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The Naturalistic Theories of Leopoldo Alas

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 December 2020

William E. Bull
William E. Bull*
Affiliation:
University of Iowa
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Extract

One of the most interesting chapters in the literary career of Leopoldo Alas (Clarín) deals with his advocacy of naturalism and the creation and defense of his most famous original work, La Regenta. Early in his literary life Alas placed himself in the forefront of the Spanish followers of Emile Zola and for many years was one of the most vigorous advocates of naturalism in Spain. He came to the movement with abundant enthusiasm, defended it in many fiery polemics, but maintained throughout his life very definite reservations which reveal a Leopoldo Alas scarcely ever recognized by his contemporaries.

Type
Research Article
Information
PMLA , Volume 57 , Issue 2 , June 1942 , pp. 536 - 551
Copyright
Copyright © Modern Language Association of America, 1942

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References

Note 1 in page 536 Part of the research represented by this article has been made possible by the grant of the Albert Markham Fellowship by the University of Wisconsin.

Note 2 in page 537 Leopoldo Alas, Solos de Clarín (Madrid, 1891), pp. 90–91. 2d edition.

Note 3 in page 537 Ibid., p. 84.

Note 4 in page 537 Leopoldo Alas, Galdós (Madrid, 1912), p. 267.

Note 5 in page 537 From the personal recollections of Sr. Álvaro de Albornoz, ex-minister of Justice under the Spanish Republic, a student and personal friend of Alas. Sr. de Albornoz has graciously discussed and corroborated numerous important details presented in this article.

Note 6 in page 537 For a full discussion of his ideas on education see Leopoldo Alas, Un discurso (Madrid, 1891).

Note 7 in page 538 Solos de Clarín, pp. 46–47.

Note 8 in page 538 Un viaje á Madrid (Madrid, 1886), pp. 47–18.

Note 9 in page 538 Palique (Madrid, 1894), p. 54.

Note 10 in page 538 Siglo pasado (Madrid, 1901) pp. 149–150.

Note 11 in page 539 Prólogo de la segunda edición in Emilia Pardo Bazán, La cuestión palpitante (Madrid, 1891), pp. 31–32.

Note 12 in page 539 Galdós, p. 130.

Note 13 in page 540 Solos de Clarín, p. 135.

Note 14 in page 540 Ibid., p. 189.

Note 15 in page 540 Ibid., p. 114.

Note 16 in page 540 Ensayos y revistas (Madrid, 1892) p. 409.

Note 17 in page 540 Galdós, p. 295.

Note 18 in page 540 Ernest Mérimée and S. Griswold Morley, A History of Spanish Literature (New York, 1930), p. 556.

Note 19 in page 541 Leopoldo Alas, La Regenta (Barcelona, 1908), i, 124.

Note 20 in page 542 Solos de Clarín, p. 54.

Note 21 in page 543 Galdós, p. 104.

Note 22 in page 543 Ibid., pp. 104–105.

Note 23 in page 543 Ibid., p. 101.

Note 24 in page 544 José A. Balseiro, Novelistas españoles modernos (New York, 1933), p. 359.

Note 25 in page 545 Solos de Clarín, pp. 235–236.

Note 26 in page 545 Emile Zola, Germinal, tr. by Havelock Ellis (New York, n.d.), p. 351.

Note 27 in page 545 La Regenta, i, 116.

Note 28 in page 546 Galdós, p. 101.

Note 29 in page 546 La Regenta, i, 130.

Note 30 in page 546 Ibid., p. 180.

Note 31 in page 546 Ibid., ii, 123.

Note 32 in page 546 Ibid., p. 152.

Note 33 in page 546 La Regenta, ii, 382.

Note 34 in page 546 Ibid., p. 414.

Note 35 in page 546 Ibid., p. 415.

Note 36 in page 548 Leopoldo Alas, Sermón perdido (Madrid, 1885), p. 25.

Note 37 in page 548 Galdós, p. 192.

Note 38 in page 548 Sermón perdido, p. 25.

Note 39 in page 548 Leopoldo Alas, Nueva campaña (Madrid, 1887), p. 38.

Note 40 in page 548 Ibid., p. 140.

Note 41 in page 549 Museum, p. 81.—Some of Alas's disturbance over Insolación must be attributed to his excessively prudish nature. In spite of his admiration for Zola, he believed honorable women should not read L'Argent. “Como nota bien un revistero italiano ... ciertos des-manes de la Sandorff y cierta irregularidad legendaria de Sabatini, convierten L'Argent en un libro que no deben leer las mujeres honradas, sean ó no sean doncellas.” Ensayos y revistas, p. 76.

Note 42 in page 549 Galdós, p. 192.

Note 43 in page 549 Ibid., p. 203.

Note 44 in page 549 Ibid., p. 165.

Note 45 in page 549 Leopoldo Alas, Rafael Calvo y el teatro español (Madrid, 1890), p. 61.

Note 46 in page 549 Museum, p. 61.

Note 47 in page 549 Ibid., p. 65.

Note 48 in page 549 Solos de Clarín, p. 2.

Note 49 in page 550 Ensayos y revistas, pp. 144–145.

Note 50 in page 550 Galdós, p. 259.

Note 51 in page 550 Siglo pasado, p. 188.

Note 52 in page 551 Siglo pasado, p. 185.