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An Unpublished Mémoire of Fénelon with Emended Letter

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 December 2020

Bernard A. Facteau
Bernard A. Facteau*
Affiliation:
College of Mount Saint Vincent
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Extract

The Versailles edition of the Works and Correspondence of François de Salignac de la Mothe-Fénelon (1651–1715), Archbishop of Cambrai, reproduced again with some modifications in the Paris edition, is the best edition available; but it is incomplete and imperfect in many respects. This is true especially of the correspondence with its cumbersome classification, its doubtful identifications, its discrepancies and deficiencies in chronology. Fortunately, in recent years numerous additional works and letters of Fénelon have been published in books and periodicals, and these, together with a number of corrections and revisions which have been made of the correspondence, have served to supplement and to rectify our knowledge of Fénelon and his activities. It is the purpose of this paper further to modify and to complement this knowledge: first, by correcting an error made by the editors of the editions mentioned above, in mistaking the identity of the person to whom one of Fénelon's letters is addressed; secondly, by revising the text of this same letter as it is published; thirdly, by reproducing for the first time a Mémoire written by Fénelon, which seems either to have been unknown to the editors, omitted through mistake, or deliberately suppressed by them as unimportant.

Type
Research Article
Information
PMLA , Volume 57 , Issue 1 , March 1942 , pp. 116 - 132
Copyright
Copyright © Modern Language Association of America, 1942

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References

Note 1 in page 116 Œuvres de Fénelon, archevêque de Cambrai (Versailles, J. A. Lebel, et Paris, Ferra jeune et Leclère, 1820–30), 35 vols. in-8.

Note 2 in page 116 Œuvres complètes de Fénelon, archevêque de Cambrai (Paris, Leroux et Jouby, 1848–52), 10 vols. gr. in-8. We shall use this edition hereafter in our references and citations.

Note 3 in page 116 E. Carcassonne, État présent des travaux sur Fénelon (Paris: Les Belles Lettres, 1939). Cf. pp. 5–8.

Note 4 in page 116 Ibid., pp. 115–134.

Note 5 in page 116 E. Griselle, “La Correspondance de Bossuet et de Fénelon,” Études, cxx, 693–702: cxxi, 235–245. G. de Mouchy. “Bossuet et Fénelon. L'édition de leur correspondance.” Bulletin du Bibliophile, ix (1909), 513–518; x (1910), 10 et seq.

Note 6 in page 116 Fénelon. op. cit., Cf. Vol. i. Avertissement. 6. “Malgré l'engagement que nous avons pris de publier une collection complète des œuvres de Fénelon, nous n'avons pas balancé à omettre un certain nombre de lettres et de simples billets, dont l'intérêt, uniquement relatif au moment où ils ont été écrits, a nécessairement disparu avec le temps. Nous avons encore moins balancé à supprimer une multitude de pièces et de mémoires concernant l'Histoire de Fénelon.”

Note 7 in page 116 Ibid., vii, 238.

Note 8 in page 116 A fortified city situated near Cambrai, in which the Archbishops of Cambrai maintained an Archiepiscopal palace. The city and the surrounding territory formed an independent principality and was governed by the Archbishops, who upon appointment to the Archdiocese, inherited the title of Duke of Cambrai as well as the powers that went with it. Cf. A Deloffre. “Le Câteau à travers les âges. ”Mémoires de la Société d'Émulation de Cambrai, lxvi (1912), 69–160.

Note 9 in page 117 C. Sommervogel, S. J. Mélanges, “Lettre inédite (12 juillet, 1702) de Fénelon au Duc de Beauvilliers.” Études, 1863, pp. 791–801.

Note 10 in page 117 Fénelon, op. cit., iv, 450–451. Published under two titles: Mémoire sur l'État du Diocèse de Cambrai par rapport au Jansénisme, et sur les moyens d'y arrêter les progrès de l'erreur, and Mémoire sur le progrès du Jansénisme.

Note 11 in page 117 Ibid., vii, 234, 236, 237, 238.

Note 12 in page 117 A. Delplanque, Fénelon et la doctrine de l'amour pur d'après sa correspondance avec ses principaux amis (Lille: Facultés Catholiques, 1907), Fénelon et les Ducs de Beauvilliers et de Chevreuse, pp. 70–91.

