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The Etymology of Hispanic Terco

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 December 2020

Yakov Malkiel
Yakov Malkiel*
Affiliation:
University of California, Berkeley
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Extract

Two indispensable prerequisites for successful research in Romance etymology are sustained attention and patience. The worker is at liberty to select problems that suit his personal taste, to assemble a wealth of pertinent data, to examine solutions proposed in earlier inquiries, to cherish the idea of having found the clue to issues previously deemed insoluble. Yet this preparatory work, no matter how meticulously planned and conscientiously carried out, may not yield immediate results: the easily accessible data not infrequently form a vicious circle, the explanations of pioneer workers more often than not serve to confuse rather than to enlighten the present day explorer. With his entire apparatus of research ready for action at a moment's notice, the etymologist, in a state of protracted suspense, must withstand the temptation of prematurely declaring his work concluded. Patiently, humbly, yet with unfailing alertness, he must await the moment of great satisfaction when a chance find (perhaps a passage in a not readily available book or a record in a new dialect glossary) may supply the one unexpected form, usually a precious relic, which helps him to break the vicious circle and step out into the open. This newly discovered form will prove a priceless aid in the reconstruction of the bridge between Latin and Romance; not one of those hazardous suspension bridges on which some nineteenth century etymologists were fond of performing their acrobatics, but a solid, pleasant bridge, allowing for comfortable walking and an enjoyable view of the surrounding landscape. The history of Spanish terco and its cognates is apt to show how radically such a casual find can advance our knowledge.

Type
Research Article
Information
PMLA , Volume 64 , Issue 3 , June 1949 , pp. 570 - 584
Copyright
Copyright © Modern Language Association of America, 1949

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References

1 Tesoro de la lengua caslellana o española, 2nd ed. (Madrid, 1673–74), vol. ii, fol. 186r.

2 Vocabulario português e latino (ça. 1720), viii, 111.

3 Diccionario general elimológico, v, 81.

4 Diccionario etimológico de la lengua caslellana (Buenos Aires, 1941), p. 1079. This is a reprint of the 2nd original edition (1881); the 1st ed. dates from 1856.

5 La lengua de Cervantes (Madrid, 1907), ii, 1066.

6 Etymologisches Worterbuch der romanischen Sprachen (Bonn, 1853), p. 538. Repeated in the 2nd ed. (Bonn, 1861) and the 3rd (Bonn, 1869), of which the 4th is a mere reprint. There has been no elaboration by A. Scheler in the revised 5th ed. (Bonn, 1887).

7 Loc. cit.

8 Lateinisch-romanisches Worterbuch (Paderborn, 1891), No. 8152; reproduced without change in subsequent editions (1901, 1907) under No. 9501. Körting wavers between the spellings tHricus and lélricus. According to Ernout-Meillet, Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue latine, 2nd ed. (Paris, 1939), pp. 1012, 1037, the latter was the prevalent form; the sporadic spelling taetricus betrays the influence of taeter “repulsive.”

9 “Beiträge zur romanischen Laut- und Formenlehre”, ZRPh, viii (1884), 226; Grammatik der romanischen Sprachen, I: Lautlehre (Leipzig, 1890), §591.

10 Dicionário etimológico da lingua portuguesa (Rio de Janeiro, 1932), p. 764.

11 Romanisches etymologisches Worterbuch (Heidelberg, 1911–20), No. 8690: “lautlich und begrifnich nicht annehmbar.”

12 “Contribution al estudio del vocabulario del Corbacho”, BRAE, x (1923), 48; Arag. tierco is here explained as a result of the attraction by tiesto, tieso; the elimination of the second dental is characterized as an (otherwise unknown?) phonological process or as a result of dissimilation. Now some consonants in Spanish do disappear by way of dissimilation, but there remains as a rule the older variant in conservative dialects and ancient writers; notice the behavior of r in OSp. friambre ~ Mod. Sp. fiambre; madrastra ~ OSp. madastra (still in use in J. Timoneda's time) ~ dial. madrasta; rast(r)o, rost(r)o, rasl(r)ojo, see RPh, i (1947–48), 209–234. In the case of terco, variant forms are lacking.

