Hostname: page-component-745bb68f8f-l4dxg Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-01-13T05:40:03.510Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The gradual path to cluster simplification*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  12 November 2008

John J. McCarthy
John J. McCarthy
Affiliation:
University of Massachusetts, Amherst
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

When a medial consonant cluster is simplified by deletion or place assimilation, the first consonant is affected, but never the second one: /patka/ becomes [paka] and not *[pata]; /panpa/ becomes [pampa] and not [panta]. This article accounts for that observation within a derivational version of Optimality Theory called Harmonic Serialism. In Harmonic Serialism, the final output is reached by a series of derivational steps that gradually improve harmony. If there is no gradual, harmonically improving path from a given underlying representation to a given surface representation, this mapping is impossible in Harmonic Serialism, even if it would be allowed in classic Optimality Theory. In cluster simplification, deletion or Place assimilation is the second step in a derivation that begins with deleting Place features, and deleting Place features improves harmony only in coda position.

Type
Articles
Information
Phonology , Volume 25 , Issue 2 , August 2008 , pp. 271 - 319
Copyright
Copyright © 2008 Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abu-Mansour, Mahasen Hasan (1987). A nonlinear analysis of Arabic syllabic phonology, with special reference to Makkan. PhD dissertation, University of Florida.Google Scholar
Akinlabi, Akinbiyi & Urua, E. Eno (2002). Foot structure in the Ibibio verb. Journal of African Languages and Linguistics 23. 119–160.Google Scholar
Allen, W. Sidney (1973). Accent and rhythm. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Anderson, Stephen R. (1974). The organization of phonology. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Aoki, H. (1968). Towards a typology of vowel harmony. IJAL 34. 142–145.Google Scholar
Archangeli, Diana (1984). Underspecification in Yawelmani phonology and morphology. PhD dissertation, MIT.Google Scholar
Archangeli, Diana & Pulleyblank, Douglas (1994). Grounded phonology. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Bat-El, Outi (forthcoming). A gap in the feminine paradigm of Hebrew: a consequence of identity avoidance in the suffix domain. In Rice, Curt (ed.) Modeling ungrammaticality in Optimality Theory. London: Equinox.Google Scholar
Beckman, Jill N. (1997). Positional faithfulness, positional neutralisation and Shona vowel harmony. Phonology 14. 1–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beckman, Jill N. (1998). Positional faithfulness. PhD dissertation, University of Massachusetts, Amherst. Available as ROA-234 from the Rutgers Optimality Archive.Google Scholar
Beckman, N., Dickey, Laura & Urbanczyk, Suzanne (eds.) (1995). Papers in Optimality Theory. Amherst: GLSA.Google Scholar
Bermúdez-Otero, Ricardo (2001). Underlying nonmoraic coda consonants, faithfulness, and sympathy. Ms, University of Manchester. Available (June 2008) at http://www.bermudez-otero.com/research.htm.Google Scholar
Bessell, Nicola J. (1992). Towards a phonetic and phonological typology of post-velar articulation. PhD dissertation, University of British Columbia.Google Scholar
Bessell, Nicola & Czaykowska-Higgins, Ewa (1992). Interior Salish evidence for placeless laryngeals. NELS 22. 35–49.Google Scholar
Bliese, Loren F. (1981). A generative grammar of Afar. Arlington: Summer Institute of Linguistics & University of Texas at Arlington.Google Scholar
Blumenfeld, Lev (2006). Constraints on phonological interactions. PhD dissertation, Stanford University. Available as ROA-877 from the Rutgers Optimality Archive.Google Scholar
Boersma, Paul (2007). Some listener-oriented accounts of h-aspiré in French. Lingua 117. 1989–2054.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Booij, Geert (1995). The phonology of Dutch. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Borowsky, Toni (2000). Word-faithfulness and the direction of assimilations. The Linguistic Review 17. 1–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Broselow, Ellen (1982). On predicting the interaction of stress and epenthesis. Glossa 16. 115–132.Google Scholar
Burenhult, Niclas (2001). Jahai phonology: a preliminary survey. Mon-Khmer Studies Journal 31. 29–45.Google Scholar
