Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-fscjk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-16T06:44:18.629Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Diversity, characterization and utilization of ginger: a review

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 June 2011

Jaleel Kizhakkayil  and
B. Sasikumar
Jaleel Kizhakkayil
Affiliation:
Department of Presidential Affairs, Abu Dhabi, Al-Ain, PO 47087, United Arab Emirates
B. Sasikumar*
Affiliation:
Indian Institute of Spices Research, PO Marikunnu, Calicut 673 012, Kerala, India
*
*Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.), originated in the Indo-Malayan region, is now widely distributed across the tropics of Asia, Africa, America and Australia. It was domesticated in India and China, which represent the centre of origin of the species. Cultivated ginger though sterile, exhibits variations in rhizome and vegetative characters. The crop is gaining importance as a curative agent for a variety of ailments. Yield and quality traits (such as essential oil, fibre and oleoresin contents) along with volatile and non-volatile constituents are important determinants of the commodity's end product. Cultivar diversity for yield and morphological features is well known in ginger with few primitive types having excellent quality. However, the common name(s) of ginger cultivars are confusing and have resulted in geographical bias in its ex situ conservation. Most of the molecular/biochemical marker studies reported in ginger show low levels of polymorphism in contrast to plentiful phenotypic variability recorded in the species. The large influence of environmental factors on the content of key compounds, lack of seed set and confusion of the common names are the leading constraints to further varietal improvement of ginger. As tailor-made ginger varieties assume future significance these aspects will have relevance.

Keywords

antiquitybiochemicalmedicinal usemolecularmorphologicaltaxonomy
Type
Research Article
Information
Plant Genetic Resources , Volume 9 , Issue 3 , August 2011 , pp. 464 - 477
Copyright
Copyright © NIAB 2011

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abraham, Z and Latha, M (2003) Correlation and path analysis in ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.). Journal of Spices and Aromatic Crops 12: 187–189.Google Scholar
Aeschbach, R, Löliger, J, Scott, BC, Murcia, A, Butler, J, Halliwell, B and Aruoma, OI (1994) Antioxidant actions of thymol, carvacrol, 6-gingerol, zingerone and hydroxytyrosol. Food Chemistry and Toxicology 32: 31–36.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Agarwal, M, Walia, S, Dhingra, S and Khambay, BP (2001) Insect growth inhibition, antifeedant and antifungal activity of compounds isolated/derived from Zingiber officinale Roscoe (ginger) rhizomes. Pest Management Science 57: 289–300.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Aimbire, F, Penna, SC, Rodrigues, M, Rodrigues, KC, Lopes-Martins, RAB and Sertié, JAA (2007) Effect of hydroalcoholic extract of Zingiber officinalis rhizomes on LPS-induced rat airway hyper reactivity and lung inflammation. Prostaglandins Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids 77: 129–138.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aiyadurai, SGA (1996) Review of Research on Spice and Cashewnut in India. Regional Office (Spices and Cashewnut). Ernakulam: Indian Council of Agricultural Research, p. 228.Google Scholar
Ali, SM, Khan, AA, Ahmed, I, Musaddiq, M, Ahmed, KS, Polasa, H, Rao, V, Habibullah, CM and Sechi, LA (2005) Antimicrobial activities of eugenol and cinnamaldehyde against the human gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori. Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobes 4: 20–27.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Anonymous(1978) Hand Book of Domestic Medicine and Common Ayurvedic Remedies. New Delhi: Central Council for Research in Ayurveda and Siddha (CCRAS).Google Scholar
Anonymous(1982) Pharmacognosy of indigenous drugs (Vol-E). Raghunathan, K and Roma Mitra, (eds), vol. I. New Delhi: Central Council for Research in Ayurveda and Siddha, pp. 52–76.Google Scholar
Ansari, MN and Bhandari, U (2008) Cardioprotective activity of Zingiber officinale Roscoe in rats. Hamdard Medicus 51: 38–41.Google Scholar
Arctangder, S (1960) Perfume and Flavour Materials of Natural Origin. New Jersey: Elizabeth, p. 275.Google Scholar
Arya, PS and Rana, KS (1990) Performance of ginger varieties in Himachal Pradesh. Indian Cocoa, Arecanut and Spices Journal 14: 16–20.Google Scholar
Atman, RD and Marcussen, KC (2001) Effects of a ginger extract on knee pain in patients with osteoarthritis. Arthritis and Rheumatism 44: 2531–2538.3.0.CO;2-J>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Atsumi, T, Fujisawa, S, Satoh, K, Sakagami, H, Iwakura, I, Ueha, T, Sugita, Y and Yokoe, I (2000) Cytotoxicity and radical intensity of eugenol, isoeugenol or related dimers. Anti Cancer Research 20: 2519–2524.Google ScholarPubMed
Baker, JG (1882) Scitaminae. In: Hooker, JD (ed.) The Flora of British India. vol. VI. Dehra Dun: Bishen Singh, Mahendrapal Singh, pp. 198–264.Google Scholar
Bakhru, HK (1999) Herbs that Heal: Natural Remedies for Good Health. New Delhi: Oriental Paper Backs, A Division of Vision Books Pvt. Ltd, p. 97.Google Scholar