13 “Esp. terco”, RFE, x (1923), 70–72. In a critique of my article on lerdo (PQ, xxv [1946], 289–302), Spitzer reproaches a fellow-scholar for using the same system of derivation which he had applied, in my opinion inappropriately, to the case of terco twenty-five years ago; see NRFH, i (1947), 79–80. Spitzer's statement, “asi, pues, un lerdo Kenleriar no tiene paralelos”, implies either that he is oblivious of his own lexical note, or that he no longer believes in the explanation he once advocated.

14 Even if any degree of reality were conceded to *integricare (to which, in my considered opinion, it has no claim), that base is quite unlikely to have yielded entercar in Leonese. The -gr- sequence resisted disintegration for quite some while, as is evidenced by the survival of entregar Kentegrar beside entero, enterizo, enterar, possibly also (a)terecer; under these circumstances the intertonic vowel should have been maintained long enough to allow for the voicing of -c-. In other words, the plausible normal products of the hypothetical base thought up by Spitzer would have been either entergar (eniergado is listed, though not identified, by P. de Múgica, Marana del Diccionario de la Academia [Madrid, (1897)], p. 108) or *enteregar. But it is otiose to discuss the putative offspring of non-existent bases. The parallel drawn by Spitzer between Hntegricãre and Hntenébricãre is quite infelicitous.

15 Romanisches etymologisches Worterbuch, 3rd ed. (Heidelberg, 1935), No. 4481a.

16 See R. Academia Española, Diccionario de la lengua espanola, 16th ed. (Madrid, 1936–39), p. 1211a.

17 A. de Pagés et ai., Gran diccionario de la lengua castellana, v, 408.

18 Vox: Diccionario general ilustrado de la lengua española (Barcelona, 1945), p. 1305.

19 Diccionario de Auioridades (Madrid, 1726–39), vi, 254.

20 Old Spanish expressions for “obstinate, obdurate” most commonly used were endure-cido and porfiado. For a list of synonyms of terco in American Spanish, see A. Malaret, Voces afines (San Juan, P. R., ca. 1940), p. 39.

21 See A. Mateus, Riqueza de la lengua castellana y provincialismos ecuatorianos, 2nd ed. (Quito, 1933), p. 443; M. A. Roman, Diccionario de chilenismos y de otras locuciones viciosas (Santiago, 1901–18), v, 445. According to F. J. Santamaria, Diccionario general de americanismos (Mexico, 1942), iii, 162, Ecuad. terquedad means “desvio, desapego.”

22 L. V. López Puyoles and J. Valenzuela La Rosa, Colección de voces de uso en Aragón [1901], p. lxxxviii (bound with J. Borao, Diccionario de voces aragonesas, 2nd ed. [Zaragoza, 1908]); see also J. Pardo Asso, Nuevo diccionario etimológico aragonés (Zaragoza, 1938), p. 352, and F. Lázaro Carreter, El habla de Magallón: notas para el estudio del aragonés vulgar (Zaragoza, 1945), p. 23. Tierco has been briefly (and almost simultaneously) mentioned by Spitzer and Steiger. Local hyperdiphthongization and influence by tieso “stubborn” have been adduced as reasons for the use of -ie-. Both explanations are valid; yet it is simpler to argue that terco was extracted from entercar on the analogy of pairs of words like enlerdar ~ lerdo, while tierco followed the lead of enertar~yerlo and similar cases.

Gal. lerque is listed casually by V. Garcia de Diego, Manual de dialectologia espanola (Madrid, 1946), p. 54. It is a form of considerable significance in view of the widely divergent views recently expressed on the derivation of postverbal adjectives in -e by Leo Spitzer and John Corominas, in criticism of my note “Spanish deleznar ‘to slide,’ lezne ‘smooth, slippery,’ ” BR, xii (1944), 57–65. An answer to these critiques is forthcoming.

23 A systematic study of this portion of the Spanish lexicon remains to be undertaken. I have made inquiries into a few separate cases, notably those of marana (BHisp) and desmoronar (PMLA). Terco did not noticeably antedate the Latinism pertinaz, which I can document from Fernando del Pulgar, Claros varones de Costilla (Madrid, 1922), p. 45, line 10.

24 M. A. Buchanan, A Graded Spanish Word-Book, 2nd ed. (Toronto, 1929), p. 63, gives terco the astonishingly high credit-number 11.1, which it shares with words of as wide circulation as aclarar, afear, codiciar, porfiar; $aAgil, benevolo, transparente, and viviente.

25 In addition to the glossaries of V. R. B. Oelschläger, R. M. Pérez, H. B. Richardson, R. Oroz, Yo Ten Cate, and M. A. Zeitlin, I have consulted my own extracts from Elena y Maria, Crescenlia, Carlos Maynes, the Vida de Barlón e del Rrey Josapha, the Cuento del Enperador Ottas de Rroma, the Confisión del amante, and others.

26 A. Castro, Glosarios lalino-españoles de la edad media (Madrid, 1936). The originals of the Vocabulario universal of A. de Palencia and of Nebrija's dictionary are not within my reach. There is no trace of terco in most 16th century dictionaries, including P. de Alcalá, Arte para ligeramente saber la lengua aráviga (1505; facsimile: New York, 1928), Christóbal de la Casa, Vocabulario de las dos lenguas toscana y castellana (Seville, 1570); Fray Alonso de Molina, Vocabulario en lengua castellana y mexicana (Mexico, 1571; reprint, Madrid, 1944); A. Sánchez de la Ballesta, Diccionario de vocablos castellanos aplicados a la propiedad latina (Salamanca, 1587). I have consulted in vain R. Fernández de Santaella, Vocabularium ecclesiasticum (Zaragoza, 1562), s. w. obstinatus, obduro, pertinax, durus.

27 Cejador y Frauca, loc. cit.; Don Quixote de la Mancha, ed. R. Schevill (and A. Bonilla), iv (1941), 220, 367.

28 Diccionario de Autoridades, vi, 254.

29 Pages, Gran diccionario, v, 408.

30 Diccionario de Autoridades, loc. cit.

31 Ibid.

32 J. Mir y Noguera, Frases de los aulores cldsicos espanoles (Madrid, 1899), p. 578.

33 This and the following quotation I owe to F. Ruiz Morcuende, Vocabulario de D. Leandro Fernandez de Moratin (Madrid, 1945), p. 1484, with a reference to the writer's Obras (Madrid, 1930), ii, 385, 583.

34 See E. Zerolo, M. de Toro y Gómez, and E. Isaza, Diccionario enciclopédico de la lengua caslellana, 5th ed. (Paris, ca. 1905), ii, 861.

35 Ruben Dario, Cantos de vida y esperanza (1905).

35a I owe this last example to the courtesy of Don Andres Rodriguez Ramón.

36 Padre Juan de Torres, Philosophía moral de principes, book vin, ch. iii: “Con su terquedad jamás se quiso rendir” (Mir y Noguera, Frases, p. 578); F. de Quevedo (1580–1645), Nombre, origen, intento, recomendación y decendencia de la doctrina estoica (1633): “Padeció en su defensa la terquedad de causidico, que procuran por el precio, no sólo dis-culpar los delitos, sino defender las virtudes y méritos” (Dice. Autor., VI, 257–258; corrected according to Obras complétas [Madrid 1932], p. 758); Anastasio Pantaleón de Ribera (1600–29), Vexámenes: “Porque los males apetecidos en sola su terquedad hallan sossiego” (ibid.).

37 F. Pi y Margall: “Mas esto no explica bastante en mi opinion la terquedad de los judíos” (Pagés, Gran diccionario, v, 413); M. Bretón de los Herreros: “jAh! nunca / me amaste.—Qué terquedad! / Quizá mis de lo que debo / te he querido” (ibid.); J. E. Hartzenbusch: “Aunque ella ya se arrepiente / de su necia terquedad” (ibid.); B. Pérez Galdós: “Yo disculpé a Lica; él se incomodó; dijo que yo, con mis tonterías de sabio, fomentaba la terquedad y los mimos de su esposa” (ibid.); idem: “Mis respuestas bruscas, mi mal humor, y la terquedad con que le rebatía, lejos de enemistarle conmigo, apretaban más los lazos de aquella simpatia” (Diccionario Enciclopédico, ii, 864).

38 Pedro Malón de Chaide (born in Navarre ca. 1530) : “Oh, cómo se quexa Dios de la dureza y terquería de los mortales!” (Pages, Gran diccionario, v, 413); Fray Pedro Manero (1599—1659), Prefacio a la traduccion al español de la Apología de Tertuliano (Zaragoza, 1644), §10: “En lo que se opuso Tertuliano con terquería y pertinacia a la Escritura y a la difinición de la Iglesia, erró torpemente” (Dice. Autor., vi, 258, where the formation is labeled as less common than terquedad).

39 Fray Juan de Pineda, Agricultura Christiana, dial. 23, §8: “Si queréis ver su pertinacia y tester$iaa, leed aquella historia de Pogio”,

40 Hortensio Félix Paravicino (1580–1633), Panegfricos, fol. 74: “Echamos cada uno por su parte, poniendo la mayor en la liviandad de nuestros gustos, en la terqueza de nuestros tessones”; and, at an earlier date, Padre Juan de Torres, Philosophia moral de principes, book vu, ch. xv: “Quando querian denotar la terqueza de la ira amansada por algún buen medio.”

41 Fray Diego Niseno (born at Alcazarón, prov. of Valladolid; died 1656), Asuntos predicables para todos los domingos despuis de Pentecostés (1630) : “De dónde le vino tanta obstination y terquez?” See J. Mir y Noguera, Rebusco de voces castizas (Madrid, 1907), pp. 715–716.

42 On the relation of -ia to -eria, a few observations will be found in my article, “ProblEme des spanischen Adjektivabstraktums”, NM, xlvi (1945), 171–191; xlvii (1946), 13–45. A monograph based on new material is in preparation at present.

43 Including those of C. Oudin, G. Vittori, L. Franciosini, and A. de La Porte.

44 J. de Lamano y Beneite, El dialecto vulgar salmantino (Salamanca, 1915), p. 428.

45 See RR, xxxii (1941), 286, on bronceado, floreado, and plateado; and UCPL, i, vii (1947), 266, s. v. loçanear.

46 See SPh, xxxvii (1941), 444–445, and UCPL, i, vii (1947), 266, s. v. enloçanar. Another indirect indication of the late emergence of terco is the failure of *atercar to have come into existence. So far as predictions are practicable in linguistics on the basis of past experience, *atercar would inevitably have branched off enlercar, if the latter verb in the early Middle Ages had been analyzed as a derivative of terco. On account of the influence conceivably exercised by tieso on terco, it is noteworthy that in Leonese the verb entiesar “poner tieso” is used; see P. Sánchez Sevilla, RFE, xv (1928), 170.

47 Die rücklaufige Ableitung im Lateinischen (Lausanne, 1920); a thesis directed by Niedermann.

48 “Etymologisches”, ZRPh, vi (1882), 119.

49 Terquera “enfrente” and tesquera “frente”, both peculiar to the cola, are hardly akin to terco; see L. Besses, Diccionario de argot espanol o lenguaje jergal gitano, delincuente profesional y popular (Barcelona, 1906), p. 158. Spitzer, op. cit., prefers to see the original form in tesquera. The verb estercar in western dialects, based on Lat. stercus, is, of course, of no bearing on the etymology of terco; cf. V. García Rey, Vocabulario del Bierzo (Madrid, 1934), p. 91; J. Cuveiro Pifiol, Diccionario gallego (Barcelona, 1876), p. 122.

50 C. de Figueiredo, Novo dicionário da lingua portuguesa, 4th ed. (Lisbon, [1925]), ii, 803, and the other major dictionaries. Smaller dictionaries, like H. Lima and G. Barroso, Pequeno dicionário brasileiro da lingua portuguesa, simply omit terco. C. Teschauer fails to register it as a Brazilianism. Currently used expressions are teimoso and cabecudo. Tepêz has been extracted from phrases like: “Fazê-lo-ei, mal que te pêz”, see C. Michaëlis de Vasconcelos, RL, iii, 186.

51 Cuveiro Pifiol, op. cit., p. 299.

52 Baist's note to this effect, quoted by Spitzer, RFE, x, 70, cannot be easily verified on account of the inaccurate page reference. Salvat's Diccionari enciclopèdic de la llengua catalana, ii (1931), 239, defines enterc as an equivalent of Sp. “tieso, enhiesto, yerto, entero, irréductible, tupido (de telas).” I do not know the origin of the Old Catalan feudal terms enterca, entèrchia “service rendered by liberated serfs” (see ibid.). The coexistence of terch and enterch in Catalan is a matter of no mean importance; cf. Gasc. entenerc “deaf”, OProv. entenerc, tenerc “dark” which Meyer-Liibke traced to Hntenébricus (REW3 No. 4484), but which in my considered opinion go back to *intenebricdre “to darken, to black out” (for details, see note 153 to my forthcoming “Studies in the Hispanic Infix -eg-” in Language). The inference to be drawn is this: postverbal adjectives extracted from verbs containing a prefix dropped that prefix in Spanish [deleznar'.lezne; enlerdar'.lerdo; de-rrengar: rengo, renco; enertar:yerto; apretar'.prieto), but optionally retained it in Catalan and Provencal.

