Dietary protein and zinc restrictions independently modify a Heligmosomoides polygyrus (Nematoda) infection in mice

Abstract

The effects of dietary protein and zinc restrictions on Heligmosomoides polygyrus were compared following primary and challenge infection in female BALB/c mice fed either control (24%), marginal (7%) or low (3%) protein combined with either high or low zinc (60 or 3 mg Zn/kg diet). Dietary protein restriction (3%) resulted in significantly lower body weight gain. As well, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) significantly decreased with decreasing dietary protein level. However, neither plasma albumin concentration nor relative thymus or spleen weights were reduced. Marginal zinc deficiency was confirmed by significantly lower tibia and liver zinc concentration, but food intake, body weight gain, relative thymus and spleen weights, and alkaline phosphatase activity were not altered. On day 29 post-primary infection, worm burdens were significantly higher in mice fed either marginal or low protein and in mice fed a low zinc diet, while parasite egg output was significantly higher in mice fed both low protein and low zinc diets. Immune status was compromised in mice fed low protein (significantly lower serum IgG1 and lower eosinophilia), and in mice fed low zinc diet (significantly lower eosinophilia). Early in the infection, IgE titres were elevated in mice fed low protein or low zinc, but IgE titres declined to levels lower than the control diet groups after 14–21 days. On day 29 post-challenge infection, worm burdens and parasite egg output were significantly higher in mice fed low protein, whereas the other groups had expelled almost all parasites. Dietary restriction had no effect on serum IgE. Significantly reduced serum IgG1 titres and eosinophilia in mice fed 3% protein supported the view that low dietary protein but not low zinc increased host susceptibility to H. polygyrus by compromising host immune function following reinfection in immunized mice.