Note 13 in page 117 Sommervogel, op. cit., pp. 798–799.

Note 14 in page 117 Fénelon, op. cit., vii, 286, 324, etc.

Note 15 in page 117 Morgan Collection. Fénelon's Autograph Letters. V. 12 E. 4 and 3 pages, 22.3×16.9. (Graciously placed at our disposal by Miss Belle Da Costa Greene, Director of the Morgan Library.)

Note 16 in page 118 Fénelon, op. cit., vii, 238, apparently after Œuvres de Fénelon éd. Gallard et Querbeuf (Paris; Didot, 1787–92), i, 636.

Note 17 in page 118 Fénelon, op. cit. vii, 238–239. Also taken from 1787 ed. Cf. vi, 284–286 without indicating source.

Note 18 in page 118 Louis XIV officially dispossessed Fénelon of his title and emoluments early in 1699. Cf. Haussonville, Comte d', La Duchesse de Bourgogne et l'alliance savoyarde sous Louis XIV (Paris, Calmann-Lévy, 1903), ii, 47.

Note 19 in page 118 Vacant, Mangenot et Amann, Dictionnaire de Théologie catholique (Paris: Letouzey et Ané, 1924), Art. Fénsion, v, 2138–70.

Note 20 in page 118 Fénelon op. cit., viii, 231.

Note 21 in page 118 Ibid., viii, 235 (April 25, 1702).

Note 22 in page 118 Saint-Simon. Mémoires, éd. Boislisle (Paris: Hachette, 1879–1918), x, 183–185; also Journal du Marquis de Dangeau, éd. Soulié et Dussieux (Paris: Didot, 1854–60), viii, 405.

Note 23 in page 118 Delplanque. op. cit., Fénelon et le Duc de Bourgogne, pp. 42–69.

Note 24 in page 119 N. Abercrombie, The Origins of Jansenism (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1936), p. 305.

Note 25 in page 119 Fénelon. op. cit., Vol. vii. Letters 21, 25, 26, 39.—Chevreuse was at first oblivious to the dangers of Jansenism. He had been educated at Port-Royal, and despite Fénelon's warnings remained loyal to his former teachers until 1703. Cf. Vol. vii. Letters 18, 22, 28, 29.

Note 26 in page 119 Ibid., vii, 238.

Note 27 in page 119 Journal du Marquis de Dangeau, op. cit., viii, 495.

Note 28 in page 119 See note 48, below.

Note 29 in page 119 (a) Words in italics indicate textual modifications made by editors; (b) words and letters within brackets are ours; (c) the spelling, punctuation and accentuation in the MSS are reproduced from the original. Changes made by Fénelon himself are indicated by footnotes.

Note 30 in page 120 Guy Sève de Rochechouart (1640–1724), Bishop of Arras.

Note 31 in page 120 See paragraph i of Mémoire which follows.

Note 32 in page 120 Ibid., paragraph iii.

Note 33 in page 120 Word crossed out.

Note 34 in page 120 Word crossed out.

Note 35 in page 120 “les” crossed out.

Note 36 in page 120 “mais” crossed out.

Note 37 in page 121 Word crossed out.

Note 38 in page 121 “Simplement” omitted.

Note 39 in page 121 Word crossed out.

Note 40 in page 121 Cf. The Holy Bible translated from the Latin Vulgate—Douay Version (New York: J. Murphy, 1914), Kings, i. Ch. x. v. 6. “And the Spirit of the Lord shall come upon thee, and thous shalt prophesy with them, and shalt be changed into another man.”

Note 41 in page 121 Ibid., John, Ch. vii, v. 38. “He that believeth in me, as the scripture saith, out of his belly shall flow rivers of living water.”

Note 42 in page 122 Ibid., ii Cor. Ch. vi. v. 13. “But having the same recompense, (I speak as to my children,) be you also enlarged.”

Note 43 in page 122 The original and the printed texts of Letter No. xliv (September 7, 1702) stop here. Fénelon's letter of September 11, 1702, is published in part as Letter No. xliii. Cf. Fénelon. op. cit., vii, 238.

Note 44 in page 122 Word crossed out.

