Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-rcrh6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-28T07:08:15.426Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The influence of water on the migration of infective trichostrongyloid larvae onto grass

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 April 2011

J. van DIJK  and
E. R. MORGAN
J. van DIJK*
Affiliation:
School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Woodland Road, Bristol BS8 1UG, UK
E. R. MORGAN
Affiliation:
School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Woodland Road, Bristol BS8 1UG, UK
*
*Corresponding author: Present address: Institute of Infection and Global Health, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, Neston, Cheshire CH64 7TE, UK. Tel: +44 (0) 1517946087. Fax: +44 (0) 1517946065. E-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Summary

Detailed knowledge of the effects of water on the migration of infective larvae of economically important trichostrongyloid species is urgently needed to feed into prediction models of future epidemiology. The influence of water on the migration of the parasitic nematodes Nematodirus battus, Haemonchus contortus and Teladorsagia circumcincta from sheep dung onto grass was examined in a series of laboratory experiments. Turf plots were seeded with larvae, which were recovered from grass clippings by serial sampling. Free water was necessary for larvae to escape from dung, but not for vertical migration onto grass. When temperature and relative humidity were held constant, the proportion of a population of live larvae present on herbage reached a plateau of around 2 (1–10)% after 24 h, and then changed little over time. Larvae in soil and dung formed a reservoir, such that a similar proportion of the larval population was maintained on grass after clipping. These findings suggest continuing random movement of free larvae. Implications for the epidemiology of trichostrongyloid species are discussed in the context of trade-offs faced by the parasites.

Keywords

Haemonchus contortusTeladorsagia circumcinctaNematodirus battusepidemiologytransmissionrainfalldroughtclimate changediseasetrade-off
Type
Research Article
Information
Parasitology , Volume 138 , Issue 6 , May 2011 , pp. 780 - 788
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2011