Burzio, Luigi (1994). Metrical consistency. In Ristad, Eric (ed.) Language computations. Providence, RI: American Mathematical Society. 93–125.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burzio, Luigi (2000). Cycles, non-derived-environment blocking, and correspondence. In Dekkers, Joost, Leeuw, Frank & Weijer, Jeroen (eds.) Optimality Theory: phonology, syntax, and acquisition. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 47–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Campos-Astorkiza, Rebeka (2004). Faith in moras: a revised approach to prosodic faithfulness. NELS 34. 163–174.Google Scholar
Casali, Roderic F. (1996). Resolving hiatus. PhD dissertation, UCLA. Available as ROA-215 from the Rutgers Optimality Archive. Published 1998, New York: Garland.Google Scholar
Casali, Roderic F. (1997). Vowel elision in hiatus contexts: which vowel goes? Lg 73. 493–533.Google Scholar
Causley, Trisha (1997). Identity and featural correspondence: the Athapaskan case. NELS 27. 93–105.Google Scholar
Cho, Young-mee Yu (1990). Parameters of consonantal assimilation. PhD dissertation, Stanford University.Google Scholar
Chomsky, Noam (1965). Aspects of the theory of syntax. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Chomsky, Noam & Halle, Morris (1968). The sound pattern of English. New York: Harper & Row.Google Scholar
Clements, G. N. (1985). The geometry of phonological features. Phonology Yearbook 2. 225–252.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Côté, Marie-Hélène (2000). Consonant cluster phonotactics: a perceptual approach. PhD dissertation, MIT. Available as ROA-548 from the Rutgers Optimality Archive.Google Scholar
Cowell, Mark W. (1964). A reference grammar of Syrian Arabic (based on the dialect of Damascus). Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press.Google Scholar
Davis, Stuart & Cho, Mi-Hui (2003). The distribution of aspirated stops and /h/ in American English and Korean: an alignment approach with typological implications. Linguistics 41. 607–652.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davis, Stuart & Shin, Seung-Hoon (1999). The Syllable Contact constraint in Korean: an optimality-theoretic analysis. Journal of East Asian Linguistics 8. 285–312.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
de Lacy, Paul (2002). The formal expression of markedness. PhD dissertation, University of Massachusetts, Amherst. Available as ROA-542 from the Rutgers Optimality Archive.Google Scholar
de Lacy, Paul (2006). Markedness: reduction and preservation in phonology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Devine, A. M. & Stephens, Laurence (1977). Two studies in Latin phonology. Saratoga: Anma Libri.Google Scholar
Dixon, R. M. W. (1988). A grammar of Boumaa Fijian. Chicago & London: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Fallon, Paul D. (1998). The synchronic and diachronic phonology of ejectives. PhD dissertation, Ohio State University.Google Scholar
Flack, Kathryn (2007). Templatic morphology and indexed markedness constraints. LI 38. 749–758.Google Scholar
Gabriel, Christoph & Meisenburg, Trudel (forthcoming). Silent onsets? An optimality-theoretic approach to French h aspiré words. In Féry, Caroline, Kügler, Frank & Vijver, Ruben (eds.) Variation and gradience in phonetics and phonology. Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Gafos, Adamantios & Lombardi, Linda (1999). Constraint transparency and vowel echo. NELS 29:2. 81–95.Google Scholar
Gesenius, Wilhelm (1910). Gesenius' Hebrew grammar, as edited and enlarged by the late E. Kautzsch. 2nd English edn. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Gildea, Spike (1995). A comparative description of syllable reduction in the Cariban language family. IJAL 61. 62–102.Google Scholar
Gnanadesikan, Amalia (2004). Markedness and faithfulness constraints in child phonology. In Kager et al. (2004). 73–108. Original version (1995) available as ROA-67 from the Rutgers Optimality Archive.Google Scholar
Goldsmith, John (1976). An overview of autosegmental phonology. Linguistic Analysis 2. 23–68.Google Scholar
Goldsmith, John A. (1990). Autosegmental and metrical phonology. Oxford & Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Goldsmith, John A. (1993a). Harmonic phonology. In Goldsmith (1993b). 21–60.Google Scholar
Goldsmith, A. (ed.) (1993b). The last phonological rule: reflections on constraints and derivations. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Gouskova, Maria (2003). Deriving economy: syncope in Optimality Theory. PhD dissertation, University of Massachusetts, Amherst. Available as ROA-610 from the Rutgers Optimality Archive.Google Scholar
