Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-dk4vv Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T21:50:07.093Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Genetic diversity and evolution of Brassica genetic resources: from morphology to novel genomic technologies – a review

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 March 2016

Mohamed A. El-Esawi
Mohamed A. El-Esawi*
Affiliation:
Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
*
*Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Brassica species have an economic and medicinal importance. Estimation of the amount and distribution of genetic diversity within Brassica species is essential for establishing efficient management, conservation and breeding practices. This review discusses the taxonomy, gene pool, and Brassica-derived phytochemicals and their nutraceutical importance. It also surveys the recently advanced studies of the genetic diversity and phylogenetic studies of Brassica species at the level of morphological, cytological, biochemical and molecular markers that have proven to be useful for evaluating the genetic variation, taxonomic relationships and species identity, and could be useful for improving Brassica crops through future promising breeding programmes.

Keywords

biochemical and molecular markersBrassicagenetic diversitykaryotypemorphological traitsrelationships
Type
Research Article
Information
Plant Genetic Resources , Volume 15 , Issue 5 , October 2017 , pp. 388 - 399
Copyright
Copyright © NIAB 2016 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ali, W, Munir, I, Ahmad, MA, Muhammad, W, Ahmed, N, Durrishahwar, N, Ali, S and Swati, ZA (2007) Molecular characterization of some local and exotic Brassica juncea germplasm. African Journal of Biotechnology 6: 1634–1638.Google Scholar
Allam, HZ, Hussein, M, Abo-Bakr, MA and Hassan, EA (1985) Cytological study on Brassica oleracea . Minia Journal of Agricultural Resources and Development 7: 537–554.Google Scholar
Astley, D, Bas, N, Branca, F, Daunay, MC, Diez, MJ, Keller, J, van Dooijeweert, W, van Treuren, R, Maggioni, L, Lipman, E (2007) Report of a vegetables network. In: 2nd Meeting, 26–28 June 2007, Olomouc, Czech Republic.Google Scholar
Avise, JC (1994) Molecular Markers, Natural History and Evolution. New York: Chapman and Hall.Google Scholar
Ayala, F (1982) Genetic variation in natural populations: problem of electrophoreticaly cryptic alleles. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 79: 550–554.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bakshi, M and Konnert, M (2011) Genetic diversity and differentiation through iso-zymes in natural populations of Pinus wallichiana A.B. Jacks (Blue Pine) in India. Annals of Forest Research 54: 23–37.Google Scholar
Balkaya, A, Yanmaz, R and Kar, AA (2005) Morphological characterisation of white head cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata subvar. alba) genotypes in Turkey. New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science 33: 333–341.Google Scholar
Bancroft, I, Morgan, C, Fraser, F, Higgins, J, Wells, R, Clissold, L, Baker, D, Long, Y, Meng, J and Wang, X (2011) Dissecting the genome of the polyploid crop oilseed rape by transcriptome sequencing. Nature Biotechnology 29: 762–766.Google Scholar
Baril, C, Vehaegen, D, Vigneron, P, Bouvet, J and Kremer, A (1997) Structure of the specific combining ability between two species of Eucalyptus. I. RAPD data. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 94: 796–803.Google Scholar
Bibi, S, Khan, I, Bughio, H, Odhano, I, Asad, MA and Khatri, A (2009) Genetic differentiation of rice mutants based on morphological traits and molecular marker (RAPD). Pakistan Journal of Botany 41: 737–743.Google Scholar
Boukema, IW, van Hintum, TJL (1998) The European Brassica database. Proceedings of an International Symposium on Brassicas . Acta Horticulturae 459: 249–254.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Branca, F and Cartea, E (2011) Brassica . In: Kole, C (ed.) Wild Crop Relatives: Genomic and Breeding Resources, Oilseeds. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, pp. 17–36.Google Scholar