Bhattarai, S, Tran, VH and Duke, CC (2001) The stability of gingerol and shogoal in aqueous solutions. Journal of Pharmaceutical Science 90: 1658–1664.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blascheck, W, Hansel, R, Keller, K, Reichling, J, Rimpler, H and Schneider, G (eds) (1998) Hager's Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, Auflage Band 2 (A–K), 909 pp., (L–Z), 858 pp. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.Google Scholar
Broussard, CS, Louik, C, Honein, MA and Mitchell, AA (2010) Herbal use before and during pregnancy. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 202: 443e1–443e6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Burkill, IH (1996) A Dictionary of the Economic Products of the Malay Peninsula. Kuala Lumpur: Ministry of Agriculture and Co-operatives, p. 2444.Google Scholar
Burtt, BL and Smith, RM (1972) Tentative keys to the subfamilies, tribes and genera of the Zingiberales. Notes from the Royal Botanical Garden Edinburgh 31: 171–176.Google Scholar
Chandra, R and Govind, S (1999) Genetic variability and performance of ginger genotypes under mid hills of Meghalaya. Indian Journal of Horticulture 56: 274–278.Google Scholar
Chen, JC, Huang, LJ, Wu, SL, Kuo, SC, Ho, TY and Hsiang, CY (2007) Ginger and its bioactive component inhibit enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli heat-labile Enterotoxin-induced diarrhea in mice. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry 55: 8390–8397.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chengkun, H, Jiashen, L, Suzhi, G, Min, Z and Wensheng, C (1995) The relationship between geographic distribution and the genetic difference of peroxidase isozyme of ginger germplasm in Fujian. Acta Horticulturae 402: 125–132.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chung, WY, Jung, YJ, Surh, YJ, Lee, SS and Park, KK (2001) Antioxidative and antitumor promoting effects of [6]-paradol and its homologs. Mutation Research, Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis 496: 199–206.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Connel, DW and Jordan, RA (1971) Composition and distinctive volatile flavour characteristics of the essential oil from Australian-grown ginger (Zingiber officinale). Journal of Science Food and Agriculture 22: 93–95.Google Scholar
Coppen, JJW (2002) Eucalyptus: The Genus Eucalyptus (Mediacinal and Aromatic Plants – Industrial Profiles). London and NewYork: Taylor and Francis, p. 440.Google Scholar
Denyer, CV, Jackson, P, Loakes, DM, Ellis, MR and Yound, DAB (1994) Isolation of antirhinoviral sesqui-terpenes from ginger (Zingiber officinale). Journal of Natural Products 57: 658–662.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Devasahayam, S, Jacob, TK, Koya, KMA and Sasikumar, B (2010) Screening of ginger (Z. officinale R) germplasm for resistnace to shoot borer (Conogethes punctiferalis). Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Science 32: 137–138.Google Scholar
Ekundayo, O, Laakso, I and Hiltunen, R (1988) Composition of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) volatile oils from Nigeria. Flavour and Fragrance Journal 3: 85–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
El-Baroty, GS, El-Baky, HHA, Farag, RS and Saleh, MA (2010) Characterization of antioxidant and antimicrobial compounds of cinnamon and ginger essential oils. African Journal of Biochemistry Research 4: 167–174.Google Scholar
Fakim, AG, Maudarbaccus, N, Leach, D, Doimo, L and Wohlmuth, H (2002) Essential oil composition Zingiberaceae species from Mauritius. Journal of Essential Oil Research 14: 271–273.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Feng, J and Lipton, JM (1987) Eugenol: antipyretic activity in rabbits. Neuropharmacology 26: 1775–1778.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ficker, C, Smith, ML, Akpagana, K, Gbeassor, M, Zhang, J, Durst, T, Assabgui, R and Arnason, JT (2003) Bioassay-guided isolation and identification of antifungal compounds from ginger. Phototherapy Research 17: 897–902.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gowda, KK and Melanta, KR (2000) Varietal performance of ginger in Karnataka. In: Muraleedharan, N and Rajkumar, R (eds) Recent Advances in Plantation Crops Research. New Delhi: Allied Publishers, pp. 92–93.Google Scholar
Grant, KL and Lutz, RB (2000) Alternative therapies: ginger. American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy 57: 945–947.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gugnani, HC and Ezenwanze, EC (1985) Antibacterial activity of extracts of ginger (Zingiber officinale) and African oil bean seed (Pentaclethora macrophylla). Journal of Communicable Diseases 17: 233–236.Google Scholar
Habsah, M, Amran, M, Mackeen, MM, Lajis, NH, Kikuzaki, H, Nakatani, N, Rahman, AA, Ghafar, and Ali, AM (2000) Screening of Zingiberaceae extracts for antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 72: 403–410.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hansel, R, Keller, K, Rimpler, H and Schneider, G (eds) (1992) Hager's Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, Drogen (A–D). Berlin: Springer-Verlag, p. 1209.Google Scholar
Heimes, K, Feistel, B and Verspohl, EJ (2009) Impact of the 5-HT3 receptor channel system for insulin secretion and interaction of ginger extracts. European Journal of Pharmacology 624: 58–65.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hirara, K and Takesma, M (1998) Spices – Science and Technology. New York, NY: Marcel Deckker.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holtum, RE (1950) The Zingiberaceae of the Malay Peninsula. Gardens Bulletin (Singapore) 13: 1–50.Google Scholar