Note 45 in page 122 Journal du Marquis de Dangeau. op. et loc. cit., viii, 495. Vendredi, 8 septembre 1702, à Versailles. “M. de Bourgogne était parti ce matin de Douai; on l'a trouvé fort engraissé et fort changé en bien.”

Note 46 in page 122 Jacques-René de Brisay, marquis de Denonville (1637–1710), appointed assistantgovernor of the Duke of Burgundy, September 20, 1689. Cf. Saint-Simon, op. cit., xi, 218.

Note 47 in page 122 Fénelon. op. cit., vii, 238. Du Duc de Bourgogne à Fénelon. A Malines, le 6 septembre 1702.

Note 48 in page 122 Fénelon's packet of letters therefore consisted of three letters and a Mémoire. The letter to the Duke of Burgundy, to which Fénelon here refers, has not yet been published.

Note 49 in page 123 Louis-Antoine de Noailles (1651–1729), Archbishop of Paris.

Note 50 in page 123 Charles-Maurice Le Tellier (1643–1710).

Note 51 in page 123 Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet (1627–1704), Bishop of Meaux.

Note 52 in page 123 The Jansenist party. N. B.—Next eight lines are unidentified but cited by Querbeuf, op. cit., i, 567–568.

Note 53 in page 123 Paul Godet des Marais (1649–1709).

Note 54 in page 123 François de La Chaise (1624–1709), Jesuit confessor of Louis XIV.

Note 55 in page 123 Philippe V, Duke of Anjou (1683–1746), second grandson of Louis XIV.

Note 56 in page 123 Pierre Codde (1648–1710), Oratorian, who, in 1688, was named Titular Archbishop of Sebaste (Phrygia, Asia Minor), and Vicar Apostolic of Holland. Accused of fostering Jansenism, Codde was suspended from his functions in 1689. In spite of a voyage to Rome in his own defense, his doctrines were condemned by a decree of the Inquisition on April 5, 1704. Cf. L. Moreri, Grand Dictionnaire historique, éd. Drouet (Paris, 1759), i, 787–788; Dictionnaire de livres jansénistes, i, 21—cited by Urbain et Levesque, Correspondance de Bossuet (Paris: Hachette, 1909–23), ii, 63.n; Dictionnaire de Théologie catholique, op. cit., iii, 108.

Note 57 in page 123 We have been unable to positively identify this particular letter. It may well be the following: Lettre A u Sieur Vivant, docteur de Sorbonne, présentement à Rome auprès du Cardinal de Janson Forbin, sur les différends des théologiens de Flandre et sur la dernière déclaration présentée au Saint-Office par M. Hennebel. in 40. Louvain 1697.

Note 58 in page 123 ?? “roi” crossed out.

Note 59 in page 124 P. Pasquier Quesnel (1634–1719). His Nouveau Testament en français avec des Réflexions morales sur chaque verset pour en rendre la lecture plus utile et la méditation plus aisée. Nouvelle édit.... (Paris: Pralard, 1693). 4 vols. in-8., of which one hundred and one propositions were condemned as heretical by the Bull Unigenitus, September 8, 1713, is evidently the work here indicated by Fénelon.

Note 60 in page 124 Cf. Chroniques de Douai recueillies et mises en ordre par M. le Président Tailliar (Douai: Dechristé, 1877), iii, 32. “Arrêt du Conseil du 30 mai 1681 ... ”Le Roi considère que la voie du concours, afin de pourvoir aux chaires vacantes, sera utile pour que celles-ci soient toujours remplies de professeurs capables pour l'instruction de la jeunesse, le bien du public et pour faire de plus en plus fleurir les sciences dans cette université.“

Note 61 in page 124 Sommervogel, op. cit., p. 793.