Gouskova, Maria (2007). The reduplicative template in Tonkawa. Phonology 24. 367–396.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hale, Kenneth (1973). Deep–surface canonical disparities in relation to analysis and change: an Australian example. In Sebeok, Thomas (ed.) Current trends in linguistics. Vol. 11. The Hague: Mouton. 401–458.Google Scholar
Hale, William Gardner & Buck, Darling Carl (1966). A Latin grammar. Tuscaloosa, Alabama: University of Alabama Press.Google Scholar
Hargus, Sharon (1995). The first person plural subject prefix in Babine-Witsuwit'en. Ms, University of Washington. Available as ROA-108 from the Rutgers Optimality Archive.Google Scholar
Hargus, Sharon & Tuttle, G. Siri (1997). Augmentation as affixation in Athabaskan languages. Phonology 14. 177–220.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harris, John (1994). English sound structure. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Hayes, Bruce (1995). Metrical stress theory: principles and case studies. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Hayward, K. M. & Hayward, R. J. (1989). ‘Guttural’: arguments for a new distinctive feature. Transactions of the Philological Society 87. 179–193.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hayward, R. J. (1984). The Arbore language: a first investigation . Hamburg: Buske.Google Scholar
Hetzron, Robert (1972). Ethiopian Semitic: studies in classification. Manchester: Manchester University Press.Google Scholar
Hoff, B. J. (1968). The Carib language: phonology, morphonology, morphology, texts and word index. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.Google Scholar
Hoijer, Harry (1933). Tonkawa: an Indian language of Texas. In Boas, Franz & Hoijer, Harry (eds.) Handbook of American Indian languages 3. New York: J. J. Augustin. 1–148.Google Scholar
Hoijer, Harry (1946). Tonkawa. In Hoijer, Harry, Bloomfield, L., Haas, M. R., Halpern, A. M., Li, F. K., Newman, S. S., Swadesh, M., Trager, G. L., Voegelin, C. F. & Whorf, B. L. (eds.) Linguistic structures of native America. New York: Viking Fund. 289–311.Google Scholar
Howard, Irwin (1972). A directional theory of rule application in phonology. PhD dissertation, MIT.Google Scholar
Hudson, Grover (1980). Automatic alternations in nontransformational phonology. Lg 56. 94–125.Google Scholar
Huehnergard, John (2005). A grammar of Akkadian. 2nd edn. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns.Google Scholar
Hulst, Harry van der (1984). Syllable structure and stress in Dutch. Dordrecht: Foris.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hume, Elizabeth & Johnson, Keith (eds.) (2001). The role of speech perception in phonology. San Diego: Academic Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hyman, Larry M. (2001). The limits of phonetic determinism in phonology: *NC revisited. In Hume & Johnson (2001b). 141–185.Google Scholar
Inkelas, Sharon (1995). The consequences of optimization for underspecification. NELS 25. 287–302. Available as ROA-40 from the Rutgers Optimality Archive.Google Scholar
Itô, Junko (1986). Syllable theory in prosodic phonology. PhD dissertation, University of Massachusetts, Amherst.Google Scholar
Itô, Junko (1989). A prosodic theory of epenthesis. NLLT 7. 217–259.Google Scholar
Ito, Junko & Mester, Armin (2003). Lexical and postlexical phonology in Optimality Theory: evidence from Japanese. Linguistische Berichte 11. 183–207.Google Scholar
Itô, Junko, Mester, Armin & Padgett, Jaye (1995). Licensing and underspecification in Optimality Theory. LI 26. 571–613.Google Scholar
Johnson, C. Douglas (1972). Formal aspects of phonological description. The Hague & Paris: Mouton.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jun, Jongho (1995). Perceptual and articulatory factors in place assimilation: an optimality theoretic approach. PhD dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles. Available (June 2008) at http://ling.snu.ac.kr/jun/.Google Scholar
Jun, Jongho (1996). Place assimilation is not the result of gestural overlap: evidence from Korean and English. Phonology 13. 377–407.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jun, Jongho (2004). Place assimilation. In Hayes, Bruce, Kirchner, Robert & Steriade, Donca (eds.) Phonetically based phonology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 58–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kager, René, Pater, Joe & Zonneveld, Wim (eds.) (2004). Constraints in phonological acquisition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaneko, Ikuyu & Kawahara, Shigeto (2002). Positional faithfulness theory and the emergence of the unmarked: the case of Kagoshima Japanese. ICU English Studies 5. 18–36.Google Scholar
