Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-jn8rn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-28T04:26:42.501Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Comparison of the efficacy of tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) oil with other current pharmacological management in human demodicosis: A Systematic Review

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 August 2020

Nelson Siu Kei Lam Open the ORCID record for Nelson Siu Kei Lam [Opens in a new window] ,
Xin Xin Long ,
Xuegang Li ,
Li Yang ,
Robert C Griffin  and
James CG Doery
Nelson Siu Kei Lam*
Affiliation:
Department of Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia Department of Pathology, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria, Australia Department of General Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria, Australia Department of Pharmacy, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria, Australia Faculty of Health and Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
Xin Xin Long
Affiliation:
Faculty of Health and Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
Xuegang Li
Affiliation:
Department of Rheumatology, The Fifth affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong province, China
Li Yang
Affiliation:
Department of Dermatology, The Fifth affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong province, China
Robert C Griffin
Affiliation:
Consultant Emeritus of The Canberra Hospital, Woden Valley, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
James CG Doery*
Affiliation:
Department of Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia Department of Pathology, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
*
Author for correspondence: Nelson Lam, E-mail: [email protected]; James Doery, E-mail: [email protected]
Author for correspondence: Nelson Lam, E-mail: [email protected]; James Doery, E-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Various treatments are found to be moderately effective in managing Demodex-related diseases except tea tree oil (TTO) and terpinen-4-ol (T4O), which showed superior miticidal and anti-inflammatory effects in numerous clinical studies. Their possible effects include lowering mite counts, relieving Demodex-related symptoms, and modulating the immune system. This review summarizes the current clinical topical and oral treatments in human demodicosis, their possible mechanisms of action, side-effects and resistance in treating this condition. TTO (especially T4O) is found to be the most effective followed by metronidazole, ivermectin and permethrin in managing the disease. This is because TTO has anti-parasitic, anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, anti-inflammatory and wound-healing effects. Furthermore, nanoTTO can even release its contents into fungus and Pseudomonas biofilms. Combinations of different treatments are occasionally needed for refractory cases, especially for individuals with underlying genetic predisposal or are immuno-compromised. Although the current treatments show efficacy in controlling the Demodex mite population and the related symptoms, further research needs to be focused on the efficacy and drug delivery technology in order to develop alternative treatments with better side-effects profiles, less toxicity, lower risk of resistance and are more cost-effective.

Keywords

Crotamitondemodicosisivermectinlindanemetronidazolepermethrintea tree oilterpinen-4-ol
Type
Review Article
Information
Parasitology , Volume 147 , Issue 14 , December 2020 , pp. 1587 - 1613
Check for updates
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2020. Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

*

Contributed equally.

