning vedrørende mineralprojekter om processen og udarbejdelse af VSB rapporten. Nuuk: Naalakkersuisut.Google Scholar
Nordic Council of Ministers (2015). Local Knowledge and Resource Management: On the Use of Indigenous and Local Knowledge to Document and Manage Natural Resources in the Arctic (TemaNord 2015:506). Copenhagen: Nordic Council of Ministers.Google Scholar
Omura, K. (2017). The world’s manure disturbing the universe: The future of humanity as seen from the movement of Indigenous Canadian Inuit (1). Contemporary Thought, 45(22), Tokyo: Seidosha, 180205 (In Japanese).Google Scholar
Overland, I. (2016). Ranking oil, gas and mining companies on indigenous rights in the Arctic. ÁRRAN, 111.Google Scholar
Peace, Human Rights and Environment Forum (n.d.). The World’s Indigenous Peoples Have Been Exposed to Radiation since the Beginning of Uranium Excavation. http://www.peace-forum.com/gensuikin/uransaikutu_date.pdf (Accessed 1 April 2019) (In Japanese).Google Scholar
Rasmussen, O. R., & Gjertsen, A. (2018). Sacrifice Zones for a Sustainable State? Greenlandic Mining Politics in an Era of Transition. In Dale, B., Bay-Larsen, I., & Skorstad, B. (Eds.), The Will to Drill (Springer Polar Sciences) (pp. 127149). Berlin/Heidelberg/Dordrecht/New York: Springer.Google Scholar
Rosen, M. E., & Thuringer, C. B. (2017). Unconstrained Foreign Direct Investment: An Emerging Challenge to Arctic Security. Arlington: CNA Analysis & Solutions.Google Scholar
Seiding, I. (2009). Grønland – en refleksiv udfordring. Århus: Aarhus Universitetsforlag.Google Scholar
Sermitsiaq (2017). Internationale eksperter skal få Grønland op i højere råstof-gear. Sermitsiaq. https://sermitsiaq.ag/node/202044 (Accessed 30 March 2019).Google Scholar
Sulinermik Inuussutissarsiuteqartut Kattuffiat (2014). Høringssvar vedrørende forslag til Grønlands Olie- og Mineralstrategi 2014-2018 (07.02.2014). Høringsnotat- Grønlands olie- og mineralstrategi 2014-2018.Google Scholar
Takahashi, M. (2013). The Politics Concerning the Right to Self-determination: External Autonomy in the Danish Territory of Greenland. Tokyo: Akashi Shoten (In Japanese).Google Scholar
Takahashi, M. (2016). Climate Change and Greenland’s Industry: Trends Concerning Natural Resources. In Minoru, O., Teiko, N., & Minori, T. (Eds.), The 65 Chapters for Knowing Iceland, Greenland and the Arctic (pp. 132137). Tokyo: Akashi Shoten (In Japanese).Google Scholar
Toft, M. H. (2016). Huge New Mining Project is a Golden Chance for Greenland. Oil & Minerals, 15, 24.Google Scholar
Toft, M. H. (2019). Erik Jensen er klar til at udvide produktionen af sand i Grønland. KNR: Kalaallit Nunaata Radioa. https://knr.gl/da/nyheder/erik-jensen-er-klar-til-udvide-produktionen-af-sand-i-grønland (Accessed 29 March 2019).Google Scholar
Uemura, H. (2015). The New Modern History of Indigenous Peoples: Examining the Origins of Colonialism and Neoliberalism. Kyoto: Horitsu Bunkasha (In Japanese).Google Scholar
Veirum, T. M. (2018). GME har afleveret vigtige rapporter om Kvanefjeldsprojektet. KNR: Kalaallit Nunaata Radioa. https://knr.gl/da/nyheder/gme-har-afleveret-vigtige-rapporter-om-kvanefjeldsprojektet (Accessed 29 March 2019).Google Scholar
Vestergaard, C. (n.d.). Greenland on the Way to Supplier Status. Copenhagen: Danish Institute for International Studies.Google Scholar
Vestergaard, C., & Thomasen, G. (2016). New Uranium Deal between Denmark and Greenland Clarifies Competences: Greenland Retains Control over Mining, Environment and Safety, Denmark over Non-proliferation. DIIS Comment. https://www.diis.dk/en/research/new-uranium-deal-between-denmark-and-greenland-clarifies-competences (Accessed 29 March 2019).Google Scholar
Wegeberg, S., & Boertmann, D. (2016). Disko Island and Nuussuaq Peninsula, West Greenland: A Strategic Environmental Impact Assessment of Petroleum Exploration and Exploitation (Scientific Report from DCE – Danish Centre for Environment and Energy. No.199 2016). Aarhus: Aarhus University.Google Scholar
WWF Denmark (2014). NGO’er begejstret for ide om grønlandsk råstofråd (Den 28. januar 2014). WWF: World Wildlife Fund. https://www.wwf.dk/?7380/NGOer-begejstret-for-id-om-rstofrd (Accessed 30 March 2019).Google Scholar