Note 62 in page 124 On March 19, 1682, the Assembly of the Clergy of France voted the following propositions: “I. Que saint Pierre et ses successeurs, vicaires de Jésus Christ, et que toute l'Église même n'ont reçu de puissance de Dieu que sur les choses spirituelles et qui concernent le salut, et non point sur les choses temporelles et civiles.... Nous déclarons en conséquence que les rois et les souverains ne sont soumis à aucune puissance ecclésiastique par l'ordre de Dieu dans les choses temporelles; ... II. Que la plénitude de puissance que le saint siège apostolique et les successeurs de saint Pierre, vicaires de Jésus Christ, ont sur les choses spirituelles, est telle que les décrets du saint concile œcuménique de Constance dans les sessions IVe et Ve, approuvés par le saint siège apostolique, confirmés par la pratique de toute l'Église et des pontifes romains, observés religieusement par toute l'Église gallicane, demeurent dans toute leur force et vertu.... III. Qu'ainsi l'usage de la puissance apostolique doit être réglé suivant les canons faits par l'Esprit de Dieu et consacrés par le respect général, que les règles, les mœurs et les constitutions reçues doivent être maintenues et les bornes posées par nos pères demeurer inébranlables.... IV. Que quoique le pape ait la principale part dans les questions de foi et que ses décrets regardent toutes les Églises, chaque Église en particulier, son jugement n'est pourtant pas irréformable, à moins que le consentement de l'Église n'intervienne ...”

Cf. Dictionnaire de Théologie catholique, op. cit., Art. Déclaration de 1682, iv, 196–197.

Note 63 in page 125 Ibid., pp. 198–199.

Note 64 in page 125 Cf. F. Desmons. “L'Épiscopat de Gilbert de Choiseul (1613-89), Évêque de Tournai,” Annales de la Société historique et archéologique de Tournai, ii (1907), 360–361.

Note 65 in page 125 E. Michaud, Louis XIV et Innocent XI (Paris: Charpentier, 1882–83), iv, 116.

Note 66 in page 125 (ca. 1656–1712), Licentiate and Doctor in Theology from the University of Douai and curate of Beaumetz, in the diocese of Arras. Appointed to the Faculty of Theology in 1683, Gilbert, in 1684, was made provost of the Collegiate Church of Saint-Amé and Chancellor of the University. He was the author of two works, the nature of which is apparent in the title of one: Theses theologicaequas exponit eximinius D.ac Mag. Jacobus Gilbert, S. Th. Doctor in alma Duacena Universitale, 1680 and Tractatus theologico-canonicus de sedis apostolicae primatu, de conciliorum œcumenicorum auctoritate et infaillibilitate, de regum in temporibus ab omni potestate humana libertate, auctore eximio D. Jac. Gilberto Belga theologiae doctore, (Douai: Nicolas d'Assignies, 1687), in-8. Cf. Desmons, op. cit., p. 361.

Note 67 in page 126 Ibid., p. 361.

Note 68 in page 126 At Louis XIV's request, François de Harlay de Champvallon (1625–95), Archbishop of Paris, appointed a commission composed of Doctors from the Sorbonne (Pirot, Robert, Lestocq) and the College of Navarre (Saussoy, Guischard) to examine Gilbert's treatises, and notes taken in his courses. A condemnation of his doctrines was filed on January 21, 1687. Gilbert was ordered to retire from the University on March 1, 1687—Cf. Antoine Arnauld. Œuvres (Paris: D'Arnoy, 1775), ii, 764—and exiled to Saint-Quentin. An appeal made to Bossuet (Letter of May 12, 1687. Cf. Urbain et Levesque, op. cit., iii, 345–346.n), and one made to the King (Cf. Desmons, op. cit., p. 361), failed to stay his sentence. Gilbert, after a retraction made at Lille on July 27, 1687, reversed himself in a letter to Quesnel, and from Saint Quentin continued by letter to influence conditions at Douai. In 1692, be was relegated to Saint-Flours, thence to Thiers, and finally to the fortress of Pierre Encise at Lyon, where he died. Cf. Avrigny, H.R.d'. Mémoires chronologiques et dogmatiques pour servir à l'histoire ecclésiastique depuis 1600 jusqu'en 1716 ... s. 1. 1739, iii, 287 et seq.: Desmons, op. cit., pp. 361–364: Urbain et Levesque, op. cit., iii, 346, n.

Note 69 in page 126 Ibid., xiii, 518.

Note 70 in page 126 Cf. Dictionnaire de Théologie catholique, op. cit., iv, 202–204.