References

Abokwidir, M and Fleischer, AB (2015) An emerging treatment: topical ivermectin for papulopustular rosacea. The Journal of Dermatological Treatment 26, 379–380.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Abu-Samra, MT and Shuaib, YA (2014) A study on the nature of association between Demodex mites and bacteria involved in skin and meibomian gland lesions of demodectic mange in cattle. Veterinary Medicine International 2014, 413719.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Akcinar, UG, Unal, E and Dogruman Al, F (2018) Demodex spp. as a possible aetiopathogenic factor of acne and relation with acne severity and type. Postepy Dermatologii I Alergologii 35, 174–181.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Akilov, OE and Mumcuoglu, KY (2003) Association between human demodicosis and HLA class I. Clinical and Experimental Dermatology 28, 70–73.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Allen, KJ, Davis, CL, Billings, SD and Mousdicas, N (2007) Recalcitrant papulopustular rosacea in an immunocompetent patient responding to combination therapy with oral ivermectin and topical permethrin. Cutis 80, 149–151.Google Scholar
Anane, S, Mokni, M and Beltaief, O (2011) [Rosacea-like demodicidosis and chronic blepharitis]. Annales de Dermatologie et de Venereologie 138, 30–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aquilina, C, Viraben, R and Sire, S (2002) Ivermectin-responsive Demodex infestation during human immunodeficiency virus infection. A case report and literature review. Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland) 205, 394–397.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Arrua, M, Samudio, M, Farina, N, Cibils, D, Laspina, F, Sanabria, R, Carpinelli, L and Mino de Kaspar, H (2015) Comparative study of the efficacy of different treatment options in patients with chronic blepharitis. Archivos de la Sociedad Espanola de Oftalmologia 90, 112–118.Google ScholarPubMed
Asai, Y, Tan, J, Baibergenova, A, Barankin, B, Cochrane, CL, Humphrey, S, Lynde, CW, Marcoux, D, Poulin, Y, Rivers, JK, Sapijaszko, M, Sibbald, RG, Toole, J, Ulmer, M and Zip, C (2016) Canadian clinical practice guidelines for Rosacea. Journal of Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery 20, 432–445.10.1177/1203475416650427CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ashack, RJ, Frost, ML and Norins, AL (1989) Papular pruritic eruption of Demodex folliculitis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 21, 306–307.10.1016/S0190-9622(89)70182-1CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Aupee, O, Almeras, D, Le Garlantezec, P and Bohand, X (2009) [Doxycycline]. Med Trop (Mars) 69, 556–558.Google Scholar
Avila, MY, Martinez-Pulgarin, DF and Rizo Madrid, C (2020) Topical ivermectin-metronidazole gel therapy in the treatment of blepharitis caused by Demodex Spp.: a randomized clinical trial. Contact Lens & Anterior Eye 20, 1–6. doi: 10.1016/j.clae.2020.04.011Google Scholar
Aydogan, K, Alver, O, Tore, O and Karadogan, SK (2006) Facial abscess-like conglomerates associated with Demodex mites. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology: JEADV 20, 1002–1004.Google ScholarPubMed
Aylesworth, R and Vance, JC (1982) Demodex folliculorum and Demodex brevis in cutaneous biopsies. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 7, 583–589.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bachir, V and Bitton, E (2015) Treatment of Demodex with hypochlorous acid: case report. University of Montreal School of Optometry. https://www.aaopt.org/detail/knowledge-base-article/treatment-demodex-hypochlorous-acid-case-report (Accessed 20 August, 2020).Google Scholar
Baima, B and Sticherling, M (2002) Demodicidosis revisited. Acta Dermato-Venereologica 82, 3–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baldwin, HE (2006) Oral therapy for rosacea. Journal of Drugs in Dermatology: JDD 5, 16–21.Google ScholarPubMed
Banuls, J, Ramon, D, Aniz, E, Jorda, E and Torres, V (1991) Papular pruritic eruption with human immunodeficiency virus infection. International Journal of Dermatology 30, 801–803.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barrio, J, Lecona, M, Hernanz, JM, Sanchez, M, Gurbindo, MD, Lazaro, P and Barrio, JL (1996) Rosacea-like demodicosis in an HIV-positive child. Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland) 192, 143–145.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Basta-Juzbasic, A, Subic, JS and Ljubojevic, S (2002) Demodex folliculorum in development of dermatitis rosaceiformis steroidica and rosacea-related diseases. Clinics in Dermatology 20, 135–140.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Benk Silfeler, D, Keskin Kurt, R, Kaya, OA, Yengil, E, Hamamci, B, Okyay, AG and and Beyazit, A (2015) Demodex folliculorum in polycystic ovary syndrome patients. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences 19, 1141–1145.Google ScholarPubMed
Bevins, CL and Liu, FT (2007) Rosacea: skin innate immunity gone awry? Nature Medicine 13, 904–906.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Biernat, MM, Rusiecka-Ziolkowska, J, Piatkowska, E, Helemejko, I, Biernat, P and Gosciniak, G (2018) Occurrence of Demodex species in patients with blepharitis and in healthy individuals: a 10-year observational study. Japanese Journal of Ophthalmology 62, 628–633.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bikowski, JB (2003) Subantimicrobial dose doxycycline for acne and rosacea. Skinmed 2, 234–245.Google ScholarPubMed
Bikowski, JB and Del Rosso, JQ (2009) Demodex dermatitis: a retrospective analysis of clinical diagnosis and successful treatment with topical crotamiton. The Journal of Clinical and Aesthetic Dermatology 2, 20–25.Google ScholarPubMed