Bretting, P and Widrlechner, M (1995) Genetic markers and plant genetic resource management. Plant Breeding Reviews 13: 11–86.Google Scholar
CFIA (Canadian Food Inspection Agency) (1999) The Biology of Brassica rapa L. A comparison document to the Assessment Criteria for Determining Environmental Safety of Plants with Novel Traits. Regulatory Directive Dir1999-02, CFIA. Available at http://www.maltawildplants.com/CRUC/Docs/BRSRA/BrassicaRapa.pdf Google Scholar
Chakravarthi, B and Naravaneni, R (2006) SSR marker based DNA fingerprinting and diversity study in rice (Oryza sativa. L). African Journal of Biotechnology 5: 684–688.Google Scholar
Chaveerach, A, Sudmoon, R, Tanee, T, Mokkamul, P and Tanomtong, A (2007) Genetic relationships in a population of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn (Nelumbonaceae). Journal of Biological Sciences 7: 1388–1393.Google Scholar
Choudhary, R, Rai, GK, Rai, SK, Parveen, A, Rai, PK and Salgotra, RK (2015) Genetic Diversity of Brassica napus using sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). SABRAO Journal of Breeding and Genetics 4: 14–20.Google Scholar
Christensen, S, Bothmer, R, Poulsen, G, Maggioni, L, Phillip, M, Andersen, BA and Jørgensen, RB (2011) AFLP analysis of genetic diversity in leafy kale (Brassica oleracea L. convar. acephala (DC.) Alef.) landraces, cultivars and wild populations in Europe. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 58: 657–666.Google Scholar
Christopher, GL, Andrew, JR, Geraldine, ACL, Clare, JH, Jacqueline, B, Gary, B, German, CS and David, E (2005) Brassica ASTRA: an integrated database for Brassica genomic research. Nucleic Acids Resources; 33: D656–D659.Google Scholar
Chtourou-Ghorbel, N, Lauga, B, Combes, D and Marrakchi, M (2001) Comparative genetic diversity studies in the genus Lathyrus using RFLP and RAPD markers. Lathyrus Lathyrism Newsletter 2.Google Scholar
Consentino, L, Lambert, S, Martino, C, Jourdan, N, Bouchet, PE, Witczak, J, Castello, P, El-Esawi, M, Corbineau, F, d'Harlingue, A and Ahmad, M (2015) Blue-light dependent reactive oxygen species formation by Arabidopsis cryptochrome may define a novel evolutionarily conserved signaling mechanism. New Phytologist 206: 1450–1462.Google Scholar
Crockett, PA, Bhalla, PL, Lee, CK and Singh, MB (2000) RAPD analysis of seed purity in a commercial hybrid cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata) cultivar. Genome 43: 317–321.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DellaGatta, C, Polignano, G and Bisignano, V (2002) Variation for protein content and seed weight in grass pea (Lathyrus spp.) germplasm. PGR Newsletter 132: 30–34.Google Scholar
Diers, BW and Osborn, TC (1994) Genetic diversity of oilseed Brassica napus germplasm based on restriction fragment length polymorphisms. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 88: 662–668.Google Scholar
Diers, BW, McVetty, PBE and Osborn, TC (1996) Relationship between heterosis and genetic distance based on restriction fragment length polymorphism markers in oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.). Crop Science 36: 79–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dziechciarková, M, Lebeda, A, Doležalová, I and Astley, D (2004) Characterization of Lactuca spp. germplasm by protein and molecular markers – a review. Plant Soil and Environment 50: 47–58.Google Scholar
El-Esawi, M, Bourke, P, Germaine, K and Malone, R (2012a) Assessment of Morphological Variation in Irish Brassica oleracea Species. Journal of Agricultural Science 4: 20–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
El-Esawi, M, Germaine, K and Malone, R (2012b) Assessing the genetic diversity and relationships in Irish Brassica oleracea species based on microsatellites markers. In: Proceedings of the Fifth Saudi Science Conference (SSC5’), 16–18 April 2012, Umm Al-Qura University, Saudi Arabia.Google Scholar
