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Parastrongyloides trichosuri suggests that XX/XO sex determination is ancestral in Strongyloididae (Nematoda)

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 August 2013

ARPITA KULKARNI ,
ANNA DYKA ,
LINDA NEMETSCHKE ,
WARWICK N. GRANT  and
ADRIAN STREIT
ARPITA KULKARNI
Affiliation:
Department of Evolutionary Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
ANNA DYKA
Affiliation:
Department of Evolutionary Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
LINDA NEMETSCHKE
Affiliation:
Department of Evolutionary Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
WARWICK N. GRANT
Affiliation:
Department of Genetics, La Trobe University, Victoria 3086, Australia
ADRIAN STREIT*
Affiliation:
Department of Evolutionary Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
*
*Corresponding author: Department IV, Max-Planck-Institut für Entwicklungsbiologie, Spemannstrasse 35, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany. E-mail: [email protected]
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Summary

The parasitic roundworms Strongyloides stercoralis (in man) and Strongyloides ratti (in rats) employ environmentally controlled XX/XO sex determination with a pair of X chromosomes and two pairs of autosomes. Strongyloides papillosus (in sheep) has only two pairs of chromosomes, one of which combines the genetic material homologous to the S. ratti chromosomes X and I. This species creates males through the elimination of one copy of the portion related to the X chromosome (chromatin diminution). It is not clear which one of these two sex-determining mechanisms is ancestral. We demonstrate that Strongyloides vituli (in cattle) has two pairs of chromosomes like its very close relative S. papillosus whereas Parastrongyloides trichosuri, a closely related out-group to Strongyloides spp. in Australian brushtail possums, has three chromosome pairs and employs XX/XO sex determination. The X chromosome of P. trichosuri is homologous to the X chromosome of S. ratti. Our data strongly suggest that the last common ancestor of Strongyloides spp. and Parastrongyloides spp. had two pairs of autosomes along with two or one X chromosome in females and males, respectively. The situation with two pairs of chromosomes is likely derived and occurred through the fusion of the X chromosome with an autosome.

Keywords

Parastrongyloides spp.Strongyloides spp.sex determinationX chromosomeevolution
Type
Research Article
Information
Parasitology , Volume 140 , Issue 14 , December 2013 , pp. 1822 - 1830
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2013 

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