Kenstowicz, Michael & Kisseberth, Charles (1977). Topics in phonological theory. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Kim-Renaud, Young-Key (1986). Studies in Korean linguistics. Seoul: Hanshin.Google Scholar
Kiparsky, Paul (1973). ‘Elsewhere’ in phonology. In Anderson, Stephen & Kiparsky, Paul (eds.) A Festschrift for Morris Halle. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston. 93–106.Google Scholar
Kiparsky, Paul (1985). Some consequences of Lexical Phonology. Phonology Yearbook 2. 85–138.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kiparsky, Paul (1993). Blocking in nonderived environments. In Hargus, Sharon & Kaisse, Ellen (eds.) Studies in lexical phonology. San Diego: Academic Press. 277–313.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kiparsky, Paul (2000). Opacity and cyclicity. The Linguistic Review 17. 351–365.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krämer, Martin (2003). What is wrong with the right side? Edge (a)symmetries in phonology and morphology. Ms, University of Ulster. Available as ROA-576 from the Rutgers Optimality Archive.Google Scholar
Kristoffersen, Gjert (2000). The phonology of Norwegian. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lahiri, Aditi & Evers, Vincent (1991). Palatalization and coronality. In Paradis & Prunet (1991). 79–100.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lamontagne, Greg & Rice, Keren (1995). A correspondence account of coalescence. In Beckman et al. (1995). 211–223.Google Scholar
Lightner, Theodore (1972). Problems in the theory of phonology. Edmonton: Linguistic Research.Google Scholar
Lloret, Maria-Rosa (1995). The representation of glottals in Oromo. Phonology 12. 257–280.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lombardi, Linda (1998). Evidence for MaxFeature constraints from Japanese. University of Maryland Working Papers in Linguistics 7. Available as ROA-247 from the Rutgers Optimality Archive.Google Scholar
Lombardi, Linda (1999). Positional faithfulness and voicing assimilation in Optimality Theory. NLLT 17. 267–302.Google Scholar
Lombardi, Linda (2001). Why Place and Voice are different: constraint-specific alternations in Optimality Theory. In Lombardi, Linda (ed.) Segmental phonology in Optimality Theory: constraints and representations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 13–45. Original version (1995) available as ROA-105 from the Rutgers Optimality Archive.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lombardi, Linda (2002). Coronal epenthesis and markedness. Phonology 19. 219–251. Earlier version (1997) in University of Maryland Working Papers in Linguistics 5. 156–175. Available as ROA-245 from the Rutgers Optimality Archive.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lombardi, Linda (2003). Markedness and the typology of epenthetic vowels. Ms, University of Maryland. Available as ROA-578 from the Rutgers Optimality Archive.Google Scholar
McCarthy, John J. (1979). Formal problems in Semitic phonology and morphology. PhD dissertation, MIT.Google Scholar
McCarthy, John J. (1994a). On coronal ‘transparency’. Handout of paper presented to TREND, Santa Cruz. Available (June 2008) at http://people.umass.edu/jjmccart/coronal_transparency.pdf.Google Scholar
McCarthy, John J. (1994b). The phonetics and phonology of Semitic pharyngeals. In Keating, Patricia (ed.) Phonological structure and phonetic form: papers in laboratory phonology III. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 191–233.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCarthy, John J. (2000). Harmonic serialism and harmonic parallelism. NELS 30. 501–524. Available as ROA-357 from the Rutgers Optimality Archive.Google Scholar
McCarthy, John J. (2002a). On targeted constraints and cluster simplification. Phonology 19. 273–292.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCarthy, John J. (2002b). A thematic guide to Optimality Theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
McCarthy, John J. (2005). The length of stem-final vowels in Colloquial Arabic. In Alhawary, Mohammad & Benmamoun, Elabbas (eds.) Perspectives on Arabic Linguistics XVII–XVIII: Papers from the 17th and 18th Annual Symposia on Arabic Linguistics. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: Benjamins. 1–26.Google Scholar
McCarthy, John J. (2007a). Hidden generalizations: phonological opacity in Optimality Theory. London: Equinox.Google Scholar