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Agyei, A. D. (1997). Seasonal changes in the level of infective strongylate nematode larvae on pasture in the coastal savanna regions of Ghana. Veterinary Parasitology 70, 175–182.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Amaradasa, B. S., Lane, R. A. and Manage, A. (2010). Vertical migration of Haemonchus contortus infective larvae on Cynodon dactylon and Paspalum notatum pastures in response to climatic conditions. Veterinary Parasitology 170, 78–87.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barth, D., Karrer, M. and Heinze-Mutz, E. M. (1995). Significance of moisture content of dung pats for colonisation and degradation of cattle dung. Applied Parasitology 36, 11–21.Google Scholar
Bryan, R. P. and Kerr, J. D. (1989). Factors affecting the survival and migration of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematode parasites of cattle in central Queensland. Veterinary Parasitology 30, 315–326.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Callinan, A. P. L. and Westcott, J. M. (1986). Vertical distribution of trichostrongylid larvae on herbage and in soil. International Journal for Parasitology 16, 241–244.Google Scholar
Chiejina, S. N. and Fakae, B. B. (1989). The ecology of infective larvae of bovine gastrointestinal trichostrongylids in dry season contaminated pastures in the Nigerian derived savanna. Journal of Helminthology 63, 127–139.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crofton, H. D. (1948). The ecology of immature phases of trichostrongyle nematodes. Parasitology 39, 17–25.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eysker, M., Bakker, N., Kooyman, F. N. J. and Ploeger, H. W. (2005). The possibilities and limitations of evasive grazing as a control measure for parasitic gastroenteritis in small ruminants in temperate climates. Veterinary Parasitology 129, 95–104.Google Scholar
Eysker, M. and Kooyman, F. N. J. (1993). Notes on necropsy and herbage processing techniques for gastrointestinal nematodes of ruminants. Veterinary Parasitology 46, 205–213.Google Scholar
Fakae, B. B. and Chiejina, S. N. (1988). Further studies on the development and availability of infective larvae of bovine gastrointestinal trichostrongylids on pasture in eastern Nigeria. Veterinary Parasitology 28, 143–152.Google Scholar
Fenton, A. and Rands, S. A. (2004). Optimal parasite infection strategies: a state-dependant approach. International Journal for Parasitology 34, 813–821.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garcia Romero, C., Valcarcel, F. and Rojo Vazquez, F. A. (1997). Influence of climate on pasture infectivity of ovine trichostrongyles in dry pastures. Jounal of Veterinary Medicine 44, 437–443.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grenfell, B. T., Smith, G. and Anderson, R. M. (1986). Maximum-likelihood estimates of the mortality and migration rates of the infective larvae of Ostertagia ostertagi and Cooperia oncophora. Parasitology 92, 643–652.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hennessy, K. J., Gregory, J. M. and Mitchell, J. F. B. (1997). Changes in daily precipitation under enhanced greenhouse conditions. Climate Dynamics 13, 667–680.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hutchings, M. R., Judge, J., Gordon, I. J., Athanasiadou, S. and Kyriazakis, I. (2006). Use of trade-off theory to advance understanding of herbivore-parasite interactions. Mammal Review 36, 1–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jagdale, G. B. and Grewal, P. S. (2006). Infection behaviour and overwintering survival of foliar nematodes, Aphelenchoides fragariae, on Hosta. Journal of Nematology 38, 130–136.Google Scholar
Krecek, R. C., Groeneveld, H. T. and Maritz, J. I. (1992). A preliminary study of the effect of microclimate on third-stage larvae of Haemonchus contortus and Haemonchus placei on irrigated pastures. International Journal for Parasitology 22, 747–752.Google Scholar
Krecek, R. C., Murrell, K. D. and Douglass, L. W. (1990). Effects of microclimatic variables on the availability and movement of third-stage larvae of Ostertagia ostertagi on herbage. Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research 57, 133–135.Google Scholar
Marley, C. L., Fraser, M. D., Roberts, J. E., Fychan, R. and Jones, R. (2006). Effects of legume forages on ovine gastrointestinal parasite development, migration and survival. Veterinary Parasitology 138, 308–317.Google Scholar
Morgan, E. R., Shakenov, B., Torgerson, P. R., Medley, G. F. and Milner-Gulland, E. J. (2005). Helminths of saiga antelope in Kazakhstan: implications for conservation and livestock production. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 41, 149–162.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Niven, P., Anderson, N. and Vizard, A. L. (2002). Trichostrongylid infections in sheep after rainfall during summer in southern Australia. Australian Veterinary Journal 80, 567–570.Google Scholar
O'Connor, L. J., Kahn, L. P. and Walkden-Brown, S. W. (2007). Moisture requirements for the free-living development of Haemonchus contortus: Quantitative and temporal effects under conditions of low evaporation. Veterinary Parasitology 150, 128–138.Google Scholar
O'Connor, L. J., Kahn, L. P. and Walkden-Brown, S. W. (2008). Interaction between the effects of evaporation rate and amount of simulated rainfall on development of the free-living stages of Haemonchus contortus. Veterinary Parasitology 155, 223–234.Google Scholar
O'Connor, L. J., Walkden-Brown, S. W. and Kahn, L. P. (2006). Ecology of the free-living stages of major trichostrongylid parasites of sheep. Veterinary Parasitology 142, 1–15.Google Scholar
Onyali, I. O., Onwurili, C. O. E. and Ajayi, J. A. (1990). Development and survival of Haemonchus contortus larvae on pasture at Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria. Veterinary Research Communications 14, 211–216.Google Scholar
Rees, G. (1950). Observations on the vertical migration of the third-stage larva of Haemonchus contortus (Rud.) on experimental plots of Lilium perenne S24, in relation to meteorological and micrometeorological factors. Parasitology 40, 127–143.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rose, J. H. and Small, A. J. (1985). The distribution of infective larvae of sheep gastrointestinal nematodes in soil and on herbage and the vertical migration of Trichostrongylus vitrinus larvae through the soil. Journal of Helminthology 59, 127–135.Google Scholar
Silangwa, S. M. and Todd, A. C. (1964). Vertical migration of trichostrongylid larvae on grasses. Journal of Parasitology 50, 278–285.Google Scholar
Silva, B. F., Amarante, M. R. V., Kadri, S. M., Carrijo-Mauad, J. R. and Amarante, A. F. T. (2008). Vertical migration of Haemonchus contortus third stage larvae on Brachiaria decumbens grass. Veterinary Parasitology 158, 85–92.Google Scholar
Sissay, M. M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P. J. (2007). Epidemiology and seasonal dynamics of gastrointestinal nematode infections of sheep in a semi-arid region of eastern Ethiopia. Veterinary Parasitology 143, 311–321.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Skinner, W. D. and Todd, K. S. (1980). Lateral migration of Haemonchus contortus larvae on pasture. American Journal of Veterinary Research 41, 395–398.Google ScholarPubMed
Stromberg, B. E. (1997). Environmental factors influencing transmission. Veterinary Parasitology 72, 247–264.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sturrock, R. F. (1965). The control of trichostrongyle larvae (Nematoda) by fumigation in relation to their bionomics. 1. Bionomics results. Parasitology 55, 29–44.Google Scholar
Tapiador, F. J., Sanchez, E. and Gaertner, M. A. (2007). Regional changes in precipitation in Europe under an increased greenhouse emission scenario. Geophysical Research Letters 34, L06701.Google Scholar
Van Dijk, J., David, G. P., Baird, G. and Morgan, E. R. (2008). Back to the future: Developing hypotheses on the effects of climate change on ovine parasitic gastroenteritis from historical data. Veterinary Parasitology 158, 73–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Dijk, J., de Louw, M. D. E., Kalis, L. P. A. and Morgan, E. R. (2009). Ultraviolet light increases mortality of nematode larvae and can explain patterns of larval availability at pasture. International Journal for Parasitology 39, 1151–1156.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Van Dijk, J. and Morgan, E. R. (2008). The influence of temperature on the development, hatching and survival of Nematodirus battus larvae. Parasitology 135, 269–283.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Van Dijk, J. and Morgan, E. R. (2010). Variation in the hatching behaviour of Nematodirus battus: polymorphic bet hedging? International Journal for Parasitology 40, 675–681.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Van Dijk, J., Sargison, N. D., Kenyon, F. and Skuce, P. J. (2010). Climate change and infectious disease: helminthological challenges to farmed ruminants in temperate regions. Animal 4, 377–392.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Williams, J. C. and Bilkovich, F. R. (1973). Distribution of Ostertagia ostertagi infective larvae on pasture herbage. American Journal of Veterinary Research 34, 1337–1344.Google ScholarPubMed
Yamada, Y. and Oshima, Y. (2003). Distribution and movement of Caenorhabditis elegans on a thermal gradient. Journal of Experimental Biology 206, 2581–2593.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed