Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-vdxz6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-28T01:34:58.651Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Environmental interventions and the pattern of geohelminth infections in Salvador, Brazil

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 August 2004

L. R. S. MORAES  and
S. CAIRNCROSS
L. R. S. MORAES
Affiliation:
Escola Politécnica, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Rua Aristides Novis 2, Federação, 40210-630, Salvador, BA, Brazil
S. CAIRNCROSS
Affiliation:
Escola Politécnica, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Rua Aristides Novis 2, Federação, 40210-630, Salvador, BA, Brazil
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

This paper reports a longitudinal study, conducted in 1989/90, of 1893 children aged 5 to 14 years in 9 poor urban areas of the city of Salvador (population 2·44 million), capital of Bahia State in northeast Brazil. Stool examinations were performed to measure nematode infection and reinfection 9 months after treatment, and an extensive questionnaire was applied to collect information on each child and on the conditions of the household. Comparison of areas with different levels of infrastructure showed the following trends as the level of community sanitation improved: clustering of cases by household became more significant, predisposition of individuals to reinfection and to heavy infection became more marked, and infections with different species were increasingly aggregated in the same individuals. These results suggest that sewerage and drainage can significantly reduce transmission of intestinal nematode infections in the public domain, but that other measures are required to control transmission within the household.

Keywords

Ascaris lumbricoidesTrichuris trichiurahookwormlongitudinal studyreinfectionpredispositionhousehold clusteringsanitationintervention
Type
Research Article
Information
Parasitology , Volume 129 , Issue 2 , August 2004 , pp. 223 - 232
Copyright
2004 Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

ANDERSON, R. M. ( 1986). The population dynamics and epidemiology of intestinal nematode infections. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 80, 686–696.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
ANDERSON, R. M. & MEDLEY, G. F. ( 1985). Community control of helminth infections of man by mass and selective chemotherapy. Parasitology 90, 629–660.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
ASAOLU, S. O., OFOEZIE, I. E., ODAMUYIWA, P. A., SOWEMIMO, O. A. & OGUNNIYI, T. A. ( 2002). Effect of water supply and sanitation on the prevalence and intensity of Ascaris lumbricoides infection among pre-school-age children in Ajebandele and Ifewara, Ogun State, Nigeria. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 96, 600–604.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
BEHNKE, J. M., DE CLERCQ, D., SACKO, M., GILBERT, F. S., OUATTARA, D. B. & VERCRUYSSE, J. ( 2000). The epidemiology of human hookworm infections in the southern region of Mali. Tropical Medicine and International Health 5, 343–354.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
BUNDY, D. A. P., CHAN, M. S. & GUYATT, H. L. ( 1995). The practicality and sustainability of vaccination as an approach to parasite control. Parasitology 110 (Suppl.), S51–S58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
BUNDY, D. A. P., COOPER, E. S., THOMPSON, D. E., DIDIER, J. M., ANDERSON, R. M. & SIMMONS, I. ( 1987). Predisposition to Trichuris trichiura infections in humans. Epidemiology and Infection 98, 65–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
BUNDY, D. A. P., THOMPSON, D. E., COOPER, E. S., GOLDEN, M. H. & ANDERSON, R. M. ( 1985). Population dynamics and chemotherapeutic control of Trichuris trichiura infection of children in Jamaica and St. Lucia. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 79, 759–764.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
BUNDY, D. A. P. & COOPER, E. S. ( 1988). The evidence of predisposition to trichuriasis in humans: comparison of institutional and community studies. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 82, 251–256.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
CAIRNCROSS, S., BLUMENTHAL, U., KOLSKY, P., MORAES, L. & TAYEH, A. ( 1996). The public and domestic domains in the transmission of disease. Tropical Medicine and International Health 1, 27–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
CHAN, L., BUNDY, D. A. P. & KAN, S. P. ( 1994 a). Aggregation and predisposition to Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura at the familial level. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 88, 46–48.Google Scholar
CHAN, L., BUNDY, D. A. P. & KAN, S. P. ( 1994 b). Genetic relatedness as a determinant of predisposition in Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura infection. Parasitology 108, 77–80.Google Scholar
CORT, W. W., SCHAPIRO, L. & STOLL, N. R. ( 1929). A study of reinfection after treatment with hookworm and Ascaris in two villages in Panama. American Journal of Hygiene 10, 614–625.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
CROLL, N. A. & GHADIRIAN, E. ( 1981). Wormy persons: contributions to the nature and patterns of overdispersion with Ascaris lumbricoides, Ancylostoma duodenale, Necator americanus and Trichuris trichiura. Tropical and Geographic Medicine 33, 241–248.Google Scholar
FARIA, J. A. S. ( 1972). Prevalência de helmintos em escolares de 7-14 anos na cidade do Salvador. Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical 6, 261–264.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
FORRESTER, J. E., SCOTT, M. E., BUNDY, D. A. P. & GOLDEN, M. H. N. ( 1988). Clustering of Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura infections within households. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 82, 282–288.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
FORRESTER, J. E., SCOTT, M. E., BUNDY, D. A. P. & GOLDEN, M. H. N. ( 1990). Predisposition of individuals and families in Mexico to heavy infection with Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 84, 272–276.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
GROSS, R., SCHELL, B., BISI MOLINA, M. C., LEÃO, M. A. C. & STRACK, U. ( 1989). The impact of improvement of water supply and sanitation facilities on diarrhoea and intestinal parasites: a Brazilian experience with children in two low-income urban communities. Revista de Saúde pública, São Paulo 23, 214–220.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
HASWELL-ELKINS, M. R., ELKINS, D. B. & ANDERSON, R. M. ( 1987). Evidence for predisposition in humans to infection with Ascaris, hookworm, Enterobius and Trichuris in a South Indian fishing community. Parasitology 95, 323–337.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
HASWELL-ELKINS, M. R., ELKINS, D. B., MANJULA, K., MICHAEL, E. & ANDERSON, R. M. ( 1988). An investigation of hookworm infection and reinfection following mass anthelminthic treatment in the south Indian fishing community of Vairavnkuppam. Parasitology 96, 565–577.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
KILLEWO, J. Z. J., CAIRNCROSS, S., SMET, J. E. M., MAIKWANO, L. F. & VAN ASTEN, H. ( 1991). Patterns of hookworm and Ascaris infection in Dar es Salaam. Acta Tropica 48, 247–249.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
KLOETZEL, K. ( 1990). Reinfection after treatment of schistosomiasis: environment or “predisposition”? Revista do Instituto Médico de São Paulo 32, 138–146.Google Scholar
KROEGER, A., SCHULZ, S., WITTE, B., SKEWES-RAMM, R. & ETZLER, A. ( 1992). Helminthiasis and cultural change in the Peruvian rainforest. Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 95, 104–113.Google Scholar
MORAES, L. R. S., CANCIO, J. A., CAIRNCROSS, S. & HUTTLY, S. ( 2003). Impact of drainage and sewerage on diarrhoea in poor urban areas in Salvador, Brazil. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 97, 153–158.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MORAES, L. R. S., CANCIO, J. A. & CAIRNCROSS, S. ( 2004). Impact of drainage and sewerage on intestinal nematode infections in poor urban areas in Salvador, Brazil. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 98, 197–204.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
QUINNELL, R. J. ( 2003). Genetics of susceptibility to human helminth infection. International Journal for Parasitology 33, 1219–1231.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
QUINNELL, R. J., GRIFFIN, J., NOWELL, M. A., RAIKO, A. & PRITCHARD, D. ( 2001). Predisposition to hookworm infection in Papua New Guinea. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 95, 139–142.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
SCHULZ, S. & KROEGER, A. ( 1992). Soil contamination with Ascaris lumbricoides eggs as an indicator of environmental hygiene in urban areas of north-east Brazil. Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 95, 95–103.Google Scholar
THEIN-HLAING, THAN-SAW & MYINT-LWIN ( 1987). Reinfection of people with Ascaris lumbricoides following single, 6-month and 12-month interval mass chemotherapy in Okpo village, rural Burma. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 81, 140–146.CrossRefGoogle Scholar