Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t7fkt Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-27T22:32:51.076Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Computation, San Diego Style

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2022

Abstract

What does it mean to say that a physical system computes or, specifically, to say that the nervous system computes? One answer, endorsed here, is that computing is a sort of modeling. I trace this line of answer in the conceptual and philosophical work conducted over the last 3 decades by researchers associated with the University of California, San Diego (UCSD). The linkage between their work and the modeling notion is no coincidence: the modeling notion aims to account for the computational approach in neuroscience, and UCSD has been home to central studies in neurophilosophy, connectionism, and computational neuroscience.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © The Philosophy of Science Association

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

Thanks to Yonatan Loewenstein, Gualtiero Piccinini, and a journal referee. This research was supported by the Israel Science Foundation grant 725/08.

References

Cannon, Stephen C., Robinson, David A., and Shamma, Shihab A.. 1983. “A Proposed Neural Network for the Integrator of the Oculomotor System.” Biological Cybernetics 49:127–36.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chalmers, David J. 1996. “Does a Rock Implement Every Finite-State Automaton?Synthese 108:309–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Churchland, Patricia S., Koch, Christof, and Sejnowski, Terrence J.. 1990. “What Is Computational Neuroscience?” In Computational Neuroscience, ed. Schwartz, Eric L., 4655. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Churchland, Patricia S., and Sejnowski, Terrence J.. 1992. The Computational Brain. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Churchland, Paul M. 1989. A Neurocomputational Perspective: The Nature of Mind and the Structure of Science. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Churchland, Paul M.. 2007. Neurophilosophy at Work. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cummins, Robert. 1989. Meaning and Mental Representation. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Dresner, Eli. Forthcoming. “Measurement-Theoretic Representation and Computation-Theoretic Realization.” Journal of Philosophy.Google Scholar
Dretske, Fred. 1988. Explaining Behavior: Reasons in a World of Causes. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Edelman, Shimon. 2008. Computing the Mind: How the Mind Really Works. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Fodor, Jerry A. 1980. “Methodological Solipsism Considered as a Research Strategy in Cognitive Psychology.” Behavioral and Brain Sciences 3:6373. Repr. in Mind Design: Philosophy, Psychology, Artificial Intelligence, ed. Haugeland, John, 307–38. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Fodor, Jerry A.. 1981. “The Mind-Body Problem.” Scientific American 244:114–23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fodor, Jerry A.. 1994. The Elm and the Expert. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Fodor, Jerry A., and Pylyshyn, Zeno W.. 1988. “Connectionism and Cognitive Architecture: A Critical Analysis.” Cognition 28:371.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goldman, Mark S., Kaneko, Chris R. S., Major, Guy, Aksay, Emre, Tank, David W., and Seung, Sebastian H.. 2002. “Linear Regression of Eye Velocity on Eye Position and Head Velocity Suggests a Common Oculomotor Neural Integrator.” Journal of Neurophysiology 88:659–65.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grush, Rick. 1995. “Emulation and Cognition.” PhD diss., University of California, San Diego.Google Scholar
Grush, Rick. 2001. “The Semantic Challenge to Computational Neuroscience.” In Theory and Method in the Neurosciences, ed. Machamer, Peter, Grush, Rick, and McLaughlin, Peter, 155–72. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.Google Scholar
Harnish, Robert M. 2002. Minds, Brains, Computers: An Historical Introduction to the Foundations of Cognitive Science. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
Haugeland, John. 1981. “Semantic Engines: An Introduction to Mind Design.” In Mind Design: Philosophy, Psychology, Artificial Intelligence, ed. Haugeland, John, 134. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Koch, Christof. 1999. The Biophysics of Computation: Information Processing in Single Neurons. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Leigh, John R., and Zee, David S.. 2006. The Neurology of Eye Movements. 4th ed. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Marr, David C. 1982. Vision. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman.Google Scholar
Marr, David C., and Hildreth, Ellen. 1980: “Theory of Edge Detection.” Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 207:187217.Google Scholar
McCulloch, Warren S., and Pitts, Walter. 1943. “A Logical Calculus of Ideas Immanent in Nervous Activity.” Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics 5:115–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Newell, Allen. 1980. “Physical Symbol Systems.” Cognitive Science 4:135–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Newell, Allen, and Simon, Herbert. 1976. “Computer Science as Empirical Inquiry: Symbols and Search.” Communications of the Association for Computing Machinery 19:113–26. Repr. in Mind Design: Philosophy, Psychology, Artificial Intelligence, ed. Haugeland, John, 35–66. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Piccinini, Gualtiero. 2007. “Computing Mechanisms.” Philosophy of Science 74:501–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Piccinini, Gualtiero. 2008a. “Computation without Representation.” Philosophical Studies 137:205–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Piccinini, Gualtiero. 2008b. “Computers.” Pacific Philosophical Quarterly 89:3273.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Putnam, Hilary. 1988. Representations and Reality. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Pylyshyn, Zeno W. 1984. Computation and Cognition. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Ramsey, William. 2007. Representation Reconsidered. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robinson, David A. 1989. “Integrating with Neurons.” Annual Reviews of Neuroscience 12:3345.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rumelhart, David E., McClelland, James L., and the PDP Research Group. 1986. Parallel Distributed Processing. vol. 1. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Searle, John R. 1992. The Rediscovery of the Mind. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sejnowski, Terrence J., Koch, Christof, and Churchland, Patricia S.. 1988. “Computational Neuroscience.” Science 241:12991306.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Seung, Sebastian H. 1996. “How the Brain Keeps the Eyes Still.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 93:13339–44.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Seung, Sebastian H.. 1998. “Continuous Attractors and Oculomotor Control.” Neural Networks 11:1253–58.Google Scholar
Shadmehr, Reza, and Wise, Steven P.. 2005. The Computational Neurobiology of Reaching and Pointing: A Foundation for Motor Learning. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Shagrir, Oron. 1994. “Computation and Its Relevance to Cognition.” PhD diss., University of California, San Diego.Google Scholar
Shagrir, Oron. 2001. “Content, Computation and Externalism.” Mind 110:369400.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shagrir, Oron. 2006. “Why We View the Brain as a Computer.” Synthese 153:393416.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shagrir, Oron. 2010a. “Brains as Analog-Model Computers.” Studies in the History and Philosophy of Science, forthcoming.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shagrir, Oron. 2010b. “Marr on Computational-Level Theories.” Philosophy of Science, forthcoming.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sher, Gila Y. 1991. The Bounds of Logic: A Generalized Viewpoint. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Sher, Gila Y.. 1996. “Did Tarski Commit ‘Tarski's Fallacy'?Journal of Symbolic Logic 61:653–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stich, Stephen P. 1983. From Folk Psychology to Cognitive Science: The Case against Belief. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Swoyer, Chris. 1991. “Structural Representation and Surrogative Reasoning.” Synthese 87:449508.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zipser, David, and Andersen, Richard A.. 1988. “A Back-Propagation Programmed Network That Simulates Response Properties of a Subset of Posterior Parietal Neurons.” Nature 331:679–84.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed