Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gvvz8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T07:34:04.905Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Strategies for Discovering Mechanisms: Schema Instantiation, Modular Subassembly, Forward/Backward Chaining

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2022

Lindley Darden*
Affiliation:
University of Maryland, College Park
*
Send reprint requests to Lindley Darden, Department of Philosophy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA; [email protected]; www.inform.umd.edu/PHIL/faculty/LDarden/

Abstract

Discovery proceeds in stages of construction, evaluation, and revision. Each of these stages is constrained by what is known or conjectured about what is being discovered. A new characterization of mechanism aids in specifying what is to be discovered when a mechanism is sought. Guidance in discovering mechanisms may be provided by the reasoning strategies of schema instantiation, modular subassembly, and forward/backward chaining. Examples are found in mechanisms in molecular biology, biochemistry, immunology, and evolutionary biology.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © The Philosophy of Science Association

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Allchin, Douglas (1994), “The Super Bowl and the Ox-Phos Controversy: “‘Winner-Take-All’ Controversy in Philosophy of Science”, in Hull, D., Forbes, M., and Burian, R. M. (eds.), PSA 1994, Vol. 1. East Lansing: Philosophy of Science Association, 2233.Google Scholar
Bechtel, William, and Richardson, Robert C. (1993), Discovering Complexity: Decomposition and Localization as Strategies in Scientific Research. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Brandon, Robert (1985), “Grene on Mechanism and Reductionism: More Than Just a Side Issue”, in Asquith, Peter and Kitcher, Philip (eds.), PSA 1984, Vol. 2. East Lansing: Philosophy of Science Association, 345353.Google Scholar
Burian, Richard M. (1996), “Underappreciated Pathways toward Molecular Genetics as Illustrated by Jean Brachet’s Cytochemical Embryology”, in Sarkar, S. (ed.), The Philosophy and History of Molecular Biology: New Perspectives. Dordrecht: Kluwer, 6785.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cairns, John, Overbaugh, Julie, and Miller, S. (1988), “The Origin of Mutants”, The Origin of Mutants 335:142145.Google ScholarPubMed
Craver, Carl (2002), “Interlevel Experiments, Multilevel Mechanisms, and Robustness”, Interlevel Experiments, Multilevel Mechanisms, and Robustness 69 (Supplement): S83S97.Google Scholar
Craver, Carl, and Darden, Lindley (2001), “Discovering Mechanisms in Neurobiology: The Case of Spatial Memory”, in Machamer, Peter, Grush, R., and McLaughlin, P. (eds.), Theory and Method in Neuroscience. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 112137.Google Scholar
Crick, Francis (1988), What Mad Pursuit: A Personal View of Scientific Discovery. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Darden, Lindley (1991), Theory Change in Science: Strategies from Mendelian Genetics. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Darden, Lindley (1995), “Exemplars, Abstractions, and Anomalies: Representations and Theory Change in Mendelian and Molecular Genetics”, in Lennox, James G. and Wolters, Gereon (eds.), Concepts, Theories, and Rationality in the Biological Sciences. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 137158.Google Scholar
Darden, Lindley, and Cain, Joseph A. (1989), “Selection Type Theories”, Selection Type Theories 56:106129.Google Scholar
Darden, Lindley, and Craver, Carl (2002), “Strategies in the Interfield Discovery of the Mechanism of Protein Synthesis”, Strategies in the Interfield Discovery of the Mechanism of Protein Synthesis 33:128Google Scholar
Dunbar, Kevin (1995), “How Scientists Really Reason: Scientific Reasoning in Real-World Laboratories”, in Sternberg, R. J. and Davidson, J. E. (eds.), The Nature of Insight. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 365395.Google Scholar
Foster, Patricia L. (1999), “Mechanisms of Stationary Phase Mutation: A Decade of Adaptive Mutation”, Mechanisms of Stationary Phase Mutation: A Decade of Adaptive Mutation 33:5788.Google ScholarPubMed
Glennan, Stuart S. (1996), “Mechanisms and the Nature of Causation”, Mechanisms and the Nature of Causation 44:4971.Google Scholar
Hoagland, Mahlon B. (1955), “An Enzymic Mechanism for Amino Acid Activation in Animal Tissues”, An Enzymic Mechanism for Amino Acid Activation in Animal Tissues 16:288289.Google ScholarPubMed
Hoagland, Mahlon B., Zamecnik, Paul, and Stephenson, Mary L. (1959), “A Hypothesis Concerning the Roles of Particulate and Soluble Ribonucleic Acids in Protein Synthesis”, in Zirkle, R. E. (ed.), A Symposium on Molecular Biology. Chicago: Chicago University Press, 105114.Google Scholar
Holyoak, Keith J., and Thagard, Paul (1995), Mental Leaps: Analogy in Creative Thought. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Keyes, Martha (1999a), “The Prion Challenge to the ‘Central Dogma’ of Molecular Biology, 1965–1991, Part I: Prelude to Prions”, The Prion Challenge to the ‘Central Dogma’ of Molecular Biology, 1965–1991, Part I: Prelude to Prions 30:119.Google Scholar
Keyes, Martha (1999b) “The Prion Challenge to the ‘Central Dogma’ of Molecular Biology, 1965–1991, Part II: The Problem with Prions”, The Prion Challenge to the ‘Central Dogma’ of Molecular Biology, 1965–1991, Part II: The Problem with Prions 30:181218.Google Scholar
Kitcher, Philip (1989), “Explanatory Unification and the Causal Structure of the World”, in Kitcher, Philip and Salmon, Wesley (eds.), Scientific Explanation. Minnesota Studies in the Philosophy of Science, Vol. 13. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 410505.Google Scholar
Machamer, Peter, Darden, Lindley, and Craver, Carl (2000), “Thinking about Mechanisms”, Thinking about Mechanisms 67:125.Google Scholar
Nickles, Thomas (1987), “Methodology, Heuristics, and Rationality”, in Pitt, J.C. and Pera, M. (eds.), Rational Changes in Science. Dordrecht: Reidel, 103132.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rheinberger, Hans-Jörg (1997), Towards a History of Epistemic Things: Synthesizing Proteins in the Test Tube. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Skipper, Robert Alan Jr. (1999), “Selection and the Extent of Explanatory Unification”, Philosophy of Science 66 (Supplement): S196S209.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Steele, Edward J., Lindley, Robyn A., and Blanden, Robert B. (1998), Lamarck’s Signature. Reading, Mass.: Perseus Books.Google Scholar
Watson, James D. (1965), Molecular Biology of the Gene. New York: W. A. Benjamin.Google Scholar
Watson, James D. (1968), The Double Helix. New York: New American Library.Google Scholar
Watson, J. D., and Crick, F. H. C. (1953), “A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid”, A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid 171:737738.Google ScholarPubMed
Wimsatt, William (1972), “Complexity and Organization”, in Schaffner, Kenneth F. and Cohen, Robert S. (eds.), PSA 1972. Dordrecht: Reidel, 6786.Google Scholar
Zamecnik, Paul C. (1960), “Historical and Current Aspects of the Problem of Protein Synthesis”, The Harvey Lectures 1958–1959. Series 54. New York: Academic Press, 256281.Google Scholar