Hsu, MH, Kuo, SC, Chen, CJ, Chung, JG, Lai, YY and Huang, LJ (2005) 1-(3,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)-3,5-dodecenedeone (16) induces GI arrest and apoptosis in human promyclocytic leukemia HL-60 cells. Leukemia Research 29: 1399–1406.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hsu, YL, Chen, CY, Hou, MF, Tsai, EM, Jong, YJ, Hung, CH and Kuo, PL (2010) 6-Dehydrogingerdione, an active constituent of dietary ginger, induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis through reactive oxygen species/c-Jun N-terminal kinase pathways in human breast cancer cells. Molecular Nutrition and Food Research 54: 1307–1317.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Huang, QR, Iwamoto, M, Aoki, S, Tanaka, N, Tajima, K, Yamahara, J, Takaishi, Y, Yoshida, M, Tomimatsu, T and Tamai, Y (1991) Anti-5-hydroxitryptamine 3 effect of galanolactone, diterpenoid isolated from ginger. Chemical Pharma Bulletin 39: 397–399.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Imm, JY, Zhang, GD, Chan, LY, Nitteranon, V and Parkin, KL (2010) [6]-Dehydroshogaol, a minor component in ginger rhizome, exhibits quinone reductase inducing and anti-inflammatory activities that rival those of curcumin. Food Research International 43: 2208–2213.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Indrasenan, G and Paily, PV (1974) Studies on the soft rot of ginger (Z. officinale) caused by Pythium aphanidermatum (Edson) Fitz. Agricultural Research Journal of Kerala 11: 53–56.Google Scholar
Iqbal, Z, Latheef, M, Akhtar, MS, Ghayur, MN and Gilani, AH (2006) In vivo anthelmintic activity of ginger against gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep. Journal of Ethanopharmacology 106: 285–287.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Isa, Y, Miyakawa, Y, Yanagisawa, M, Goto, T, Kang, MS, Kawada, T, Morimitsu, Y, Kubota, K and Tsuda, T (2008) 6-Shogaol and 6-gingerol, the pungent of ginger, inhibit TNF-α mediated down regulation of adiponectin expression via different mechanisms in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 373: 429–434.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jain, SK and Tarafder, CR (1970) Medicinal plant lore of the Santals. A revival of P.O. Bodding's Work. Economic Botany 24: 241–278.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
James, ME, Nannapaneni, R and Johnson, M (1999) Identification and characterization of two bacteriocin producing bacteria isolated from garlic and ginger root. Journal of Food Protection 62: 899–904.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jatoi, SA, Kikuchi, A, Yi, SS, Naing, KW, Yamanaka, S, Watanabe, JA and Watanabe, KN (2006) Use of rice SSR markers as RAPD markers for genetic diversity analysis in Zingiberaceae. Breeding Science 56: 107–111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jeong, CH, Bode, AM, Pugliese, A, Cho, YY, Kim, HG, Shim, JH, Jeon, YJ, Li, HL, Jiang, HL and Dong, ZG (2009) Gingerol suppresses colon cancer growth by targetting leukotriene A4 hydrolase. Cancer Research 69: 5584–5591.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
John, RP and Ferreira, DI (1997) Yield and quality evaluation of five ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) selections in the Northern Province of South Africa. Journal of the Southern African Society for Horticultural Sciences 7: 26–29.Google Scholar
Jolad, SD, Lantz, RC, Solyom, AM, Chen, GJ, Bates, RB and Timmermann, BN (2004) Fresh organically grown ginger (Zingiber officinale): composition and effects on LPS-induced PGE2 production. Phytochemistry 65: 1937–1954.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Juergens, U, Engelen, T, Racké, K, Stöber, M, Gillissen, A and Vetter, H (2004) Inhibitory activity of 1,8-cineol (eucalyptol) on cytokine production in cultured human lymphocytes and monocytes. Pulmonary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 17: 281–287.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kapoor, A (1997) Antifungal activities of fresh juice and aqueous extracts of turmeric and ginger (Zingiber officinale). Journal of Phytological Research 10: 59–62.Google Scholar
Keeler, RF and Tu, AT (1991) Handbook of Natural Toxins. vol. 6. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker, Inc., p. 665.Google Scholar
Khan, KI (1959) Ensure two fold ginger yields. Indian Farming 8: 10–14.Google Scholar
Khushtar, M, Kumar, V, Javed, K and Uma Bhandari, (2009) Protective effect of ginger oil on aspirin and pylorus ligation-induced gastric ulcer model in rats. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 71: 554.Google ScholarPubMed
Kim, SO, Kundu, JK, Shin, YK, Park, JH, Cho, MH, Kim, TY and Surh, YJ (2005) [6]-Gingerol inhibits COX-2 expression by blocking the activation of p38 MAP kinase and NF-kappaB in phorbol ester-stimulated mouse skin. Oncogene 24: 2558–2567.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kizhakkayil, J (2008) Molecular and biochemical characterization of ginger (Z. officinale R) germplasm. PhD Thesis. Guntur: Acharya Nagarjuna University, p. 173.Google Scholar
Kizhakkayil, J and Sasikumar, B (2009) Variability for quality traits in a global germplasm collection of ginger (Z. officinale R.). Current Trends in Biotechnology and Pharmacy 3: 254–259.Google Scholar
Kizhakkayil, J and Sasikumar, B (2010) Molecular characterisation of ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) germplasm – a medicinal spice. Scientia Horticulture 125: 73–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koh, EM, Kim, HJ, So, HK, Choi, WH, Choi, YH, Ryu, SY, Kim, YS, Koh, WS and Park, SY (2009) Modulation of macrophage functions by compounds isolated from Zingiber officinale. Planta Medica 75: 148–151.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kress, WJ, Prince, LM and Williams, KJ (2002) The phylogeny and a new classification of the gingers (Zingiberaceae): evidence from molecular data. American Journal of Botany 89: 1682–1696.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krishnamurthy, N, Mathew, AG, Nambudiri, ES and Lewis, YS (1972) Essential oils and oleoresin from major spices in India. Journal of Plantation Crop, (Suppl): 181–183.Google Scholar
Kumar, A and Hayward, AC (2005) Bacterial diseases of ginger and their control. In: Ravindran, PN and Nirmal Babu, K (eds) Ginger – The Genus Zingiber. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, pp. 341–346.Google Scholar
Kumar, VS, Balasubramanian, PP, Kumar, KV and Mammen, MK (1980) Comparative performance of six varieties of ginger for second crop in Wynad. Indian Spices 17: 111–114.Google Scholar
Kuo, PC, Dhamu, AG, Cheng, CY, Teng, CM, Lee, EJ and Wu, TS (2005) Isolation of a natural antioxidant, dehydrozingerone from Zingiber officinale and synthesis of its analogues for recognition of effective antioxidant and antityrosinase agent. Archives of Pharmacology Research 28: 518–528.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lakshmi, BVS and Sudhakar, MA (2010) Protective effect of Z. officinale on gentamicin induced nephrotoxicity in rats. International Journal of Pharmacology 6: 58–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lam, RYY, Woo, AYH, Leung, PS and Cheng, CHK (2007) Antioxidant actions of phenolic compounds found in dietary plants on low-density lipoprotein and erythrocytes in vitro. Journal of the American College of Nutrition 26: 233–242.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Langner, E, Greifenberg, S and Gruenwald, J (1998) Ginger: history and use. Advances in Therapy 15: 25–44.Google ScholarPubMed
Larsen, K and Larsen, SS (2006) Zingiber Miller. Ginger of Thailand. Chiang Mai: Queen Sirikit Botanic Garden, p. 184.Google Scholar
Lawrence, BM (1984) Major tropical spices – ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.). Perfumer and Flavourist 9: 1–40.Google Scholar
Lee, E and Surh, YJ (1998) Induction of apoptosis in HL-60 cells by pungent vanilloids, [6]-gingerol and [6]-paradol. Cancer Letters 134: 163–168.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lee, SY, Fai, WK, Zakaria, M, Ibrahim, H, Othman, RY, Gwang, JG, Rao, VR and Park, YJ (2007) Characterization of polymorphic microsatellite markers, isolated from ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.). Molecular Ecology Note. Doi: 10.1111/j.1471-8286.2007.01757.x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, JY, Kang, HS, Park, BE, Moon, HJ, Sim, SS and Kim, CJ (2009) Inhibitory effects of Geijigajakyak-Tang on trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-induced colitis. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 126: 244–251.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leung, AY and Foster, S (1995) Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients. 2nd edn. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons, p. 649.Google Scholar
Liang, MH (1992) From America: cookbook medicine or food for thought: practice guidelines development in USA. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 51: 1257–1258.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lincy, AK, Jayarajan, K and Sasikumar, B (2008) Relationship between vegetative and rhizome characters and final rhizome yield in micro propagated ginger plants (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) over two generations. Scientia Horticulture 118: 70–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Macloed, AJ and Pieris, NM (1984) Volatile aroma constituents of Sri Lankan ginger. Phytochemistry 23: 353–360.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martin, S, Padilla, E, Ocete, MA, Galvez, J, Jimenez, J and Zarzuelo, A (1993) Anti-inflammatory activity of the essential oil of Bupleurum fruticescens. Planta Medica 59: 533–536.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Martins, AP, Salgueiro, L, Goncalves, MJ, da Cunha, AP, Vila, R and Canigueral, S (2001) Essential oil composition and antimicrobial activity of three Zingiberaceae from S.Tome e Principe. Planta Medica 67: 580–584.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mascolo, N, Jain, R, Jain, SC and Capasso, F (1989) Ethnopharmacological investigation of ginger (Zingiber officinale). Journal of Ethnopharmacology 27: 129–140.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Masuda, Y, Kikuzaki, H, Hisamoto, M and Nakalani, N (2004) Antioxidant properties of gingerol related compounds from ginger. Biofactors 21: 129–140.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meena, MR (1992) Studies on antimicrobial activity of various spices and their oils. MSc Thesis. New Delhi: Indian Agricultural Research Institute.Google Scholar
