Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gbm5v Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T18:04:35.544Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Persistence and transmission of tick-borne viruses: Ixodes ricinus and louping-ill virus in red grouse populations

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 April 2009

P. J. Hudson ,
R. Norman ,
M. K. Laurenson ,
D. Newborn ,
M. Gaunt ,
L. Jones ,
H. Reid ,
E. Gould ,
R. Bowers  and
A. Dobson
P. J. Hudson
Affiliation:
Wildlife Epidemiology Unit, Department of Biological and Molecular Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK
R. Norman
Affiliation:
Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Liverpool, P0 Box 147 Liverpool L69 3BX, UK
M. K. Laurenson
Affiliation:
Wildlife Epidemiology Unit, Department of Biological and Molecular Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK
D. Newborn
Affiliation:
Upland Research Group, The Game Conservancy Trust, Crubenmore, Newtonmore, Inverness-shire PH20 1 BE, UK
M. Gaunt
Affiliation:
Institute of Virology and Environmental Microbiology, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3P5, UK
L. Jones
Affiliation:
Institute of Virology and Environmental Microbiology, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3P5, UK
H. Reid
Affiliation:
Moredun Research Institute, Gilmerton Road, Edinburgh EH17 7JH, UK
E. Gould
Affiliation:
Institute of Virology and Environmental Microbiology, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3P5, UK
R. Bowers
Affiliation:
Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Liverpool, P0 Box 147 Liverpool L69 3BX, UK
A. Dobson
Affiliation:
Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, NJ 08544-1003, USA
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Summary

The population dynamics of tick-borne disease agents and in particular the mechanisms which influence their persistence are examined with reference to the flavivirus that causes louping-ill in red grouse and sheep. Pockets of infection cause heavy mortality and the infection probably persists as a consequence of immigration of susceptible hosts. Seroprevalence is positively associated with temporal variations in vectors per host, although variation between areas is associated with the abundance of mountain hares. The presence of alternative tick hosts, particularly large mammals, provides additional hosts for increasing tick abundance. Grouse alone can not support the vectors and the pathogen but both can persist when a non-viraemic mammalian host supports the tick population and a sufficiently high number of nymphs bite grouse. These alternative hosts may also amplify virus through non-viraemic transmission by the process of co-feeding, although the relative significance of this has yet to be determined. Another possible route of infection is through the ingestion of vectors when feeding or preening. Trans-ovarial transmission is a potentially important mechanism for virus persistence but has not been recorded with louping-ill and Ixodes ricinus. The influence of non-viraemic hosts, both in the multiplication of vectors and the amplification of virus through non-viraemic transmission are considered significant for virus persistence.

Keywords

Louping-illIxodes ricinusred grouseco-feedingtick-borne diseasestrans-ovarial transmissionreservoir hosts
Type
Research Article
Information
Parasitology , Volume 111 , Supplement S1: Ecology of wildlife host-parasite interactions , January 1995 , pp. S49 - S58
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1995

