Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-dzt6s Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-29T12:20:17.218Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Development of a low-cost copro-LAMP assay for simultaneous copro-detection of Toxocara canis and Toxocara cati

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 February 2021

Héctor Gabriel Avila Open the ORCID record for Héctor Gabriel Avila [Opens in a new window] ,
Marikena Guadalupe Risso ,
Paula Ruybal ,
Silvia Analía Repetto ,
Marcos Javier Butti ,
Marcos David Trangoni ,
Sylvia Grune Löffler ,
Verónica Mirtha Pérez  and
María Victoria Periago
Héctor Gabriel Avila*
Affiliation:
Laboratorio Provincial de Zoonosis de San Juan, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Tecnológicas, Universidad Católica de Cuyo, San Luis, San Juan, Argentina Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, CABA, Argentina
Marikena Guadalupe Risso
Affiliation:
Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica, IMPAM-UBA-CONICET, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, CABA, Argentina
Paula Ruybal
Affiliation:
Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica, IMPAM-UBA-CONICET, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, CABA, Argentina
Silvia Analía Repetto
Affiliation:
Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica, IMPAM-UBA-CONICET, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, CABA, Argentina
Marcos Javier Butti
Affiliation:
Laboratorio de Parasitosis Humanas y Zoonosis Parasitarias, Cátedra de Parasitología Comparada, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Marcos David Trangoni
Affiliation:
Laboratorio de Brucella, Campylobacter y Microbiota del rumen, Instituto de Biotecnología/Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular (IB/IABIMO), UEDD INTA-CONICET, CICVyA, CNIA, INTA Castelar, Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Sylvia Grune Löffler
Affiliation:
Laboratorio de Leptospirosis, Instituto de Patobiología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria Castelar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Verónica Mirtha Pérez
Affiliation:
Sección de Rabia y Zoonosis, Dirección de Epidemiología, Ministerio de Salud Pública de San Juan, San Juan, Argentina
María Victoria Periago
Affiliation:
Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, CABA, Argentina Fundación Mundo Sano, Buenos Aires, Argentina
*
Author for correspondence: Héctor Gabriel Avila, E-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Toxocariasis is a zoonotic disease caused mainly by Toxocara canis and Toxocara cati and diagnosis in dogs and cats is an important tool for its control. For this reason, a new coprological loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay was developed for the simultaneous detection of these species. The primer set was designed on a region of the mitochondrial cox-1 gene. Amplification conditions were evaluated using a temperature gradient (52°C to 68°C), different incubation times (15–120 min), and different concentrations of malachite green dye (0.004–0.4% w/v). The analytical sensitivity was evaluated with serial dilutions of genomic DNA from T. canis and T. cati adult worms, and with serial dilutions of DNA extracted from feces using a low-cost in-house method. The specificity was evaluated using genomic DNA from Canis lupus familiaris, Felis catus, Escherichia coli, Toxascaris leonina, Ancylostoma caninum, Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto and Taenia hydatigena. The LAMP assay applied to environmental fecal samples from an endemic area showed an analytical sensitivity of 10–100 fg of genomic DNA and 10−5 serial dilutions of DNA extracted from feces using the low-cost in-house method; with a specificity of 100%. Additionally, the total development of the assay was carried out in a basic laboratory and per-reaction reagent cost decreased by ~80%. This new, low-cost tool can help identify the most common agents of toxocariasis in endemic areas in order to manage prevention strategies without having to rely on a laboratory with sophisticated equipment.