McCarthy, John J. (2007b). Restraint of analysis. In Blaho, Sylvia, Bye, Patrik & Krämer, Martin (eds.) Freedom of analysis? Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyter. 203–231.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCarthy, John J. (2007c). Slouching towards optimality: coda reduction in OT-CC. In Phonological Society of Japan (ed.) Phonological Studies 10. Tokyo: Kaitakusha. 89–104. Available as ROA-878 from the Rutgers Optimality Archive.Google Scholar
McCarthy, John J. (forthcoming). The serial interaction of stress and syncope. NLLT. Available (June 2008) at http://people.umass.edu/jjmccart/metrically-conditioned-syncope.pdf.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCarthy, John J. & Prince, Alan (1986). Prosodic morphology. Ms, University of Massachusetts, Amherst & Brandeis University.Google Scholar
McCarthy, John J. & Prince, Alan (1993). Prosodic Morphology: constraint interaction and satisfaction. Ms, University of Massachusetts, Amherst & Rutgers University. Available as ROA-482 from the Rutgers Optimality Archive.Google Scholar
McCarthy, John J. & Prince, Alan (1994). The emergence of the unmarked: optimality in prosodic morphology. NELS 24. 333–379. Available as ROA-13 from the Rutgers Optimality Archive.Google Scholar
McCarthy, John J. & Prince, Alan (1995). Faithfulness and reduplicative identity. In Beckman et al. (1995). 249–384.Google Scholar
McCarthy, John J. & Prince, Alan (1996). Prosodic morphology 1986. (Revised version of McCarthy & Prince 1986.) Ms, University of Massachusetts, Amherst & Brandeis University. Available (June 2008) at http://ruccs.rutgers.edu/pub/papers/pm86all.pdf.Google Scholar
McCarthy, John J. & Prince, Alan (1999). Faithfulness and identity in Prosodic Morphology. In Kager et al. (1999). 218–309.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCarthy, John J. & Taub, Alison (1992). Review of Paradis & Prunet (1991). Phonology 9. 363–370.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marantz, Alec (1982). Re reduplication. LI 13. 435–482.Google Scholar
Mascaró, Joan (1976). Catalan phonology and the phonological cycle. PhD dissertation, MIT.Google Scholar
Mascaró, Joan (1987). A reduction and spreading theory of voicing and other sound effects. Ms, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona.Google Scholar
Mascaró, Joan (1996). External allomorphy as Emergence of the Unmarked. In Durand, Jacques & Laks, Bernard (eds.) Current trends in phonology: models and methods. Salford: ESRI. 473–483.Google Scholar
Mester, Armin (1990). Patterns of truncation. LI 21. 475–485.Google Scholar
Mester, Armin (1994). The quantitative trochee in Latin. NLLT 12. 1–61.Google Scholar
Mitchell, T. F. (1956). An introduction to Egyptian colloquial Arabic. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Mohanan, K. P. (1993). Fields of attraction in phonology. In Goldsmith (1993b). 61–116.Google Scholar
Moreton, Elliott (2000). Faithfulness and potential. Ms, University of Massachusetts, Amherst.Google Scholar
Moreton, Elliott (2004). Non-computable functions in Optimality Theory. In McCarthy, John (ed.) Optimality Theory in phonology: a reader. Malden, Mass.: Blackwell. 141–163.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Odden, David (1991). Vowel geometry. Phonology 8. 261–289.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ohala, John J. (1990). The phonetics and phonology of aspects of assimilation. In Kingston, John & Beckman, Mary (eds.) Papers in laboratory phonology I: between the grammar and physics of speech. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 258–275.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ọla Orie, Ọlanikẹ & Bricker, R. Victoria (2000). Placeless and historical laryngeals in Yucatec Maya. IJAL 66. 283–317.Google Scholar
Oostendorp, Marc van (1997). Vowel quality and phonological projection. PhD dissertation, Katholieke Universiteit Brabant.Google Scholar
Padgett, Jaye (1995). Partial class behavior and nasal place assimilation. In Suzuki, Keiichiro & Elzinga, Dirk (eds.) Proceedings of the 1995 Southwestern Workshop on Optimality Theory (SWOT). Tucson: Department of Linguistics, University of Arizona. 145–183. Available as ROA-113 from the Rutgers Optimality Archive.Google Scholar
Paradis, Carole & Prunet, Jean-François (eds.) (1991). The special status of coronals: internal and external evidence. San Diego: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Parker, Steve (2001). Non-optimal onsets in Chamicuro: an inventory maximised in coda position. Phonology 18. 361–386.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pater, Joe (1999). Austronesian nasal substitution and other N effects. In Kager et al. (1999). 310–343.Google Scholar