Menon, AN (2007) Chemical composition of the essential oil from leaves and roots of ginger (Zingiber officinale) from Kerala. Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Sciences 29: 78–80.Google Scholar
Menut, C, Lamaty, G, Bessiere, JM and Koudou, J (1994) Aromatic plants of tropical Central Africa. XIII. Rhizomes volatile components of two Zingiberales from the Central African Republic. Journal of Essential Oil Research 6: 161–164.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mohandas, TP, Pradeep Kumar, T, Mayadevi, P, Aipe, KC and Kumaran, K (2000) Stability analysis in ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) genotypes. Journal of Spices and Aromatic Crops 9: 165–167.Google Scholar
Mohanty, DC and Sharma, YN (1979) Genetic variability and correlation for yield and other variables in ginger germplasm. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 49: 250–253.Google Scholar
Mohanty, DC, Das, RC and Sharma, YN (1981) Variability of agronamic of ginger. Orissa Journal of Horticuture 9: 15–17.Google Scholar
Morakinyo, AO, Adeniyi, OS and Arikawe, AP (2008) Effects of Zingiber officinale on reproductive functions in the male rat. African Journal of Biomedical Research 11: 329–333.Google Scholar
Muda, MM, Halijah, I and Norzulaani, K (2004) Differentiation of three varieties of Zingiber officinale Rosc. by RAPD fingerprinting. Malaysian Journal of Science 23: 135–139.Google Scholar
Murakami, Y, Shoji, M, Hanazawa, S, Tanaka, S and Fujisawa, S (2003) Preventive effect of bis-eugenol, a eugenol ortho dimer, on lipopolysaccharide-stimulated nuclear factor kappa B activation and inflammatory cytokine expression in macrophages. Biochemical Pharmacology 66: 1061–1066.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Muralidharan, A and Kamalam, N (1973) Improved ginger means foreign exchange. Indian Farming 22: 37–39.Google Scholar
Mustafa, T, Srivastava, KC and Jensen, KB (1993) Drug development report. 9. Pharmacology of ginger, Zingiber officinale. Journal of Drug Development 6: 25–39.Google Scholar
Naidu, MM, Padma, M, Yuvaraj, KM and Murty, PSS (2000) Evaluation of ginger varieties for high altitude and tribal area of Andra Pradesh. Spices and Aromatic Plants: Challenges and opportunities in the new century. Centennial conference on spices and aromatic plants, 20–23 Sept. 2000, Calicut, Kerala, India, pp. 50–51.Google Scholar
Nammi, S, Satyanarayana, S and Roufogalis, BD (2009) Protective effects of ethanolic extract of Zingiber officinale rhizome on the development of metabolic syndrome in high-fat diet-fed rats. Basic and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology 104: 366–373.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nammi, S, Kim, MS, Gavande, NS, Li, GQ and Roufogalis, BD (2010) Regulation of low-density lipoprotein receptor and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase expression by Zingiber officinale in the liver of high-fat diet-fed rats. Basic and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology 106: 389–395.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nanir, SP and Kadu, BB (1987) Effect of medicinal plant extracts on some fungi. Acta Botanica Indica 15: 170–175.Google Scholar
Natarajan, CP, Kuppuswamy, S, Shankaracharya, NB, Padmabai, R, Raghavan, B, Krishnamurthy, MN, Khan, F, Lewis, YS and Govindarajan, VS (1972) Chemical composition of ginger varieties and dehydration studies of ginger. Journal of Food Science and Technology 9: 120–124.Google Scholar
Nayak, S, Naik, PK, Acharya, L, Mukherjee, AK, Panda, PC and Das, P (2005) Assessment of genetic diversity among 16 promising cultivars of ginger using cytological and molecular markers. Zeitschrift fur Naturforschung 60C: 485–492.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Newall, CA, Anderson, LA and Phillipson, JD (1996) Herbal Medicine – A Guide for Health-care Professionals. London: The Pharmaceutical Press, p. 296.Google Scholar
Nybe, EV and Nair, PCS (1979) Studies on the morphology of the ginger types. Indian Cocoa, Arecanut and Spices Journal 3: 7–13.Google Scholar
Nybe, EV and Nair, PCS (1979a) Field tolerance of ginger types to important pests and diseases. Indian Cocoa, Arecanut and Spices Journal 2: 109–111.Google Scholar
Nybe, EV, Nair, PCS and Mohanakumaran, N (1980) Assessment of quality components in ginger. In: Nair, MK, Premkumar, T, Ravindran, PN and Sarma, YR (eds) Proceedings, National Seminar on Ginger and Turmeric, 8–9 April 1980, Calicut. Central Plantation Crops Research Institute, Kasargod, India, pp. 24–29.Google Scholar
Obeng-Ofori, D and Reichmuth, C (1997) Bioactivityof eugenol, a major component of essential oil of Ocimum suave (Wild.) against four species of stored-product Coleoptera. International Journal of Pest Management 43: 89–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O'Mahony, R, Al-Khtheeri, H, Weerasekera, D, Fernando, N, Vaira, D, Holton, J and Christelle, BC (2005) Bactericidal and anti-adhesive properties of culinary and medicinal plants against Helicobacter pylori. World Journal Gastroenterology 11: 7499–7507.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ozgoli, G, Goli, M and Simbar, M (2009) Effects of ginger capsules on pregnancy, nausea, and vomiting. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 15: 243–246.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Palai, SK and Rout, GR (2007) Identification and genetic variation among eight varieties of ginger by using random amplified polymorphic DNA markers. Plant Biotechnology 24: 417–420.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pan, MH, Hsieh, MC, Kuo, JM, Lai, CS, Wu, H, Sang, SM and Ho, CT (2008) 6-Shog gaol induces apoptosis in human colorectal carcinoma cells via ROS production, caspase activation, and GADD 153 expression. Molecular Nutrition and Food Researh 52: 527–537.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Park, EJ and Pizzuto, JM (2002) Botanicals in cancer chemoprevention. Cancer Metastasis Review 21: 231–255.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Park, SJ, Lee, MY, Son, BS and Youn, HS (2009) K1-targeted suppression of TRIF-dependent signaling pathway of Toll-like receptors by 6-Shogaol, an active component of ginger. Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biochemistry 73: 1474–1478.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Petersen, OG (1889) Musaceae, Zingiberaceae, Cannaceae, Marantaceae. In: Engler, A and Prant, K (eds) Die Naturlichen Pflanzenfamilien. vol. 2. Leipzig: Verlag von Wilhelm Engelmann, pp. 1–43.Google Scholar
Prem, J, Kizhakkayil, J, Thomas, E, Dhanya, K, Syamkumar, S and Sasikumar, B (2007) Molecular characterization of primitive, elite and exotic ginger genotypes to protect the biowealth of elite ginger accessions. SYMSAC IV. Threats and Solution to Spices and Aromatic Crops Industry, National symposium on spices and aromatic crops, 25–26, November 2007. Bhuvaneswar, Orissa, India, p. 337.Google Scholar
Pruthy, JS (1993) Major spices of India: crop management post harvest technology. New Delhi: Indian Council of Agricultural Research, pp. 244–288.Google Scholar
Purseglove, JW, Brown, EG, Green, CL and Robbins, SRJ (1981) Spices. vol. 2. New York, NY: Longman Inc.Google Scholar
Qiang, LQ, Wang, CP, Wang, FM, Pan, Y, Yi, LT, Zhang, X and Kong, LD (2009) Combined administration of the mixture of honokiol and magnolol and ginger oil evokes antidepressant-like synergism in rats. Archives of Pharmacal Research 32: 1281–1292.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rahman, H, Karuppaiyan, R, Kishore, K and Denzongpa, R (2009) Traditional practices of ginger cultivation in north east India. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge 8: 23–28.Google Scholar
Rana, N and Korla, BN (2007) Evaluation of ginger germplasm for yield and quality under mid hill conditions of Himachal Pradesh. Haryana Journal of Horticultural Sciences 36: 393–394.Google Scholar
Rao, RR and Jamir, NS (1982) Ethnobotanical studies in Nagaland-1. Medicinal Plants. Economic Botany 36: 176–181.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rao, BN and Rao, BSS (2005) Antagonistic effects of Zingerone, a phenolic alkanone against radiation-induced cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, apoptosis and oxidative stress in Chinese hamster lung fibroblast cells growing in vitro. Mutagenesis 25: 577–587.Google Scholar
Ratnambal, MJ, Gopalam, A and Nair, MK (1987) Quality evaluation in ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) in relation to maturity. Journal of Plantation Crops 15: 108–117.Google Scholar
Rattan, RS, Korla, BN and Dohroo, NP (1988) Performance of ginger varieties in Solan area of Himachal pradesh. In: Satyanarayana, G, Reddy, MS, Rao, MR, Azam, KM and Naidu, R (eds) Proceedings of National seminar on Chillies, Ginger and Turmeric. Cochin: Spices Board, pp. 71–73.Google Scholar
Ravindran, PN, Sasikumar, B, George, JK, Ratnambal, MJ, Nirmal Babu, K, Zachariah, TJ and Nair, RR (1994) Genetic recourses of ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) and its conservation in India. Plant Genetic Resources News Letter 98: 1–4.Google Scholar
Ravindran, PN, Remasree, AB and Sherlija, KK (1998) Developmental Morphology of Rhizomes of Ginger and Turmeric. Final Report. ICAR Ad hoc Scheme. Calicut: Indian Institute of Spices Research.Google Scholar
Ravindran, PN, Nirmal Babu, K and Shiva, KN (2005) Botany and crop improvement of ginger. In: Ravindran, PN and Nirmal Babu, K (eds) Ginger – The Genus Zingiber. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, pp. 15–85.Google Scholar
Ravindran, PN, Shiva, KN, Nirmal Babu, K and Korla, BN (2006) Ginger. In: Ravindran, PN, Nirmal Babu, K, Shiva, KN and Johny, AK (eds) Advances in Spices Research. Jodhpur: Agrobios, pp. 365–432.Google Scholar
Reddey, AC and Lokesh, BR (1992) Studies on spice principles as antioxidants in the inhibition of lipid peroxidation of rat liver microsomes. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry 111: 117–124.Google Scholar
Ridley, HN (1912) Spices. London: Mcmillan.Google Scholar
Riyazi, A, Hensel, A, Bauer, K, Geissler, N, Schaaf, S and Verspohl, EJ (2007) The effect of the volatile oil from ginger rhizomes (Zingiber officinale), its fractions and isolated compounds on the 5-HT3 receptor complex and the serotoninergic system of the rat ileum. Planta Medica 73: 355–362.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rosengarten, FJ (1969) The Book of Spices. London: Macmillan and Co.Google Scholar
Sabu, M (2003) Revision of the genus Zingiber in South India. Folia Malaysiana 4: 25–52.Google Scholar
Sasikumar, B, Nirmal Babu, K, Abraham, J and Ravindran, PN (1992) Variability, correlation and path analysis in ginger germplasm. Indian Journal of Genetics and Plant breeding 52: 428–431.Google Scholar