53 Diccionari Aguiló, ed. P. Fabra and M. de Montoliu, in (1918), 212: “E aquestes persones diu que pus que rahó han, no son sens ades denant Deu de lur entercament oposar”; Diccionari Balari, ed. M. de Montoliu, ii, 154: “E diu aqui matex la istoria que enterquesa e turquesa de home procehex de gran pagesia e dolentia, car tot hom politic e noble e civil es amorós e agradós.” For turquesa, see the following statement on lurch.

54 Diccionari Aguiló, viii (1934), 157: “Los segons son persones de lur natura turchs e desagolats e tots salvatges e pagesivols en lurs maneras”; “recompta Lissánder en la istoria de Africa que lo rey Pollac de fet conec En Jonic que no era son fill quant lo vahé axí turc e mal agradós e desaborit a tots.” The sweeping association of Turks, the hated infidels par excellence, with an unpleasant trait of human character does not cause surprise; compare the services words like gallego and judio lend to speakers of Spanish. Collateral material from French sources can be studied in F. Boillot, Répertoire des métaphores et mots français tirés des noms de ville et de pays étrangers (Paris, 1929).

55 The evidence of literary sources is corroborated by the record of dictionaries. The first mention known to me is in Sir Richard Percivale and John Minsheu, A Dictionarie in Spanish and English (London, 1599), p. 229: terco “a sower fellow, a boysterous person” (notice the contrast to the currently accepted significations); no derivatives are listed, and in the English-Spanish section stubborne is rendered by “pertinaz, contumaz” (p. 364). The 2nd ed. (London, 1623) shows no major changes. C. Oudin, Tesoro de las lenguas francesa y espanola (Paris, 1607), explains terco in a way more familiar to the modern reader: “obstiné, opiniastre; selon d'autres il signifie lourdaut, grossier, rustique” (a hint at Percivale-Minsheu?); he also registers terquear, terquedad, and terqueza. G. Vittori, Tesoro de las très lenguas francesa, italiana y espanola (Geneva, 1606), as usual, coincides with Oudin; so does A. de La Porte, Den nieuwen Dictionaris oft Schadt der Duytse en Spaensche Talen (Antwerp, 1659), whereas L. Franciosini, Vocabolario italiano e spagnuolo ([Geneva], 1636; orig. ed., Rome, 1620), ii, 720–721, the anonymous Grand dictionaire et trésor de trois langues françois, flameng et espaignol (Antwerp, 1640), s. w. obstination, obstiné, obstiner, and F. Sobrino, Diccionario nuevo de las lenguas espanola y francesa (Brussels, 1721), i, 487, lay stress solely on the idea of obstinacy at the expense of the idea of boorishness. Captain John Stevens, A New Dictionary, Spanish and English, and English and Spanish (London, 1726), goes one step forward in eliminating terqueza altogether.

56 Rodriguez Marin, Dos mil quinientas voces castizas y bien autorizadas (Madrid, 1922), p. 153. On the background of the writer and his book, see A. Bonilla y San Martin, “Un antiaristotélico del Renacimiento: Hernando Alonso de Herrera”, RH, i (1920), 63. On the language of Alonso de Herrera, see M. Bataillon, RFE, ix (1922), 81–82.

57 REW3 No. 4493. I am ignorant of the source of Meyer-Lübke's information. In REW 1 only the Italian offsprings were registered.

58 See R. Menéndez Pidal, “Notas para el léxico romano”, RFE, vii (1920), 1–36, No. 18; D. Alonso, “Representantes no sincopados de *rotulare”, RRE, xxvii (1943), 153–180; and my “Three Hispanic Word-Studies”, UCPL, i, vii (1947), 227–243, 269–282.