Pater, Joe (2003). Balantak metathesis and theories of possible repair in Optimality Theory. Ms, University of Massachusetts, Amherst. Available (June 2008) at http://people.umass.edu/pater/pater-balantak.pdf.Google Scholar
Piggott, Glyne L. (1991). Apocope and the licensing of empty-headed syllables. The Linguistic Review 8. 287–318.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Piggott, Glyne L. (1999). At the right edge of words. The Linguistic Review 16. 143–185.Google Scholar
Piggott, Glyne L. & Singh, Rajendra (1985). The phonology of epenthetic segments. Canadian Journal of Linguistics 30. 415–451.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Poser, William J. (1982). Phonological representation and action-at-a-distance. In Hulst, Harry & Smith, Norval (eds.) The structure of phonological representations. Part 2. Dordrecht: Foris. 121–158.Google Scholar
Poser, William J. (1984a). Hypocoristic formation in Japanese. WCCFL 3. 218–229.Google Scholar
Poser, William J. (1984b). The phonetics and phonology of tone and intonation in Japanese. PhD dissertation, MIT.Google Scholar
Poser, William J. (1990). Evidence for foot structure in Japanese. Lg 66. 78–105.Google Scholar
Prince, Alan (1983). Relating to the grid. LI 14. 19–100.Google Scholar
Prince, Alan (1984). Phonology with tiers. In Aronoff, Mark & Oehrle, Richard (eds.) Language sound structure. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. 234–244.Google Scholar
Prince, Alan (1990). Quantitative consequences of rhythmic organization. CLS 26:2. 355–398.Google Scholar
Prince, Alan & Smolensky, Paul (1993). Optimality Theory: constraint interaction in generative grammar. Ms, Rutgers University & University of Colorado, Boulder. Published 2004, Malden, Mass. & Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Pruitt, Kathryn (2008). Locality in stress systems. Ms, University of Massachusetts, Amherst.Google Scholar
Reiss, Charles (2003). Deriving the feature-filling/feature-changing contrast: an application to Hungarian vowel harmony. LI 34. 199–224.Google Scholar
Rice, Keren D. (1992). On deriving sonority: a structural account of sonority relationships. Phonology 9. 61–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rose, Sharon (1996). Variable laryngeals and vowel lowering. Phonology 13. 73–117.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rubach, Jerzy (1997). Extrasyllabic consonants in Polish: Derivational Optimality Theory. In Roca, Iggy (ed.) Derivations and constraints in phonology. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 551–581.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Samek-Lodovici, Vieri (1992). Universal constraints and morphological gemination: a crosslinguistic study. Ms, Brandeis University.Google Scholar
Samek-Lodovici, Vieri & Prince, Alan (1999). Optima. Ms, University College London & Rutgers University. Available as ROA-363 from the Rutgers Optimality Archive.Google Scholar
Samek-Lodovici, Vieri & Prince, Alan (2005). Fundamental properties of harmonic bounding. Ms, University College London & Rutgers University. Available as ROA-785 from the Rutgers Optimality Archive.Google Scholar
Sapir, J. David (1965). A grammar of Diola-Fogny. London: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Scholz, Sybil (2003). The status of coronals in Standard American English: an optimality-theoretic account. PhD dissertation, University of Cologne. Available (June 2008) at http://kups.ub.uni-koeln.de/volltexte/2004/1294.Google Scholar
Selkirk, Elisabeth (1981). Epenthesis and degenerate syllables in Cairene Arabic. In Borer, Hagit & Aoun, Yosef (eds.) Theoretical issues in the grammar of Semitic languages. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT. 111–140.Google Scholar
Sherer, Tim D. (1994). Prosodic phonotactics. PhD dissertation, University of Massachusetts, Amherst.Google Scholar
Shryock, Aaron (1993). Assimilation in Musey. Ms, University of California, Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Sim, Margaret G. (1985). Kambaata verb morphophonemics. Afrikanistische Arbeitspapiere 2. 44–63.Google Scholar
Sim, Margaret G. (1988). Palatalization and gemination in the Kambaata verb. Journal of Afroasiatic Languages 1. 58–65.Google Scholar
Smith, Jennifer L. (2002). Phonological augmentation in prominent positions. PhD dissertation, University of Massachusetts, Amherst.Google Scholar
Stemberger, Joseph Paul (1993). Glottal transparency. Phonology 10. 107–138.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Steriade, Donca (1987). Locality conditions and feature geometry. NELS 17. 595–617.Google Scholar
Steriade, Donca (1995). Underspecification and markedness. In Goldsmith, John (ed.) Handbook of phonological theory. Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell. 114–174.Google Scholar
Steriade, Donca (1999a). Alternatives to syllable-based accounts of consonantal phonotactics. In Fujimura, Osamu, Joseph, Brian & Palek, Bohumil (eds.) Item order in language and speech. Prague: Karolinum. 205–242.Google Scholar
Steriade, Donca (1999b). Phonetics in phonology: the case of laryngeal neutralization. UCLA Working Papers in Linguistics: Papers in Phonology 3. 25–145.Google Scholar
Steriade, Donca (2001). Directional asymmetries in place assimilation: a perceptual account. In Hume & Johnson (2001b). 219–250.Google Scholar
Steriade, Donca (forthcoming). The phonology of perceptibility effects: the P-map and its consequences for constraint organization. In Hanson, Kristin & Inkelas, Sharon (eds.) The nature of the word: studies in honor of Paul Kiparsky. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. Original version (2001) available (June 2008) at http://www.linguistics.ucla.edu/people/steriade/papers/P-map_for_phonology.doc.Google Scholar
Tranel, Bernard (1996a). Exceptionality in Optimality Theory and final consonants in French. In Zagona, Karen (ed.) Grammatical theory and Romance languages. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: Benjamins. 275–291.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tranel, Bernard (1996b). French liaison and elision revisited: a unified account within Optimality Theory. In Parodi, Claudia, Quicoli, Carlos, Saltarelli, Mario & Zubizarreta, María Luisa (eds.) Aspects of Romance linguistics. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press. 433–455.Google Scholar
Tranel, Bernard (1998). Suppletion and OT: on the issue of the syntax/phonology interaction. WCCFL 16. 415–429.Google Scholar
Trigo, Loren (1988). The phonological derivation and behavior of nasal glides. PhD dissertation, MIT. Available (June 2008) at http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/14408.Google Scholar
Uffmann, Christian (2007). Intrusive [r] and optimal epenthetic consonants. Language Sciences 29. 451–476.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vance, Timothy J. (1987). An introduction to Japanese phonology. Albany: State University of New York Press.Google Scholar
Vaux, Bert (1998). The laryngeal specifications of fricatives. LI 29. 497–511.Google Scholar
Vaux, Bert (2002). Consonant epenthesis and the problem of unnatural phonology. Ms, Harvard University. Available (June 2008) at http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/566563.html.Google Scholar
Walker, Rachel (1998). Nasalization, neutral segments, and opacity effects. PhD dissertation, University of California, Santa Cruz. Available as ROA-405 from the Rutgers Optimality Archive.Google Scholar
Webb, Charlotte (1982). A constraint on progressive consonantal assimilation. Linguistics 20. 309–321.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weijer, Jeroen van de (2002). An Optimality Theoretical analysis of the Dutch diminutive. In Broekhuis, Hans & Fikkert, Paula (eds.) Linguistics in the Netherlands 2002. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: Benjamins. 199–209.Google Scholar
Wetzels, W. Leo & Mascaró, Joan (2001). The typology of voicing and devoicing. Lg 77. 207–244.Google Scholar
Whitney, William Dwight (1889). A Sanskrit grammar. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Wilson, Colin (2000). Targeted constraints: an approach to contextual neutralization in Optimality Theory. PhD dissertation, Johns Hopkins University.Google Scholar
Wilson, Colin (2001). Consonant cluster neutralisation and targeted constraints. Phonology 18. 147–197.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wolf, Matthew (2008). Optimal interleaving: serial phonology-morphology interaction in a constraint-based model. PhD dissertation, University of Massachusetts, Amherst.Google Scholar
Wright, W. (1896). A grammar of the Arabic language, translated from the German of Caspari. 3rd edn, revised by W. Robertson Smith & M. J. de Goeje. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Yip, Moira (1991). Coronals, consonant clusters, and the coda condition. In Paradis & Prunet (1991). 61–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zoll, Cheryl (1998). Parsing below the segment in a constraint-based framework. Stanford: CSLI.Google Scholar