Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-l7hp2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-03T00:38:26.788Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The Experimental Evidence for Subjective Referral of a Sensory Experience Backwards in Time: Reply to P. S. Churchland

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 April 2022

Benjamin Libet*
Affiliation:
Department of Physiology University of California, San Francisco

Abstract

Evidence that led to the hypothesis of a backwards referral of conscious sensory experiences in time, and the experimental tests of its predictions, is summarized. Criticisms of the data and the conclusion by Churchland that this hypothesis is untenable are analysed and found to be based upon misconceptions and faulty evaluations of facts and theory. Subjective referral in time violates no neurophysiological principles or data and is compatible with the theory of “mental” and “physical” correspondence.

Type
Reply
Copyright
Copyright © 1981 by the Philosophy of Science Association

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Churchland, P. S. (1981), “On the alleged backwards referral of experiences and its relevance to the mind-body problem”, Philosophy of Science 48: 165181.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Desmedt, J. E. (1971), “Somatosensory cerebral evoked potentials in man” in Handbook of Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 9, Rémond, A., (ed.), Amsterdam: Elsevier, pp. 882.Google Scholar
Fehrer, E. and Raab, D. (1962), “A comparison of reaction time and verbal report in the detection of masked stimuli”, Journal of Experimental Psychology 64: 126130.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Feigl, H. (1960), “Mind-body, not a pseudoproblem” in Dimensions of Mind, Hook, S., (ed.), Washington Square: New York University Press, pp. 2436.Google Scholar
Jensen, A. R. (1979), “g: Outmoded theory or unconquered frontier?”, Creative Science & Technology II. 1629.Google Scholar
Libet, B. (1965), “Cortical activation in conscious and unconscious experience”, Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 9: pp. 7786.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Libet, B. (1966), “Brain stimulation and the threshold of conscious experience” in Brain and Conscious Experience, Eccles, J. C., (ed.), New York: Springer-Verlag, pp. 165181.Google Scholar
Libet, B. (1973), “Electrical stimulation of cortex in human subjects and conscious sensory aspects” in Handbook of Sensory Physiology, vol. II, Iggo, A., (ed.), Berlin: Springer-Verlag, pp. 743790.Google Scholar
Libet, B. (1978a), “Neuronal vs. subjective timing, for a conscious sensory experience” in Cerebral Correlates of Conscious Experience, Buser, P. A. and Rougeul-Buser, A., (eds.), Amsterdam: Elsevier/North Holland Biomedical Press, pp. 6982.Google Scholar
Libet, B. (1978b), “What is conscious sensory experience, operationally?”, Commentary, p. 156, to P. E. Roland, “Sensory feedback to the cerebral cortex during voluntary movement in man”, Behavioral and Brain Sciences 1: 129171.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Libet, B. (1979), “Can a theory based on some cell properties define the timing of mental activities?”, Commentary, pp. 270–271, to G. S. Wasserman and K.-L. Kong, “Absolute timing of mental activities”, Behavioral and Brain Sciences 2: 243304.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Libet, B., Alberts, W. W., Wright, E. W., and Feinstein, B. (1967), “Responses of human somatosensory cortex to stimuli below threshold for conscious sensation”, Science 158: 15971600.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Libet, B., Alberts, W. W., Wright, E. W., and Feinstein, B. (1972), “Cortical and thalamic activation in conscious sensory experience” in Neurophysiology Studied in Man, Somjen, G. G., (ed.), Amsterdam: Excerpta Medical, pp. 157168.Google Scholar
Libet, B., Wright, E. W. Jr., Feinstein, B., and Pearl, D. K. (1979), “Subjective referral of the timing for a conscious sensory experience: a functional role for the somatosensory specific projection system in man”, Brain 102: 191222.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nagel, T. (1974), “What is it like to be a bat?”, Philosophical Review 83: 435450.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pepper, S. C. (1960), “A neural-identity theory of mind” in Dimensions of Mind, Hook, S., (ed.), Washington Square: New York University Press, pp. 3756.Google Scholar
Popper, K. R. and Eccles, J. C. (1977), The Self and Its Brain. Berlin: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sherrington, C. S. (1940), Man on his Nature. London: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Shevrin, H. (1978), “Evoked potential evidence for unconscious mental processes: a review of the literature” in The Unconscious: Nature, Function, Methods of Study, Prangishvili, A. S., Sherozia, A. E. and Bassin, F. V., (eds.), Tbilisi: Metsniereba Publishing House, pp. 610625.Google Scholar
Shevrin, H. and Fritzler, D. E. (1968), “Visual evoked response correlates of unconscious mental processes”, Science 161: 295298.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sperry, R. W. (1980), “Mind-brain interaction: Mentalism, yes; dualism, no”, Neuroscience 5: 195206.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thorpe, H. W. (1966), “Ethology and consciousness” in Brain and Conscious Experience, Eccles, J. C., (ed.), New York: Springer-Verlag, pp. 470505.Google Scholar
Thorpe, H. E. (1974), Animal Nature and Human Nature. London: Methuen.Google Scholar