59 On the outcome of ‐icãre in Ibero-Romance, see F. Hanssen, Gramdtica historica de la lengua castellana (Halle a/S, 1913), p. 157; J. Alemany Bolufer, Tratado de la formation de palabras en la lengua castellana (Madrid, 1920), p. 143; and my article “The Etymológy of Hispanic que(p)xar”, Language, xxi (1945), 155, with a provisional list of attested and reconstructed bases. Limitation of space does not permit me to give more than a few samples of each outcome. Cf. V. Garcia de Diego, RFE, ix (1922), 69.

(a) -icar: Sal. (a)mullicar “mullir”<*mollicãre (V. García de Diego, RFE, vii [1920], 148);

(b) -car: to cascar, mascar, triscar may be added Arag. escorcar “quitar la cascara”<excorticãre (in this case, -ic- is part of the radical); see V. Garcia de Diego, RFE, vii (1920), 145–146 (Arag. escorchar “desollar” is clearly a Gallicism);

(c) -igar: Gal. moligar “ahuecar” *mollicare-, see Garcia de Diego, RFE, vii, 148.

Notice Ast. platigar ‘to talk’<praclicare (B. Vigón, p. 235), beside OPtg. pralicar, Sp. platicar ‘to converse,’ O Sp. platicar ‘to practice’ (Juan de Mena, Glosa a la “Coronation”, stanza 39). For details, see my “Studiesin the Hispanic Infix -eg-” (in Language), note 65;

(d) -egar: Ptg. repol(e)gar*repollicãre, see F. Krüger, Die Gegenstandskultur Sanabrias und seiner Nackbargebiete (Hamburg, 1925), p. 269; Sp. enjalbegar (from which xalvegar, used in J. de Pineda's Agricultura Christiana, was extracted) .*exalbicãre, see A. Castro, RFE, v (1918), 37; Gal. amolegar “abollar”<*mollicãre, see García de Diego, RFE, vii (1920), 148; occasionally, -egar was the reflex of ‐igãre, as in rumigdre>∗rumegar> Arag. remugar, see García de Diego, RFE, vii (1920), 136.

(e) -gar, by far the most common result: to cabalgar, folgar, madrugar, otorgar, saborgar, tragar, add amenorgar*minóricãre (Fray Antonio Alvarez, see J. Mir y Noguera, Rebusco de voces castizas [Madrid, 1907], p. 53), Ptg. salgar, Sp. resalgar*salicãre (Mir y Noguera, op. tit., p. 643); Gal. amolgar ‘abollar’ <*mollicãre (Garcia de Diego, loc. cit.; but C. Michaëlis de Vasconcelos, RL, iii, 132, preferred to posit the equally acceptable base *ẽmollicãre)-, here again, one may add -gar-igãre, as in Leon, rungar rũmigãre (Garcia de Diego, RFE, vii, 136).

The vacillation between -car and -egar as exemplified by entercar beside enternegar has an exceptionally interesting counterpart. A. Steiger, “Contribución al estudio del vocabu lario del Corbacho,“ BRAE, x (1923), made it plain that in the passage ”los dientes anozegados e fregados con mambre“ the italicized word corresponds to Sp. moscado and goes back to Arab. mush. There are a few cases on record of the change of m- to n- (e.g. memo-rãre>OSp. nembrar beside Peg. lembrar), but the substitution of -egado for -cado seemed inexplicable. Against the background of the wavering between -egar and -car in descendants of Latin verbs in -icãre, the distortion of the Arabic word acquires new significance. On the corresponding reflexes of Lat. -ícus in Ibero-Romance, see my forthcoming ”Studies in the Hispanic Infix -eg-“ in Language.

60 See K. E. Georges, Ausfuhrliches lateinisch-deulsches Eandwörterbuch, 8th ed. (Hanover and Leipzig, 1918), ii, 377.

61 “Postille etimologiche”, AGI, ii, (1876), 8–9.

62 REW3, No. 4493: Piac. Parm. tamegar; Milan. Comasc. larnegá; Bormio (Lombardy) ternegar; Trient, stenegar; Veltl. sternegar.

63 Out of the hundreds of available examples, few are as eloquent as the development of fascina as a result of the partial aspiration and disappearance of/-; V. Garcia de Diego, “Evolución de algunos grupos con s en las lenguas hispánicas”, Bomenaje a Menéndez Pidal (Madrid, 1925), ii, 11, quotes Arag. fajina and Cast, hacina beside aphseresized And. cina and Toledo encina, disguised through prefix change.