Note 71 in page 126 Fénelon voices frequent complaints on this score. Cf. Fénelon, op. cit., iii-v (Ouvrages sur le Jansénisme), and vii-viii (Correspondance), e.g., “Je ne dois pas omettre une chose importante: C'est que les Jansénistes, pour mieux persuader que le Jansénisme n'est qu'un fantôme, ne cessent de se confondre avec les Thomistes. Ils se moquent de ceux dont ils prennent le manteau pour se couvrir. Ils se disent tous Thomistes depuis quelques temps, et les Thomistes font bien pis que de les avouer, car ils deviennent tous Jansenistes” (Cf. Letter 21, Fénelon au Duc de Beauvilliers (30 novembre 1699).

Note 72 in page 127 An anonymous writer, signing with the initials A. A. (presumably for Antoine Arnauld, the Jansenist leader), succeeded, by a cruel hoax and false promises, in having De Ligny and his colleagues declare their adhesion to Jansenistic principles in letters which were ultimately used to convict them. Cf. Chroniques de Douai, op. cit., iii, 43–46. See also, D' Avrigny. op. cit., iii, 270 et seq.; and Les Nouvelles Ecclésiastiques. s. 1. 1737, pp. 81–84.

Note 73 in page 127 Cf. Urbain et Levesque, op. cit., xiii, 522.n.

Note 74 in page 127 Ibid., xiii, 397, n.

Note 75 in page 127 Ibid., xiii, 394–395 (Letter of July 25, 1702).

Note 76 in page 127 Ibid., xiii, 397–398 (Letter of July 28, 1702); and a Mémoire sur l'Université de Douay, xiii, 517–532.

Note 77 in page 127 Sommervogel, op. cit., p. 794.

Note 78 in page 127 Writing to the Duke of Beauvilliers on July 24, 1702, Fénelon expresses himself as follows:... “Je crois vous deuoir reparler des affaires de Douay. Je sai que M. de Marillac s'est souuent déclaré auec chaleur contre les Jésuites sur cette affaire. M. d'Argouges, genre de M. Peletier, ne leur sera pas fauorable, selon les apparences. M. Voysin a toujours paru préuenu contre eux. M. Leblanc a été mis hors de l'intendance de Rouën, pour y auoir été conuaincu de fauoriser le passage des écrits du parti janséniste. Le roi a-t-il oublié un fait si décisif? Enfin vous connoissez M. de Meaux. Ne pourroit-on point ouurir les yeux du Roi. Si on rétablit la liberté de cette uniuersité, elle fera en ce pais des maux irréparables.... Pendant que le Roi d'Espagne réprime l'erreur à Louuain, faudra-t-il qu'elle trouue son réfuge à Douay, et que le Roi l'y protége contre son intention! Des qu'on les laissera faire ils seront maîtres de tout, et nous n'aurons pas d'études qui ne soient corrompuës.” Cf Ibid., p. 791.

Note 79 in page 128 Cf. Mémoire sur l'État du Diocèse de Cambrai, op. cit., iv, 451.

Note 80 in page 128 Cf. Urbain et Levesque, op. cit., xiii, 429–431. (De Bossuet à Antoine de Noailles, 27 octobre 1702.)

Note 81 in page 128 Fénelon, op. cit., va, 238.

Note 82 in page 128 “Les gens qu'on avoit exilés pour l'affaire du faux Arnauld, sont tous revenus. M. Gilbert même, quoique relégué bien loin, donne depuis quelques années en pleine liberté, les canonicats de saint Amé, qui sont à sa nomination, et il y a déjà mis les sujets les plus ardens pour le jansénisme; de sorte que Douai est rempli des plus forts sujets de ce parti. Pour remédier à ce mal il faudroit qu'on engageât, s'il se pouvoit, M. Gilbert de se démettre de son bénifice....” Cf. Mémoire sur l'État du Diocèse de Cambrai.

Note 83 in page 129 Cf. X. Sackebant, Fénelon et le séminaire de Cambrai (Cambrai: Deligne, 1902).

Note 84 in page 129 From the Morgan Collection. Fénelon's Autograph Letters. V.12.E. 8 pages, 22.5×17 cm., written on both sides. The manuscript is in Fénelon's handwriting, but is not signed.

Note 85 in page 129 The determination of the exact date of the composition of the Mémoire sur l'État du Diocèse de Cambrai is a problem in itself and exceeds the scope of this paper. Although we believe that the approximative date of September 1702 given to it by Fénelon's editors is incorrect, we can only hazard a guess that this Mémoire was written before the appointment of the Royal Commission for the reorganization of the University of Douai, the date of which is uncertain, but which can roughly be set as late June or early July of 1702.