Keywords

Copro-diagnosisLoop-Mediated Isothermal AmplificationLow-costToxocara canisToxocara catiToxocariasis
Type
Research Article
Information
Parasitology , Volume 148 , Issue 7 , June 2021 , pp. 819 - 826
Check for updates
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s) 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abdullah, J, Saffie, N, Sjasri, FAR, Husin, A, Abdul-Rahman, Z, Ismail, A, Aziah, I and Mohamed, M (2014) Rapid detection of Salmonella Typhi by loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) method. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology 45, 1385–1391.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Archelli, S and Kozubsky, L (2008) Toxocara y toxocariosis. Acta Bioquímica Clínica Latinoamericana 42, 379–385.Google Scholar
Archelli, S, Santillan, GI, Fonrouge, R, Céspedes, G, Burgos, L and Radman, N (2014) Toxocariasis: seroprevalence in abandoned-institutionalized children and infants. Revista Argentina de Microbiología 46, 3–6. doi: 10.1016/s0325-7541(14)70040-9CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Avila, HG (2019) Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato en argentina: obtención de mapa epidemiológico y desarrollo de un sistema de diagnóstico molecular aplicable en programas de control de la hidatidosis (PhD thesis). Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina.Google Scholar
Avila, HG, Mozzoni, C, Trangoni, MD, Cravero, SLP, Pérez, VM, Valenzuela, F, Gertiser, ML, Butti, MJ, Kamenetzky, L, Jensen, O and Rosenzvit, MC (2020) Development of a copro-LAMP assay for detection of several species of Echinococcus granulosus Sensu Lato complex. Veterinary Parasitology 277, 109017.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Azizi, M, Zaferani, M, Cheong, SH and Abbaspourrad, A (2019) Pathogenic bacteria detection using RNA-based loop-mediated isothermal-amplification-assisted nucleic acid amplification via droplet microfluidics. ACS Sensors 4, 841–848.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bakhtiari, S, Alvandi, A, Pajavand, H, Navabi, J, Najafi, F and Abiri, R (2016) Development and diagnostic evaluation of loop-mediated isothermal amplification using a new gene target for rapid detection of Helicobacter pylori. Jundishapur Journal of Microbiology 9, e28831.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Besuschio, SA, Llano Murcia, M, Benatar, AF, Monnerat, S, Cruz Mata, I, Picado de Puig, A, Curto, M, de los, Á, Kubota, Y, Wehrendt, DP, Pavia, P, Mori, Y, Puerta, C, Ndung'u, JM and Schijman, AG (2017) Analytical sensitivity and specificity of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) kit prototype for detection of Trypanosoma cruzi DNA in human blood samples. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases 11, e0005779.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chahar, M, Anvikar, A, Dixit, R and Valecha, N (2018) Evaluation of four novel isothermal amplification assays towards simple and rapid genotyping of chloroquine resistant Plasmodium falciparum. Experimental Parasitology 190, 1–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Christy, NCV, Hencke, JD, Escueta-De Cadiz, A, Nazib, F, Von Thien, H, Yagita, K, Ligaba, S, Haque, R, Nozaki, T, Tannich, E, Herbein, JF and Petri, WA (2012) Multisite performance evaluation of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Giardia, Cryptosporidium, and Entamoeba Histolytica antigens in human stool. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 50, 1762–1763.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ciarmela, ML, Pezzani, BC and Minvielle, MC (2016) Toxocariasis, intestinal parasitoses and eosinophilia in school children from Argentina. Current Health Sciences Journal 42, 5–11. doi: 10.12865/CHSJ.42.01.01Google ScholarPubMed
Dantas-Torres, F, Ketzis, J, Mihalca, AD, Baneth, G, Otranto, D, Tort, GP, Watanabe, M, Linh, BK, Inpankaew, T, Jimenez Castro, PD, Borrás, P, Arumugam, S, Penzhorn, BL, Ybañez, AP, Irwin, P and Traub, RJ (2020) TroCCAP recommendations for the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of parasitic infections in dogs and cats in the tropics. Veterinary Parasitology 283, 109167. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2020.109167CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Deng, MH, Zhong, LY, Kamolnetr, O, Limpanont, Y and Lv, ZY (2019) Detection of helminths by loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay: a review of updated technology and future outlook. Infectious Diseases of Poverty 8, 20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Deplazes, P, Gottstein, B and Stingelin, JE (1990) Detection of Taenia Hydatigena copro-antigens by ELISA in dogs. Veterinary Parasitology 36, 91–103.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
De Ruiter, CM, Van Der Veer, C, Leeflang, MMG, Deborggraeve, S, Lucas, C and Adams, ER (2014) Molecular tools for diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis: systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic test accuracy. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 52, 3147–3155.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Durand, L, La Carbona, S, Geffard, A, Possenti, A, Dubey, JP and Lalle, M (2019) Comparative evaluation of loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) vs qPCR for detection of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts DNA in mussels. Experimental Parasitology 28, 107809.Google Scholar