El-Esawi, M, Glascoe, A, Engle, D, Ritz, T, Link, J, Ahmad, M (2015) Cellular metabolites modulate in vivo signaling of Arabidopsis cryptochrome-1. Plant Signaling & Behaviour 10: 1–8.Google Scholar
El-Esawi, MA (2008) Genomic characterization and genetic improvement of some Lactuca spp . MSc Thesis, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Egypt.Google Scholar
El-Esawi, MA (2012) Assessing the genetic diversity, phylogenetic relationships, and disease resistance genes in Irish Brassica oleracea species . PhD Thesis, Dublin Institute of Technology, Ireland.Google Scholar
El-Esawi, MA (2015a) Taxonomic relationships and biochemical genetic characterization of Brassica resources: towards a recent platform for Germplasm improvement and utilization. Annual Research & Review in Biology 8: 1–11.Google Scholar
El-Esawi, MA (2015b) Molecular genetic markers for assessing the genetic variation and relationships in Lactuca germplasm. Annual Research & Review in Biology 8: 1–13.Google Scholar
El-Esawi, MA and Sammour, R (2014) Karyological and phylogenetic studies in the genus Lactuca L. (Asteraceae). Cytologia 79: 269–275.Google Scholar
Ercisli, S, Agar, G, Yildirim, N, Duralija, B, Vokurka, A and Karlidag, H (2011) Genetic diversity in wild sweet cherries (Prunus avium) in Turkey revealed by SSR markers. Genetics and Molecular Research 10: 1211–1219.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fahey, J and Talalay, P (1995) The role of crucifers in cancer chemoprotection. In: Gustine, DL and Florens, HE (eds) Phytochemicals and Health. Rockvill, USA: American Society of Plant Physiologists, pp. 87–93.Google Scholar
Falk, DA, Knapp, E and Guerrant, EO (2001) Introduction to Restoration Genetics. USA: Society for Ecological Restoration. Available at http://www.nps.gov/plants/restore/pubs/restgene/restgene.pdf.Google Scholar
Faltusová, Z, Kučera, L and Ovesná, J (2011) Genetic diversity of Brassica oleracea var. capitata Gene Bank accessions assessed by AFLP. Electronic Journal of Biotechnology 14: 1–10. Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.2225/vol14-issue3-fulltext-4.Google Scholar
Flannery, ML, Mitchell, FJ, Coyne, S, Kavanagh, TA, Burke, JI, Salamin, N, Dowding, P and Hodkinson, TR (2006) Plastid genome characterisation in Brassica and Brassicaceae using a new set of nine SSRs. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 113: 1221–1231.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Frankel, OH, Brown, AH and Burdon, J (1995) The Conservation of Plant Biodiversity. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Friesen, N, Fritsch, R and Bachmann, K (1997) Hybrid origin of some ornamentals of Allium subgenus Melanocrommyum verified with GISH and RAPD. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 95: 1229–1238.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Genet, T, Viljoen, CD and Labuschagne, MT (2005) Genetic analysis of Ethiopian mustard genotypes using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers. African Journal of Biotechnology 4: 891–897.Google Scholar
Gerhauser, C (2013) Cancer chemoprevention and nutriepigenetics: state of the art and future challenges. Topics in Current Chemistry 329: 73–132.Google Scholar
Gomez-Campo, C and Prakash, S (1999) Origin and domestication. In: Gomez-Campo, C (ed.) Biology of Brassica coenospecies. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier Publishers, pp. 33–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gordon, M, Huang, X, Pentoney, S and Zare, R (1988) Capillary electrophoresis. Science 242: 224–228.Google Scholar
Harbered, DJ (1976) Cytotaxonomic studies of Brassica and related genera. In: Vaughan, JG, MacLeod, AJ and Jones, MG (eds) The Biology and Chemistry of the Cruciferae. London: Academic, pp. 47–68.Google Scholar
Harlan, JR (1975) Crops and Man. Madison, WI: American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America.Google Scholar
Hasan, M, Seyis, F, Badani, AG, Pons-Kuhnemann, J, Friedt, W, Luhs, W and Snowdon, RJ (2006) Analysis of genetic diversity in the Brassica napus L. gene pool using SSR markers. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 53: 793–802.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hasterok, R and Maluszynska, J (2000) Cytogenetic markers of Brassica napus L. chromosomes. Journal of Applied Genetics 41: 1–9.Google Scholar
Heiss, E and Gerhäuser, C (2005) Time-dependent modulation of thioredoxin reductase activity might contribute to sulforaphane-mediated inhibition of NF-κB binding to DNA. Antioxidants and Redox Signaling 7: 1601–1611.Google Scholar
Heywood, V (1993) Flowering Plants of the World. London, UK: B.T. Batsford Ltd.Google Scholar
Hodgkin, T, Brown, AH, Hintum, T and Morales, EA (1995) Core Collections of Plant Genetic Resources. UK: John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Hong, CP, Kwon, SJ, Kim, JS, Yang, TJ, Park, BS and Lim, YP (2008) Progress in Understanding and Sequencing the Genome of Brassica rapa . International Journal of Plant Genomics. Article ID 582837, 9 pp. doi: 10.1155/2008/582837.Google Scholar
Hosaka, K, Kianian, SF, McGrath, JM and Quiros, CF (1990) Development and chromosomal localization of genome specific DNA markers of Brassica and evolution of amphidiploids and n = 9 diploid species. Genome 33: 131–142.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huang, S, Deng, L, Guan, M, Li, J, Lu, K, Wang, H, Fu, D, Mason, A, Liu, S and Hua, W (2013) Identification of genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphisms in allopolyploid crop Brassica napus . BMC Genomics 14: 717.Google Scholar
Husband, BC and Schemske, DW (1996) Evolution of the magnitude and timing of inbreeding depression in plants. Evolution 50: 54–70.Google Scholar
Iqbal, N, Tabasum, A, Sayed, H and Hameed, A (2009) Evaluation of genetic diversity among bread wheat varieties and landraces of Pakistan by SSR Markers. Cereal Research Communications 37: 489–498.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Iqbal, Z, Arshad, M, Ashraf, M, Mahmood, T and Waheed, A (2008) Evaluation of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] germplasm for some important morphological traits using multivariate analysis. Pakistan Journal of Botany 40: 2323–2328.Google Scholar
Jahan, B and Vahidy, AA (2008) Giemsa N-banding pattern in two tetraploid cytotypes of wild barley (hordeum bulbosum L.). Pakistan Journal of Botany 40: 2299–2305.Google Scholar
Jarne, P and Lagoda, PJL (1996) Microsatellites, from molecules to populations and back. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 11: 424–429.Google Scholar
Jourdan, N, Martino, C, El-Esawi, M, Witczak, J, Bouchet, PE, d'Harlingue, A and Ahmad, M (2015) Blue-light dependent ROS formation by Arabidopsis Cryptochrome-2 may contribute towards its signaling role. Plant Signaling & Behaviour 10: e1042647. doi: 10.1080/15592324.2015.1042647.Google Scholar
Judd, WS, Campbell, CS, Kellogg, EA and Stevens, PF (1999) Plant Systematics, A Phylogenetic Approach. USA: Sinauer Associates, Inc.Google Scholar
Juge, N, Mithen, RF and Traka, M (2007) Molecular basis for chemoprevention by sulforaphane: a comprehensive review. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences 64: 1105–1127.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kakaei, M and Kahrizi, D (2011) Study of seed proteins pattern of Brassica napus varieties via sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamid gel electrophoresis. International Research Journal of Biotechnology 2: 26–28.Google Scholar
Karp, A, Kresovich, S, Bhat, KV, Ayad, WG and Hodgkin, T (1997) Molecular tools in plant genetic resources conservation: a guide to the technologies. International Plant genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI). Technical Bulletin No. 2.Google Scholar