Note 86 in page 129 Paul iv (1555–59).

Note 87 in page 129 Philip II (1527–98), King of Spain.

Note 88 in page 130 Founded according to Patent Letters issued at Madrid, January 19, 1562. Cf. G. Cardon, La fondation de l'université de Douai (Paris: Alean, 1892), p. 166.

Note 89 in page 130 Word crossed out.

Note 90 in page 130 Arrêt du Conseil du 30 avril 1681 (Archives Nationales E 1811), reproduced in full by Urbain et Levesque, op. cit., xiii, 522–524, n.

Note 91 in page 130 A commission established in 1571, consisting of a treasurer, the rector of the University, two professors and two aldermen. It administered university funds, enforced the statutes, and provided professors when vacancies occurred. Cf. Cardon., op. cit., p. 277.

Note 92 in page 130 Word crossed out.

Note 93 in page 130 Word crossed out.

Note 94 in page 130 See note 62.

Note 95 in page 130 Word crossed out.

Note 96 in page 130 See note 66.

Note 97 in page 130 Word crossed out.

Note 98 in page 130 François d'Espalungue (ca. 1650–94), theologian and teacher. He studied at Saint Magloire and took his Licentiate in Theology in 1674, and his doctorate in 1676. He served for a time as Preceptor to the son of Colbert, Minister and Secretary of State. D'Espalungue then became a Professor Theology at the Sorbonne, where he distinguished himself as a teacher. With a fellow theologian, Tournely, he was sent by the King to Douai, in May, 1688, to replace Gilbert, and to head the Royal Seminary. Cf. Davin, V. Quarante-cinq assemblées de la Sorbonne, p. 159. Cited by Urbain et Levesque, op. cit., xii, 518. n.

Note 99 in page 130 pour“ crossed out.

Note 100 in page 131 “enfin” crossed out.

Note 101 in page 131 “d'élection” crossed out.

Note 102 in page 131 Word crossed out.

Note 103 in page 131 “depuis l'établi” crossed out.

Note 104 in page 131 See note 62.

Note 105 in page 131 “des écrits” crossed out.

Note 106 in page 131 See note 61.

Note 107 in page 131 The Jansenist party.

Note 108 in page 131 See note 68.

Note 109 in page 131 See note 72.

Note 110 in page 131 “le” crossed out.

Note 111 in page 132 Word crossed out.

Note 112 in page 132 “la” crossed out.

Note 113 in page 132 a) Cornelius Jansen (1585–1638), Bishop of Ypres, and author of the Augustinus (1640). Cf. Ibid., Art. Jansénisme, viii, 318–530. (b) “sur” crossed out.

Note 114 in page 132 Baius or Michel de Bay (1513–89), theologian of the University of Louvain, and a precursor of Jansenism, whose doctrines on Grace and Free Will were condemned as heretical by Pius V, in 1567, and Gregory XIII, in 1579. Cf. Dictionnaire de Théologie catholique, Art. Baius., op. cit., ii, 38–111.

Note 115 in page 132 “laisse” crossed out.

Note 116 in page 132 Word crossed out.

Note 117 in page 132 Cf. The Holy Bible translated from the Vulgate, Douay Version, op. cit., Ps. 52. v. 6. “They have not called upon God: There have they trembled for fear where no fear was.”

Note 118 in page 132 “a l'egard du” crossed out.

Note 119 in page 132 “pour” crossed out.

Note 120 in page 132 Honoré Tournely (1658–1729), who, after brilliant studies at the Sorbonne, where he obtained the Licentiate and Doctorate in Theology in 1686, became a noted theologian and polemist. He was sent to Douai by the King in May 1688 to bolster the Faculty of Theology, and is supposed, by some historians, to have authored the Fourberie de Douay (see note 72). In 1692, Tournely returned to Paris to teach Theology at the Sorbonne. He wrote several treatises and engaged in many of the religious disputes of the period. Cf. Feret, P. La Faculté de Théologie de Paris et ses Docteurs les plus célèbres (Paris: Picard, 1910), vii, 207–216.

Note 121 in page 132 “des sujets” crossed out.

Note 122 in page 132 “cette” crossed out.