Durant, JF, Irenge, LM, Fogt-Wyrwas, R, Dumont, C, Doucet, JP, Mignon, B, Losson, B and Gala, JL (2012) Duplex quantitative real-time PCR assay for the detection and discrimination of the eggs of Toxocara canis and Toxocara cati (Nematoda. Ascaridoidea) in soil and fecal samples. Parasites and Vectors 5, 288. doi: 10.1186/1756-3305-5-288CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eiken (2018) PrimerExplorerV5. Available at http://primerexplorer.jp/lampv5e/index.html.Google Scholar
Fahrion, AS, Schnyder, M, Wichert, B and Deplazes, P (2011) Toxocara eggs shed by dogs and cats and their molecular and morphometric species-specific identification: is the finding of T. cati eggs shed by dogs of epidemiological relevance? Veterinary Parasitology 19, 186–189.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fisher, M (2003) Toxocara cati: an underestimated zoonotic agent. Trends in Parasitology 19, 167–170.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gallas-Lindemann, C, Sotiriadou, I, Plutzer, J, Noack, MJ, Mahmoudi, MR and Karanis, P (2016) Giardia and Cryptosporidium spp. dissemination during wastewater treatment and comparative detection Via Immunofluorescence assay (IFA), nested polymerase chain reaction (nested PCR) and loop mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP). Acta Tropica 158, 43–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Han, ET, Watanabe, R, Sattabongkot, J, Khuntirat, B, Sirichaisinthop, J, Iriko, H, Jin, L, Takeo, S and Tsuboi, T (2007) Detection of four Plasmodium species by genus- and species-specific loop-mediated isothermal amplification for clinical diagnosis. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 45, 2521–2528.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hara-Kudo, Y, Konishi, N, Ohtsuka, K, Hiramatsu, R, Tanaka, H, Konuma, H and Takatori, K (2012) Detection of verotoxigenic Escherichia coli O157 and O26 in food by plating methods and LAMP method: a collaborative study. International Journal of Food Microbiology 2008 122, 156–161.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ikadai, H, Tanaka, H, Shibahara, N, Matsuu, A, Uechi, M, Itoh, N, Oshiro, S, Kudo, N, Igarashi, I and Oyamada, T (2004) Molecular evidence of infections with Babesia gibsoni parasites in Japan and evaluation of the diagnostic potential of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification method. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 42, 2465–2469.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jacobs, DE, Zhu, X, Gasser, RB and Chilton, NB (1997) PCR-based methods for identification of potentially zoonotic ascaridoid parasites of the dog, fox and cat. Acta Tropica 68, 191–200.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jara, LM, Rodriguez, M, Altamirano, F, Herrera, A, Verastegui, M, Gímenez-Lirola, LG, Gilman, RH and Gavidia, CM (2019) Development and validation of a copro-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay sandwich for detection of Echinococcus granulosus-soluble membrane antigens in dogs. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 100, 330–335.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Karani, M, Sotiriadou, I, Plutzer, J and Karanis, P (2014) Bench-scale experiments for the development of a unified loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay for the in vitro diagnosis of Leishmania species’ promastigotes. Epidemiology and Infection 142, 1671–1677.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Karanis, P, Thekisoe, O, Kiouptsi, K, Ongerth, J, Igarashi, I and Inoue, N (2007) Development and preliminary evaluation of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification procedure for sensitive detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts in fecal and water samples. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 73, 5660–5662.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Katz, N, Chaves, A and Pellegrino, J. (1972). A simple device for quantitative stool thick-smear technique in Schistosomiasis mansoni. Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de Sao Paulo 14, 397–400.Google ScholarPubMed
Khoshakhlagh, P, Spotin, A, Mahami-Oskouei, M, Shahbazi, A and Ozlati, M (2017) Loop-mediated isothermal amplification as a reliable assay for Toxocara canis infection in pet dogs. Parasitology Research 116, 2591–2597.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Knapp, J, Umhang, G, Poulle, ML and Millon, L (2016) Development of a real-time PCR for a sensitive one-step coprodiagnosis allowing both the identification of carnivore feces and the detection of Toxocara spp. and Echinococcus multilocularis. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 82, 2950–2958.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kudyba, HM, Louzada, J, Ljolje, D, Kudyba, KA, Muralidharan, V, Oliveira-Ferreira, J and Lucchi, NW (2019) Field evaluation of malaria malachite green loop-mediated isothermal amplification in health posts in Roraima state, Brazil. Malaria Journal 18, 98.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kumagai, T, Furushima-Shimogawara, R, Ohmae, H, Wang, TP, Lu, S, Chen, R, Wen, L and Ohta, N (2010) Detection of early and single infections of Schistosoma japonicum in the intermediate host snail, Oncomelania Hupensis, by PCR and loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 83, 542–548.