Katz, SH (2003) Cabbage and Crucifer plants. Encyclopedia of Food & Culture, vol. 1. Gale Cengage. eNotes.com. 2006. Cited on 5th August, 2010. Available at http://www.enotes.com/food-encyclopedia/cabbage-crucifer-plants.Google Scholar
Kephart, S (1990) Starch gel electrophoresis of plant isozymes: a comparative analysis of techniques. American Journal of Botany 177: 693–712.Google Scholar
Kesseli, R, Ochoa, O and Michelmore, R (1991) Variation at RFLP loci in Lactuca spp. and origin of cultivated lettuce (L. sativa). Genome 34: 430–436.Google Scholar
Kesseli, R, Paran, I and Michelmore, R (1994) Analysis of a detailed genetic linkage map of Lactuca sativa (lettuce) constructed from RFLP and RAPD markers. Genetics 136: 1435–1446.Google Scholar
Khan, SA, Iqbal, J, Khurshid, H, Zia, M, Shinwari, ZK and Rabbani, MA (2014) Intra-specific genetic divergence in rapeseed (Brassica Napus L.) genotypes estimated through SDS–PAGE of total seed proteins. International Journal of Applied Sciences 3: 110–117.Google Scholar
Khurshid, H and Rabbani, MA (2012) Comparison of electrophoretic protein profiles from seed of different oilseed Brassica cultivars. Journal of Public Health and Biological Sciences 1: 36–42.Google Scholar
King, GJ (2005) A white paper for the multinational Brassica genome project. Available at http://www.brassica.info/info/publications/white_paper.php.Google Scholar
Koopman, W and De Jong, J (1996) A numerical analysis of karyotypes and DNA amounts in lettuce cultivars and species (Lactuca subsect. Lactuca, Compositae). Acta Botanica Neerlandica 45: 211–222.Google Scholar
Kop, EP, Teakle, GR, McClenaghan, ER, Lynn, JR and King, GJ (2003) Genetic analysis of the bracting trait in cauliflower and broccoli. Plant Science 164: 803–808.Google Scholar
Kulak, S, Hasterok, R and Maluszynska, J (2002) Karyotyping of Brassica amphidiploids using 5S and 25S rDNA as chromosome markers. Hereditas 136: 144–150.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kumar, P, Gupta, VK, Misra, AK, Modi, DR and Pandey, BK (2009) Potential of molecular markers in plant biotechnology. Plant Omics Journal 2: 141–162.Google Scholar
Kumar, V, Sharma, S, Kero, S, Sharma, S, Sharma, AK, Kumar, M and Bhat, KV (2008) Assessment of genetic diversity in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) germplasm using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP). Scientia Horticulturae 116: 138–143.Google Scholar
Labana, KS and Gupta, ML (1993) Importance and origin. In: Labana, KS, Banga, SS and Banga, SK (eds) Breeding Oilseed Brassicas. Berlin, Germany: Springer, Verlage Press, pp. 1–20.Google Scholar
Lai, K, Duran, C, Berkman, PJ, Lorenc, MT, Stiller, J, Manoli, S, Hayden, MJ, Forrest, KL, Fleury, D and Baumann, U (2012) Single nucleotide polymorphism discovery from wheat next-generation sequence data. Plant Biotechnology Journal 10: 743–749.Google Scholar
Landry, B, Kesseli, R, Farrara, B and Michelmore, R (1987) A genetic map of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) with restriction fragment length polymorphism, isozyme, disease resistance and morphological markers. Genetics 116: 331–337.Google Scholar
Laurentin, H and Karlovsky, P (2006) Genetic relationship and diversity in a sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) germplasm collection using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP). Genetics 7: 10.Google Scholar
Lázaro, A and Auginagalde, I (1998a) Genetic diversity in Brassica oleracea L. (Cruciferae) and wild relatives (2n = 18) using isozymes. Annals of Botany 82: 821–828.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lázaro, A and Auginagalde, I (1998b) Genetic diversity in Brassica oleracea L. (Cruciferae) and wild relatives (2n = 18) using RAPD Markers. Annals of Botany 82: 829–833.Google Scholar
Liang, X, Luo, M, Holbrook, C and Guo, B (2006) Storage protein profiles in Spanish and runner market type peanuts and potential markers. BMC Plant Biology 6: 24–32.Google Scholar