64 See my notes in MLQ, vi (1945), 149–160, and UAL, xiv (1948), 74–76.

65 Cf. Fernando>Ferrando; Berc. chorniego, OSp. chumiego (from chorón, llorón beside llorin “whinei”)>ckurriego “fool” (Romancero general). Cf. my forthcoming note in the Modem Language Review. On a comparable development in Sardinian (carndrium>kar-rardzu), see M. L. Wagner, “Betrachtungen über die Methodenfragen der Etymologie”, CN, iii (1943), 10.

66 J. Corominas, “Aportaciones americanas a cuestiones pendientes”, AILC, i (1941), 162–165; ii (1942), 182–183; add Seg. entrepolado “se dice de la tierra de labor que se halla en parte rodeada por otra, sin que se puedan señalar fácilmente sus respectivos Iinderos.” The basic image is that of mixture. See G. M. Vergara Martín, Materiales para la formation de un wcdbulario de palabras usadas en Segovia y su tierra (Madrid, 1921), pp. 36–37.

67 See J. Corominas, “Nuevas etimologïas espafiolas”, AILC, i (1941), 150–153; ii (1942), 183, based on a casual remark by L. Spitzer, AR, vi (1922), 496. Earlier workers occasionally regarded entropecar as the primary form, see, e.g., G. Sachs, El libra de los caballos: tratado de albeileria delsiglo XIII (Madrid, 1936), p. 127.

68 See Vida e Feitos de Júlio César, ed. Rodrigues Lapa and Aquarone, fol. 12v: “E despois hordenarom os senadores que em aquelle anno os conssules se nom tremetessem senom de pequenas cousas”; ibid., fol. 26r: “Quando Cesar soube em certo que … se tremetera de dar e tomar arreffenas.” See also Fernão Lopes, Primeira Parte da Crónica de Dom João Primeiro, ed. A. Braamcamp Freire (Lisbon, 1915), pp. 33, 67, 70, 124, 289. Cf. entreme-ter-se: Vida e Feitos de Júlio César, fols. 1&, 31r; antrometer-se: ibid., fols. 2r, 5r (twice), llv. In Spanish entromelido is used nowadays in an invariably derogatory sense, but in O Sp. entremetido signified “sociable” and, if followed by en, “engaged in”; cf. Alfonso Martínez de Toledo, El Corbacho, ed. L. B. Simpson (Berkeley, 1939), fols. 62v, 65v, 68r.

69 M. de Unamuno, “Notas marginales”, Homenaje a Menéndez Pidal, ii, 59.

70 J. Corominas, “Espigueo de latin vulgar”, AILC, ii (1942), 145–148, ably derives porfia “obstinacy” from perfidia “heresy”, as used by Christian writers; J. Jud had surmised that the channel of transmission was the juridical language, see “A propósito del espafiol tomar”, Homenaje a Menéndez Pidal, ii, 26–27.

71 Ténligo “terco, pertinaz” and its derivative tentiguez have been registered by A. Cabrera, “Voces extremenas recogidas del habla vulgar de Alburquerque y su comarca”, ed. J. Alemany Bolufer, BRAE, iv (1917), 105, and by A. Zamora Vicente, El habla de Mérida y sus cercanías (Madrid, 1943), p. 139. Téntigo is most certainly a semi-learned derivative from authenlicus.

72 It would be worth while to write a special study, based on linguistic material, about the impression that the Turks produced on Europeans at the early stage of their contact. Etymological studies are apt to furnish some bits of evidence. On the perpetuation of Turk, farfar “idle talker”, see Meyer-Liibke, REW3, No. 3194, with reference to earlier studies by Schuchardt, Levi, and Spitzer. In a note forthcoming in Romance Philology, Karl H. Menges points out that Ital. ciarlatano (Sp. charlatan, FR.cltarlatan, etc.) also go back to a Turkish word of similar connotation; in this case, fraudulent rather than idle behavior is involved. The next issue of that same journal contains my note “Italian ciarlatano and its Romance Offshoots” with the discussion of the Turkish etymon from the Romance point of view. On Ital. (bestemmiare) come un turco, see J. Orr, MLR, xxx (1935), 111–112. In the seventeenth century, Turquía suggested to Spaniards a “very distant country” or a “country tolerating polygamy”; see S. Denis, Lexique du theatre de J. Ruiz de Alarcón (Paris, 1943), p. 670.