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Li, MW, Lin, RQ, Chen, HH, Sani, RA, Song, HQ and Zhu, XQ (2007) PCR Tools for the verification of the specific identity of ascaridoid nematodes from dogs and cats. Molecular and Cellular Probes 21, 349–354.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Löffler, SG, Leiva, C, Scialfa, E, Redondo, L, Florin-Christensen, M, Martínez, M, Romero, G and Brihuega, B (2016) Detection of pathogenic leptospiral DNA traces in canine Sera Serum samples by loop mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP). Horizon Research Publishing Corporation; Immunology and Infectious Diseases. 4, 39–43. doi: 10.13189/iid.2016.040401CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lucchi, NW, Ljolje, D, Silva-Flannery, L and Udhayakumar, V (2016) Use of malachite green-loop mediated isothermal amplification for detection of Plasmodium spp. parasites. PLoS ONE 11, 0151437.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mabey, D, Peeling, RW, Ustianowski, A and Perkins, MD (2004) Diagnostics for the developing world. Nature Reviews Microbiology 2, 231–240.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Macuhova, K, Kumagai, T, Akao, N and Ohta, N (2010) Loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for detection and discrimination of Toxocara canis and Toxocara cati eggs directly from sand samples. The Journal of Parasitology 96, 1224–1227.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maurelli, MP, Rinaldi, L, Alfano, S, Pepe, P, Coles, GC and Cringoli, G (2014) Mini-FLOTAC, a new tool for copromicroscopic diagnosis of common intestinal nematodes in dogs. Parasites & Vectors 7, 356.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maurelli, MP, Santaniello, A, Fioretti, A, Cringoli, G, Rinaldi, L and Menna, LF (2019) The presence of toxocara eggs on dog's Fur as potential zoonotic risk in animal-assisted interventions: a systematic review. Animals (Basel) 9, 827.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nagy, A, Ziadinov, I, Schweiger, A, Schnyder, M and Deplazes, P (2011) Hair coat contamination with zoonotic helminth eggs of farm and pet dogs and foxes. Berliner Und Munchener Tierarztliche Wochenschrift 124, 503–511.Google ScholarPubMed
Njiru, ZK (2012) Loop-mediated isothermal amplification technology: towards point of care diagnostics. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases 6, 1–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Njiru, ZK, Mikosza, AS, Armstrong, T, Enyaru, JC, Ndung'u, JM and Thompson, AR (2008) Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) method for rapid detection of Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases 2, e147.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Notomi, T, Okayama, H, Masubuchi, H, Yonekawa, T, Watanabe, K, Amino, N and Hase, T (2000) Loop-mediated isothermal amplification of DNA. Nucleic Acids Research 28, E63.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nzelu, CO, Gomez, EA, Cáceres, AG, Sakurai, T, Martini-Robles, L, Uezato, H, Mimori, T, Katakura, K, Hashiguchi, Y and Kato, H (2014) Development of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification method for rapid mass-screening of sand flies for Leishmania infection. Acta Tropica 132, 1–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nzelu, CO, Cáceres, AG, Guerrero-Quincho, S, Tineo-Villafuerte, E, Rodriquez-Delfin, L, Mimori, T, Uezato, H, Katakura, K, Gomez, EA, Guevara, AG, Hashiguchi, Y and Kato, H (2016) A rapid molecular diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis by colorimetric malachite green-loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) combined with an FTA card as a direct sampling tool. Acta Tropica 153, 116–119.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nzelu, CO, Kato, H and Peters, NC (2019) Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP): an advanced molecular point-of-care technique for the detection of Leishmania infection. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases 13, e00076987.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Otranto, D, Dantas-Torres, F, Mihalca, AD, Traub, RJ, Lappin, M and Baneth, G (2017) Zoonotic parasites of sheltered and stray dogs in the Era of the global economic and political crisis. Trends in Parasitology 33, 813–825.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pham, NTK, Trinh, QD, Khamrin, P, Ukarapol, N, Kongsricharoern, T, Yamazaki, W, Komine-Aizawa, S, Okitsu, S, Maneekarn, N, Hayakawa, S and Ushijima, H (2015) Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) for detection of Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli in Thai children with diarrhea. Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases 68, 432–433.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pinelli, E, Roelfsema, JH, Brandes, S and Kortbeek, T (2013) Detection and identification of Toxocara canis DNA in bronchoalveolar lavage of infected mice using a novel real-time PCR. Veterinary Parasitology 193, 337–341.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Plutzer, J and Karanis, P (2009) Rapid identification of Giardia Duodenalis by loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) from faecal and environmental samples and comparative findings by PCR and real-time PCR methods. Parasitology Research 104, 1527–1533.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Poon, LL, Wong, BW, Ma, EH, Chan, KH, Chow, LM, Abeyewickreme, W, Tangpukdee, N, Yuen, KY, Guan, Y, Looareesuwan, S and Peiris, JS (2006) Sensitive and inexpensive molecular test for falciparum malaria: detecting Plasmodium falciparum DNA directly from heat-treated blood by loopmediated isothermal amplification. Clinical Chemistry 2006, 303–306.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Repetto, SA, Soto, CDA, Cazorla, SI, Tayeldin, ML, Cuello, S, Lasala, MB, Tekiel, VS and González Cappa, SM (2013) An improved DNA isolation technique for PCR detection of Strongyloides Stercoralis in stool samples. Acta Tropica 126, 110–114.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rostami, A, Ma, G, Wang, T, Koehler, AV, Hofmann, A, Chang, BCH, Macpherson, CN and Gasser, RB (2019) Human toxocariasis – a look at a neglected disease through an epidemiological ‘prism’. Infection, Genetics and Evolution 74, 104002. doi: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.104002CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sambrook, J and Russell, DW (2001) Molecular Cloning – Sambrook & Russel. Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. doi:10.1002/humu.1186.abs.Google Scholar
Sen, M, Yildirim, A, Bişkin, Z, Düzlü, O and Inci, A (2011) The investigation of fasciolosis in cattle by copro-ELISA and stool examination techniques around the Derinkuyu region. Türkiye parazitolojii dergisi/Türkiye Parazitoloji Derneǧi = Acta parasitologica Turcica/Turkish Society for Parasitology 35, 81–85.Google ScholarPubMed
Serra-Casas, E, Guetens, P, Chiheb, D, Gamboa, D and Rosanas-Urgell, A (2019) A pilot evaluation of alternative procedures to simplify LAMP-based malaria diagnosis in field conditions. Acta Tropica 200, 105125.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sheather, L (1923) The detection of intestinal Protozoa and mange parasites by a floatation technique. Journal of Pathology and Therapy 36, 266–275.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shimelis, T and Tadesse, E (2014) Performance evaluation of point-of-care test for detection of Cryptosporidium stool antigen in children and HIV infected adults. Parasites and Vectors 7, 227.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Singh, P, Mirdha, BR, Ahuja, V and Singh, S (2013) Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay for rapid detection of Entamoeba Histolytica in amoebic liver abscess. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 1, 27–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Telemann, W (1908) Eine Methode zur Erleichterung der Auffindung von Parasiteneiern in den Faeces. Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift 35, 1510–1511.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Torgerson, PR and Macpherson, CNL (2011) The socioeconomic burden of parasitic zoonoses: global trends. Veterinary Parasitology 182, 79–95.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Trangoni, MD, Gioffré, AK, Cerón Cucchi, ME, Caimi, KC, Ruybal, P, Zumárraga, MJ and Cravero, SL (2015) LAMP Technology: rapid identification of Brucella and Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology 46, 619–626. doi: 10.1590/S1517-838246220131206CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Uga, S, Matsuo, J, Kimura, D, Rai, SK, Koshino, Y and Igarashi, K (2000) Differentiation of Toxocara canis and T. cati eggs by light and scanning electron microscopy. Veterinary Parasitology 92, 287–294.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vienažindienė, Ž, Joekel, DE, Schaper, R, Deplazes, P and Šarkūnas, M (2018) Longitudinal study for anthelmintic efficacy against intestinal helminths in naturally exposed Lithuanian village dogs: critical analysis of feasibility and limitations. Parasitology Research 117, 1581–1590.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wang, Y, Wang, Y, Ma, A, Li, D, Luo, L, Liu, D, Hu, S, Jin, D, Liu, K, Ye, C and McPhee, DJ (2015) The novel multiple inner primers-loop-mediated isothermal amplification (MIP-LAMP) for rapid detection and differentiation of Listeria monocytogenes. Molecules 20, 21515–21531.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wang, S, Zheng, L, Cai, G, Liu, N, Liao, M, Li, Y, Zhang, X and Lin, J (2019) A microfluidic biosensor for online and sensitive detection of Salmonella typhimurium using fluorescence labeling and smartphone video processing. Biosensors and Bioelectronics 1, 111333.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Warren, G (1969) Studies on the morphology and taxonomy of the genera Toxocara stiles, 1905 and Neoascaris Travassos, 1927. Zoologische Anzeiger 185, 393–442.Google Scholar
Willis, HH (1921) A simple levitation method for the detection of Hookworm Ova. Medical Journal of Australia 29, 375–376.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wong, Y-P, Othman, S, Lau, Y-L, Son, R and Chee, H-Y (2017) Loop mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP): a versatile technique for detection of microorganisms. Journal of Applied Microbiology 124, 626–643.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Supplementary material: File

Avila et al. supplementary material

Avila et al. supplementary material 1

Download Avila et al. supplementary material(File)
File 17.8 KB
Supplementary material: File

Avila et al. supplementary material

Avila et al. supplementary material 2

Download Avila et al. supplementary material(File)
File 17.3 KB