Lombard, V, Baril, CP, Dubreuil, P, Blouet, F and Zhang, D (2000) Genetic relationships and fingerprinting of rapeseed cultivars by AFLP: consequences for varietal registration. Crop Science 40: 1417–1425.Google Scholar
Louarn, S, Torp, AM, Holme, IB, Andersen, SB and Jensen, BD (2007) Database derived microsatellite markers (SSRs) for cultivar differentiation in Brassica oleracea . Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 54: 1717–1725.Google Scholar
Mabberley, DJ (1997) The Plant-book, A Protable Dictionary of the Vascular Plants. 2nd edn. Cambridge, London, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Malvas, CC, Melotto, M, Truffi, D and Camargo, LEA (2003) A homolog of the RPS2 disease resistance gene is constitutively expressed in Brassica oleracea . Genetics and Molecular Biology 26: 511–516.Google Scholar
Meffe, GK and Carroll, CR (1994) Principles of Conservation Biology. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates.Google Scholar
Mir, JI, Islam, S and Kudesia, R (2015) Evaluation of genetic diversity in Brassica juncea (L.) using protein profiling and molecular marker (RFLP). International Journal of Plant Breeding and Genetics 9: 77–85.Google Scholar
Moghaddam, M, Mohammmadi, SA, Mohebalipour, N, Toorchi, M, Aharizad, S and Javidfar, F (2009) Assessment of genetic diversity in rapeseed cultivars as revealed by RAPD and microsatellite markers. African Journal of Biotechnology 8: 3160–3167.Google Scholar
Morgante, M, Hanafey, H and Powell, W (2002) Microsatellites are preferentially associated with nonrepetitive DNA in plant genome. Nature Genetics 30: 194–200.Google Scholar
Mosjidis, J, Greene, S, Klingler, K and Afonin, A (2004) Isozyme diversity in wild red clover populations from the Caucasus. Crop Science 44: 665–670.Google Scholar
Navabi, Z (2009) Genetic analysis of the B-genome chromosomes in the Brassica species. PhD Thesis, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.Google Scholar
NHGRI (National Human Genome Research Institute) (2014) A Brief Guide to Genomics. Genome.gov. Available at http://www.genome.gov/18016863 (accessed 21 April 2014).Google Scholar
Ofori, A, Becker, HC and Kopisch-Obuch, FJ (2008) Effect of crop improvement on genetic diversity in oilseed Brassica rapa (turnip-rape) cultivars, detected by SSR markers. Journal of Applied Genetics 49: 207–212.Google Scholar
Olin-Fatih, M and Heneen, WK (1992) C-banded karyotypes of Brassica campestris, B. oleracea, and B. napus . Genome 35: 583–589.Google Scholar
Osman, A, Jordan, B, Lessard, P, Muhammad, N, Haron, M, Riffin, N, Sinskey, A, Rha, C and Housman, D (2003) Genetic diversity of Eurycoma longifolia inferred from single nucleotide polymorphisms. Plant Physiology 131: 1294–1301.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Powell, W, Marchray, G and Provan, J (1996) Polymorphism revealed by simple sequence repeats. Trends in Plant Science 1: 215–222.Google Scholar
Pradhan, AK, Gupta, V, Mukhopadhyay, A, Arumugam, N, Sodhi, YS and Pental, D (2003) A high-density linkage map in Brassica juncea (Indian mustard) using AFLP and RFLP markers. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 106: 607–614.Google Scholar
Rabbani, MA, Iwabuchi, A, Murakami, Y, Suzuki, T and Takayanagi, K (1999) Collection, evaluation and utilization of oilseed mustard (Brassica juncea L.) in Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences 2: 88–94.Google Scholar
Rabbani, MA, Qureshi, A, Afzal, M, Anwar, R and Komatsu, S (2001) Characterization of mustard (Brassica juncea L.) Czern. & coss.] germplasm by SDS-PAGE of total seed proteins. Pakistan Journal of Botany 32: 173–179.Google Scholar
Rakow, G (2004) Species origin and economic importance of Brassica . In: Pua, EC and Douglas, CJ (eds) Biotechnology in Agriculture and Forestry, vol. 54. New York, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, pp. 3–11.Google Scholar
Rashid, M, Cheema, AA and Ashraf, M (2008) Numerical analysis of variation among Basmati rice mutants. Pakistan Journal of Botany 40: 2413–2417.Google Scholar