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Anderson, R. M. & May, R. M. (1991). Infectious Disease of Humans. Oxford: OUP.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aron, J. L. & May, R. M. (1982). The population dynamics of malaria In Population Dynamics of Infectious Diseases (ed. Anderson, R. M.), pp. 139–79. London: Chapman & Hall.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Begon, M. & Bowers, R. C. (1995). Beyond host-pathogen dynamics. In Ecology of Infectious Diseases in Natural Populations (ed. Grenfell, B. T. & Dobson, A. P.), pp. 478–509. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Danchin, E. (1992). The incidence of the tick parasite Ixodes uriae in Kittiwake Rissa tridactyla colonies in relation to the age of the colony, and a mechanism of infecting new colonies.Google Scholar
Dye, C. & Hasibeder, G. (1986). Population dynamics of mosquito-borne disease: effects of flies which bite some people more frequently than others. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 80, 69–77.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dye, C. & Williams, B. G. (1995). Non-linearities in the dynamics of indirectly transmitted infections (or, does having a vector make a difference?). In Ecology of Infectious Diseases in Natural Populations (ed. Grenfell, B. T. & Dobson, A. P.), pp. 260–279, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gray, J. S. (1982). The effects of the piroplasm Babesia bigemina on survival and reproduction of the blue tick, Boophilus decoloratus. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 39, 413–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hassell, M. P., May, R. M., Pacala, S. W. & Chesson, P. L. (1991). The persistence of host-parasitoid associations in patchy environments. The American Naturalist 138, 568–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hudson, P. J. (1986 a). Red Grouse. The Management of a Wild Gamebird. Fordingbridge, Game Conservancy Trust.Google Scholar
Hudson, P. J. (1986 b). Bracken and ticks on grouse moors in the north of England. In Bracken, Ecology, Land Use and Control Technology. (ed. Smith, R. T. & Taylor, J. A.), pp. 161–170, Parthenon, Carnforth.Google Scholar
Hudson, P. J. (1992). Grouse in Space and Time. Fordingbridge: Game Conservancy Trust.Google Scholar
Hudson, P. J. & Dobson, A. P. (1991). Control of parasites in natural populations: nematodes and virus infections of red grouse. In Bird Population Studies (ed. Perrins, C. M., Lebreton, J.-D. & Hirons, G. J. M.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Jones, L. D., Davies, C. R., Steele, G. M. & Nuttall, P. A. (1987). A novel mode of arbovirus transmission involving a nonviraemic host. Science 237, 775–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Labuda, M., Jones, L. D., Williams, T. & Nuttall, P. A. (1993). Enhancement of tick-borne encephalitis virus transmission by tick salivary gland extracts. Medical and Veterinary Entomology 7, 193–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lloyd, M. (1967). Mean crowding. Journal of Animal Ecology 36, 1–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
May, R. M. & Nowak, M. A. (1994). Superinfection, metapopulation dynamics and the evolution of diversity. Journal of Theoretical Biology 170, 95–114.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Macdonald, G. (1957). The Epidemiology and Control of Malaria. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Munderloh, U. G. & Kurtti, T. J. (1995). Cellular and molecular interrelationships between ticks and prokaryotic tick-borne pathogens. Annual Review of Entomology 40, 221–43.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nuttall, P. A., Jones, L. D., Labuda, M. & Kaufman, W. R. (1994). Adaptations of arboviruses to ticks. Journal of Medical Entomology 31, 1–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Randolph, S. E. (1995). Quantifying parameters in the transmission of Babesia microti by the tick Ixodes trianguliceps amongst voles (Clethrionomys glareolus) Parasitology 110, 287–95.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Randolph, S. E. & Craine, N. (1995). A general framework for comparative quantitative studies on the transmission of tick-borne diseases using Lyme borreliosis in Europe as an example. Journal of Medical Entomology 32, 765–777.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reid, H. W., Duncan, J. S., Phillips, J. D. P., Moss, R. & Watson, A. (1978). Studies of louping-ill virus (Flavivirus group) in wild red grouse (Lagopus lagopus scoticus). Journal of Hygiene 81, 321–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ross, R. (1911). The Prevention of Malaria. London: Murray.Google ScholarPubMed
Shaw, B. & Reid, H. W. (1981). Immune responses of sheep to louping-ill virus vaccine. Veterinary Record 109, 529–31.Google ScholarPubMed
Shiu, S. Y. W., Ayres, M. D. & Could, E. A. (1991). Genomic sequence of the structured proteins of louping-ill: comparative analysis with tick-borne encephalitis virus. Virology 180, 411–15.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smith, T. & Kilborne, F. L. (1893). Investigations into the nature, causation and prevention of Texas or southern cattle fever. Bulletin No. 1, pp. 301. Washington: USDA, Bureau of Animal Industry.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Watkinson, A. & Sutherland, W. (1995). Sources, sinks and pseudo-sinks. Journal of Animal Ecology 64, 126–130.CrossRefGoogle Scholar