Sasikumar, B, Ravindran, PN and George, JK (1994) Breeding ginger and turmeric. Indian Cocoa, Arecanut and Spices Journal 18: 10–12.Google Scholar
Sasikumar, B, Saji, KV, Ravindran, PN and Peter, KV (1999) Genetic resources of ginger (Zingiber officinalle Rosc.) and its conservation in India. In: Sasikumar, B, Krishnamurthy, B, Rema, J, Ravindren, PN and Peter, KV (eds) Proceedings of the National Seminar on Biodiversity, Conservation and Utilisation of Spices, Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. IISR, Calicut, pp. 96–100.Google Scholar
Sasikumar, B, John, T Zachariah and Shamina, A (2000) Characterisation of ginger germplasm based on isozyme polymorphism. In: Muraleedharan N and Raj Kumar R (eds) Recent Advances in Plants. Crops. Res. (PLACROSYM XIII). NewDelhi: Allied Publishers, pp. 251–255.Google Scholar
Sasikumar, B, Saji, KV, Antony, A, George, JK, John Zachariah, T and Eapen, SJ (2003) IISR Mahima and IISR Rejatha – two new high yielding quality ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.). Journal of Spices and Aromatic Crops 12: 34–37.Google Scholar
Sasikumar, B, Krishnamurthy, KS, Kandiannan, K and Srinivasan, V (2007) Turmeric. In: Dinesh, R, Shiva, KN, Prasath, D, Babu, KN and Parthasarathy, VA (eds) Threats and Solutions to Spices and Aromatic Crops Industry. National Symposium on Spices and Aromatic Crops, Bhubaneswar, Orissa, India, pp. 229–259.Google Scholar
Sasikumar, B (2008) Ginger in Guyana. Spice India 21: 7.Google Scholar
Setty, TAS, Guruprasad, TR, Mohan, E and Reddy, MNN (1995) Susceptibility of ginger cultivars to rhizome rot at west coast of conditions of Karnataka. Environmental Ecology 13: 443–444.Google Scholar
Sharma, JN, Ishak, FI, Yusof, APM and Srivastava, KC (1997) Effects of eugenol and ginger oil on adjuvant arthritis and the kallikreins in rats. Asia Pacific Journal of Pharmacology 12: 9–14.Google Scholar
Sharma, H and Clark, C (1998) Contemporary Ayurveda. London: Churchill Living Stone, pp. 100–101.Google Scholar
Shin, SG, Kim, JY, Chung, HY and Jeong, JC (2005) Zingerone as an antioxidant against peroxynitrite. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 53: 7617–7622.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shukla, Y and Sing, M (2007) Cancer preventive properties of ginger: a brief review. Food and Chemical Toxicology 45: 683–690.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shylaja, MR, Paul, R, Nybe, EV, Abraham, K, Nazeem, PA, Nazeem, PA, Valsala, PA and Krishnan, S (2010) Two new ginger varieties from Kerala Agricultural University. Indian Journal of Arecanut, Spices and Medicinal Plants 12: 3–4.Google Scholar
Simmonds, NW (1979) Principles of Crop Improvement. New York, NY: Longman Group Ltd.Google Scholar
Singh, RS (1983) Vanausadhi Nidarshika (Ayurvedic Pharmacopia). II edn. Lucknow: U.P. Hindi Sansthan Rajarshi Puruhottam Das Tandan Hindi Bhavan, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, p. 389.Google Scholar
Singh, AK (2001) Correlation and path analysis for certain metric traits in ginger. Annals of Agricultural Research 22: 285–286.Google Scholar
Singh, PP, Singh, VB, Singh, A and Singh, HB (1999) Evaluation of different ginger cultivars for growth, yield and quality character under Nagaland condition. Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Sciences 21: 716–718.Google Scholar
Singh, PP, Singh, VB, Singh, HP and Rajan, S (2000) Genetic diversity in ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) with reference to essential oil content. Journal of Spices and Aromatic Crops 9: 161–164.Google Scholar
Sjmonatj, CN (2009) 6-Gingerol content and atibioactive properties of ginger extracts from supercritical CO2 extraction. Documentar study. Ingineria Mediului 14: 609–615.Google Scholar
Smith, MK, Hamill, SD, Gogel, BJ and Severn-Ellis, AA (2004) Ginger (Zingiber officinale) autotetraploids with improved processing quality produced by an in vitro colchicine treatment. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 44: 1065–1072.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sreekumar, V, Indrasenan, G and Mamman, MK (1980) Studies on the quantitative and qualitative attributes of ginger cultivars. In: Nair, MK, Premkumar, T, Ravindran, PN and Sarma, YR (eds) Proceedings, National Seminar on Ginger and Turmeric, 8–9. April 1980, Calicut. Central Plantation Crops Research Institute, Kasargod, India, pp. 47–49.Google Scholar
Srinivasan, D, Nathan, S, Suresh, T and Lakshmana Perumalsamy, P (2001) Antimicrobial activity of certain Indian medicinal plants used in folkloric medicine. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 74: 217–220.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Surh, Y (1999) Molecular mechanisms of chemo preventive effects of selected dietary and medicinal phenolic substances. Mutation Research 428: 305–327.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Surh, YJ, Lee, ME and Lee, JM (1998) Chemoprotective properties of some pungent ingredients present in red pepper and ginger. Mutation Research 402: 259–267.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tarafder, CR (1983) Ethnogynaecology in relation to plants-II. Plants used in abortion. Journal of Economic and Taxonomic Botany 4: 507–516.Google Scholar
Thakur, RS, Puri, HS and Akhtar Husain, (1989) Major Medicinal Plants of India. Lucknow: CIMAP, pp. 540–542.Google Scholar
Thomas, KM (1966) Rio-de-Janeiro will double your ginger yield. Indian Farming 15: 15–18.Google Scholar
Tiwari, SK (2003) Evaluation of ginger genotypes for yield and quality attributes under rain fed and irrigated conditions. Annals of Agricultural Research 24: 512–515.Google Scholar
Tripathi, S, Tripathi, S, Maier, K, Bruch, D and Kittur, D (2006) Ginger and its active ingredient 6-gingerol down regulate pro-inflammatory cytokine release by macrophages. Journal of Surgical Research 130: 318–324.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tyler, VE, Brady, LR and Robbers, JE (1981) Pharmacognosy. 8th edn. Philadelphia, PA: Lea and Febiger, p. 156.Google Scholar
van Beek, TA, Posthumus, MA, Lelyveld, GP, Hoang, VP and Yen, BT (1987) Investigation of the essential oil of Vietnamese ginger. Phytochemistry 26: 3005–3010.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van Rheede, (1692) Hortus Indicus Malabaricus. vol II. Amsterdam: Joannis van Someren, et Joannis van Dyck.Google Scholar
Vernin, G and Parkanyl, C (1994) Ginger oil (Zingiber officinale Roscoe). In: Charalambous, G (ed.) Spices, Herbs and Edible Fungi. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science, pp. 579–594.Google Scholar
Vernin, G and Parkanyl, C (2005) Chemistry of ginger. In: Ravindran, PN and Nirmal Babu, K (eds) Ginger – The Genus Zingiber. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, pp. 87–180.Google Scholar
Wagner, H and Hikino, H (1965) Economic and Medicinal Plants Research. vol. 1. New York, NY: Academic Press, p. 62.Google Scholar
Wahyuni, S, Xu, DH, Bermawie, N, Tsunematsu, H and Ban, T (2003) Genetic relationships among ginger accessions based on AFLP marker. Journal Bioteknologi Pertanian 8: 60–68.Google Scholar
Warrier, PK (1989) Spices in ayurveda. In: George, CK, Sivadasan, CR, Devakaran, D and Sreekumari, KP (eds) Strategies for Export Development of Spices. Cochin/Geneva: Spices Board/International Trade Centre, p. 28.Google Scholar
Wohlmuth, H, Leach, DN, Smith, MK and Myers, SP (2005) Gingerol content of diploid and tetraploid clones of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 53: 5772–5778.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wohlmuth, H, Smith, MK, Brooks, LO, Myers, SP and Leach, DN (2006) Essential oil composition of diploid and tetraploid clones of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) grown in Australia. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 53: 5772–5778.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wu, H, Hsieh, MC, Lo, CY, Liu, CB, Sang, SM, Ho, CT and Pan, MH (2010) 6-Shogaol is more effective than 6-gingerol and curcumin in inhibiting 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate-induced tumor promotion in mice. Molecular Nutrition and Food Research 54: 1296–1306.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yadav, RK (1999) Genetic variability in ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.). Journal of Spices and Aromatic Crops 8: 81–83.Google Scholar
Yamahara, J and Huang, Q (1990) Gastrointestinal motility enhancing effect of ginger and its active constituents. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 38: 430–431.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yamahara, J, Rong, HQ, Iwamoto, M, Kobayashi, G, Matsuda, H and Fujimura, H (1989) Active components of ginger exhibiting antiserotonergic action. Phototherapy Research 3: 70–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yamahara, J, Hatakeyama, S, Taniguichi, K, Kawamura, M and Yoshikawa, M (1992) Stomachic principles in ginger. II. Pungent and anti-ulcer effects of low polar constituents isolated from ginger, the dried rhizoma of Zingiber officinale Roscoe, cultivated in Taiwan. The absolute stereostructure of a new diarylheptanoid. Yakugaku Zasshi 112: 645–655.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yang, G, Zhong, LF, Jiang, LP, Geng, CY, Cao, J, Sun, XC and Ma, YF (2010) Genotoxic effect of 6-gingerol on human hepatoma G2 cells. Chemico-Biological Interactions 185: 12–17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zachariah, TJ, Sasikumar, B and Ravindran, PN (1993) Variability in gingerol and shogaol content of ginger accession. Indian Perfumer 37: 87–90.Google Scholar
Zachariah, TJ, Sasikumar, B and Nirmal Babu, K (1999) Variation for quality components in ginger and turmeric and their interaction with environments. In: Sasikumar, B, Krishnamurthy, B, Rema, J, Ravindren, PN and Peter, KV (eds) Proceedings of National Seminar on Biodiversity, Conservation and Utilisation of spices, Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. Calicut: IISR, pp. 116–120.Google Scholar
Zebovitz, TC (1989) Part VII. Flavor and fragrance substances. In: Keith, LH and Walters, DB (eds) Compendium of Safety Data Sheets for Research and Industrial Chemicals. New York, NY: VCH Publishers, pp. 3560–4253.Google Scholar
Zhen-wei, , Shou-Jin Fan, , De-min GAO, , Zhen-wei LIU, and Shou-jin FAN, (2006) RAPD analysis of genetic diversity among Zingiber officinale cultivars. Journal of Agricultural Biotechnology 2: 134–138.Google Scholar
Zhou, J, Tang, F, Mao, G and Bian, R (2004) Effect of alpha-pinene on nuclear translocation of NF-B in THP-1 cells. Acta Pharmacologica Sinica 25: 480–484.Google Scholar
Supplementary material: File

Sasikumar Supplementary Material

Sasikumar Supplementary Material

Download Sasikumar Supplementary Material(File)
File 110.6 KB