Raybould, AF, Mogg, RJ, Clarke, RT, Gliddon, CJ and Gray, AJ (1999) Variation and population structure at microsatellite and isozyme loci in wild cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.) in Dorset (UK). Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 46: 351–360.Google Scholar
Relf, D and McDaniel, A (2009) Cole Crops or Brassicas. Petersburg, USA: Virginia Cooperative Extension, Publication Number 426–403, Virginia State University.Google Scholar
Ren-Hu, L and Jin-Ling, M (2006) RFLP and AFLP analysis of inter- and intraspecific variation of Brassica rapa and B. napus shows that B. rapa is an important genetic resource for B. napus improvement. Acta Genetica Sinica 33: 814–823.Google Scholar
Rich, TCG (1991) Crucifers of Great Britain and Ireland. London: Botanical Society of the British Isles, p. 336.Google Scholar
Rohlf, F (2000) Ntsyspc, Numerical Taxonomy and Multivariate Analysis System. New York: Exeter Pub., Ltd.Google Scholar
Saha, S, Molla, MR, Chandra, D and Rahman, L (2008) Assessment of genetic variation and relationships within the varieties of four Brassica species by RAPD markers. Australian Journal of Crop Sciences 2: 105–114.Google Scholar
Sammour, R, Mustafa, A, Badr, S and Tahr, W (2007) Genetic variations in accessions of Lathyrus sativus L. Acta Botanica Croatica 66: 1–13.Google Scholar
Sammour, R, Badr, S, Mustafa, A and El-Esawi, M (2013) Genetic variation within and among some Lactuca spp. based on karyotype analysis. Applied Cell Biology 2: 136–143.Google Scholar
Sammour, RH (1990) Using SDS–PAGE in identification of Gossypium barbadense L. cultivars. Egyptian Journal of Botany 33: 69–174.Google Scholar
Sammour, RH (1999) SDS-PAGE analysis of the seed proteins of some Trifolium taxa. Plant Varieties and Seeds 12: 11–21.Google Scholar
Sammour, RH, El-Shourbagy, MN, Aboshady, AM and Abasary, AM (1994) The seed proteins of Linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.). Botanical Bulletin of Academia Sinica 35: 171–177.Google Scholar
Schulman, AH, Flavell, AJ and Ellis, THN (2004) The application of LTR retrotransposons as molecular markers in plants. Methods in Molecular Biology 260: 145–173.Google Scholar
Sihag, R, Hooda, JS, Vashishtha, RD and Malik, BPS (2004) Genetic divergence in soybean [Glycine max(L .) Merrill]. Annual Biology 20: 17–21.Google Scholar
Song, KM, Osborn, TC and Williams, PH (1990) Brassica taxonomy based on nuclear restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLPs) 3. Genome relationship in Brassica and related genera and the origin of B. oleracea and Brassica rapa (syn. campestris). Theoretical and Applied Genetics 79: 497–506.Google Scholar
Surh, Y-J (2003) Cancer chemoprevention with dietary phytochemicals. Nature Reviews Cancer 3: 768–780.Google Scholar
Toosi, AF, Arumugam, B, Baki, BB and Tayyab, S (2011) Protein profiling of Brassica juncea (L.) Czern var. Ensabi at different developmental stages. Journal of Biological Sciences 11: 165–172.Google Scholar
Trick, M, Long, Y, Meng, J and Bancroft, I (2009) Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) discovery in the polyploid Brassica napus using Solexa transcriptome sequencing. Plant Biotechnology Journal 7: 334–346.Google Scholar
Tsuchihashi, Z and Dracopoli, N (2002) Progress in high throughput SNP genotyping methods. Pharmacogenomics Journal 2: 103–110.Google Scholar
Tsunoda, S (1980) Eco-physiology of wild and cultivated forms in Brassica and allied genera. In: Tsunoda, S, Hinata, K and Gomez-Campo, C (eds) Brassica Crops and Wild Allies. Tokyo: Japan Science Society Press, pp. 109–120.Google Scholar
UN (1935) Genome analysis in Brassica with special reference to the experimental formation of B. napus and peculiar mode of fertilization. Japanese Journal of Botany 7: 389–452.Google Scholar
Urbanelli, S, Rosa, V, Punelli, F, Porretta, D, Reverberi, M, Fabbri, A and Fanelli, C (2007) DNA-fingerprinting (AFLP and RFLP) for genotypic identification in species of the Pleurotus eryngii complex. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 74: 592–600.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van der Meer, QP, Toxopeus, H, Crisp, P, Roelofsen, H and Astley, D (1984) The collection of land-races of Cruciferous crops in the EC countries. Final report of the EC research programme 0890. Wageningen, The Netherlands. Available at https://dl.dropbox.com/u/31048139/reportUNK2%20copy.pdf.Google Scholar
van Hintum, TJL, van de Wiel, CCM, Visser, DL, van de Treuren, R and Vosman, BJ (2007) The distribution of genetic diversity in a Brassica oleracea gene bank collection related to the eVects on diversity of regeneration, as measured with AFLPs. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 114: 777–786.Google Scholar
Vos, P, Hogers, R, Bleeker, M, Reijans, M, Lee van de, T, Hornes, M, Frijters, A, Pot, J, Peleman, J, Kuiper, M and Zabeau, M (1995) AFLP: a new technique for DNA fingerprinting. Nucleic Acids Research 23: 4407–4414.Google Scholar
Vries, I (1996) Characterization and identification of Lactuca sativa cultivars and wild relatives with SDS-electrophoresis (Lactuca sect. Lactuca, Compositae). Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 43: 193–202.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wagner, AE, Terschluesen, AM and Rimbach, G (2013) Health promoting effects of Brassica-derived phytochemicals: from Chemopreventive and anti-inflammatory activities to epigenetic regulation. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. Article ID 964539, 12 pp. doi: 10.1155/2013/964539.Google Scholar
Wang, F, Li, F, Wang, J, Zhou, Y and Sun, H (2011) Genetic diversity of the selected 64 potato germplasms revealed by AFLP marker. Molecular Plant Breeding 2: 22–29.Google Scholar
Wang, J, Kaur, S, Cogan, NOI, Dobrowolski, MP, Salisbury, PA, Burton, WA, Baillie, R, Hand, M, Hopkins, C, Forster, JW, Smith, KF and Spangenberg, G (2009a) Assessment of genetic diversity in Australian canola (Brassica napus L.) cultivars using SSR markers. Crop Pasture Science 60: 1193–1201.Google Scholar
Wang, X-H, Cavell, BE, Alwi, SSS and Packham, G (2009b) Inhibition of hypoxia inducible factor by phenethyl isothiocyanate. Biochemical Pharmacology 78: 261–272.Google Scholar
Warwick, SI, Francis, A and La Fleche, J (2000) Guide to Wild Germplasm of Brassica and Allied Crops (tribe Brassiceae, Brassicaceae) . Ottawa, Canada: Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Eastern Cereal and Oilseeds Research Centre.Google Scholar
Warwick, SI, Francis, A and Al-Shehbaz, IA (2006) Brassicaceae: species checklist and database on CD-Rom. Plant Systematics and Evolution 259: 249–258.Google Scholar
Warwick, SI, James, T and Falk, KC (2008) AFLP-based molecular characterization of Brassica rapa and diversity in Canadian spring turnip rape cultivars. Plant Genetic Resources: Characterization and Utilization 6: 11–21.Google Scholar
Watson-Jones, SJ, Maxted, N and Ford-Lloyd, BV (2006) Population baseline data for monitoring genetic diversity loss for 2010: a case study for Brassica species in the UK. Biological Conservation 132: 490–499.Google Scholar
Wu, J, Li, F, Xu, K, Gao, G, Chen, B, Yan, G, Wang, N, Qiao, J, Li, J, Li, H, Zhang, T, Song, W and Wu, X (2014) Assessing and broadening genetic diversity of a rapeseed germplasm collection. Breeding Science 64: 321–330.Google Scholar
Yanaka, A, Fahey, JW and Fukumoto, A (2009) Dietary sulforaphane-rich broccoli sprouts reduce colonization and attenuate gastritis in Helicobacter pylori-infected mice and humans. Cancer Prevention Research 2: 353–360.Google Scholar
Yu, J, Mosjidis, J, Klingler, K and Woods, F (2001) Isozyme diversity in North American cultivated red clover. Crop Science 41: 1625–1628.Google Scholar
Zhao, J (2007) The genetics of phytate content and morphological traits in Brassica rapa. PhD Thesis, Wageningen University, The Netherlands.Google Scholar