Brooks, PA and Grace, RF (2002) Ivermectin is better than benzyl benzoate for childhood scabies in developing countries. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health 38, 401–404.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brown, M, Hernandez-Martin, A, Clement, A, Colmenero, I and Torrelo, A (2014) Severe Demodex folliculorum-associated oculocutaneous rosacea in a girl successfully treated with ivermectin. JAMA Dermatology 150, 61–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buffet, M and Dupin, N (2003) Current treatments for scabies. Fundamental & Clinical Pharmacology 17, 217–225.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carlson, JA, Mazza, J, Kircher, K and Tran, TA (2008) Otophyma: a case report and review of the literature of lymphedema (elephantiasis) of the ear. The American Journal of Dermatopathology 30, 67–72.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carson, CF, Mee, BJ and Riley, TV (2002) Mechanism of action of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil on Staphylococcus aureus determined by time-kill, lysis, leakage, and salt tolerance assays and electron microscopy. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 46, 1914–1920.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Casas, C, Paul, C, Lahfa, M, Livideanu, B, Lejeune, O, Alvarez-Georges, S, Saint-Martory, C, Degouy, A, Mengeaud, V, Ginisty, H, Durbise, E, Schmitt, AM and Redoules, D (2012) Quantification of Demodex folliculorum by PCR in rosacea and its relationship to skin innate immune activation. Experimental Dermatology 21, 906–910.10.1111/exd.12030CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Casida, JE (1980) Pyrethrum flowers and pyrethroid insecticides. Environmental Health Perspectives 34, 189–202.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Castanet, J, Monpoux, F, Mariani, R, Ortonne, JP and Lacour, JP (1997) Demodicidosis in an immunodeficient child. Pediatric Dermatology 14, 219–220.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Celorio, J, Fariza-Guttman, E and Morales, V (1989) Pilocarpine as a coadjuvant treatment of blepharo-conjunctivitis caused by Demodex folliculorum. Investigative Ophthalmology And Visual Science Suppl 30, 40.Google Scholar
Cheng, AM, Sheha, H and Tseng, SC (2015) Recent advances on ocular Demodex infestation. Current Opinion in Ophthalmology 26, 295–300.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chovatiya, RJ and Colegio, OR (2016) Demodicosis in renal transplant recipients. American Journal of Transplantation 16, 712–716.10.1111/ajt.13462CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Clyti, E, Nacher, M, Sainte-Marie, D, Pradinaud, R and Couppie, P (2006) Ivermectin treatment of three cases of demodecidosis during human immunodeficiency virus infection. International Journal of Dermatology 45, 1066–1068.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Coleman, CI, Gillespie, EL and White, CM (2005) Probable topical permethrin-induced neck dystonia. Pharmacotherapy 25, 448–450.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Comin, VM, Lopes, LQ, Quatrin, PM, de Souza, ME, Bonez, PC, Pintos, FG, Raffin, RP, Vaucher Rde, A, Martinez, DS and Santos, RC (2016) Influence of Melaleuca alternifolia oil nanoparticles on aspects of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm. Microbial Pathogenesis 93, 120–125.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Coppens, G, Stalmans, I and Zeyen, T (2010) Glaucoma medication during pregnancy and nursing. Bulletin de la Societe Belge D'ophtalmologie 314, 33–36.Google Scholar
Cotliar, J and Frankfurt, O (2013) Demodex folliculitis mimicking acute graft-vs-host disease. JAMA Dermatology 149, 1407–1409.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cox, SD, Mann, CM, Markham, JL, Bell, HC, Gustafson, JE, Warmington, JR and Wyllie, SG (2000) The mode of antimicrobial action of the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree oil). Journal of Applied Microbiology 88, 170–175.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Czepita, D, Kuzna-Grygiel, W, Czepita, M and Grobelny, A (2007) Demodex folliculorum and Demodex brevis as a cause of chronic marginal blepharitis. Annales Academiae Medicae Stetinensis 53, 63–67, discussion 67.Google ScholarPubMed
Damian, D and Rogers, M (2003) Demodex infestation in a child with leukaemia: treatment with ivermectin and permethrin. International Journal of Dermatology 42, 724–726.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dhingra, KK, Saroha, V, Gupta, P and Khurana, N (2009) Demodex-associated dermatologic conditions – a coincidence or an etiological correlate. Review with a report of a rare case of sebaceous adenoma. Pathology – Research and Practice 205, 423–426.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Di Nardo, A, Holmes, AD, Muto, Y, Huang, EY, Preston, N, Winkelman, WJ and Gallo, RL (2016) Improved clinical outcome and biomarkers in adults with papulopustular rosacea treated with doxycycline modified-release capsules in a randomized trial. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 74, 1086–1092.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dokuyucu, R, Kara, OA, Yula, E, Ustun, I, Bayram, F and Gokce, C (2016) The presence of Demodex folliculorum in various obese groups according to BMI levels. Archives of Iranian Medicine 19, 210–214.Google ScholarPubMed
Dominey, A, Rosen, T and Tschen, J (1989a) Papulonodular demodicidosis associated with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 20, 197–201.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dominey, A, Tschen, J, Rosen, T, Batres, E and Stern, JK (1989b) Pityriasis folliculorum revisited. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 21, 81–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Douglas, A and Zaenglein, AL (2019) A case series of demodicosis in children. Pediatric Dermatology 36, 651–654.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dourmishev, AL, Dourmishev, LA and Schwartz, RA (2005) Ivermectin: pharmacology and application in dermatology. International Journal of Dermatology 44, 981–988.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dursun, D, Kim, MC, Solomon, A and Pflugfelder, SC (2001) Treatment of recalcitrant recurrent corneal erosions with inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinase-9, doxycycline and corticosteroids. American Journal of Ophthalmology 132, 8–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ebbelaar, CCF, Venema, AW and Van Dijk, MR (2018) Topical ivermectin in the treatment of papulopustular rosacea: a systematic review of evidence and clinical guideline recommendations. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb) 8, 379–387.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ebneyamin, E, Mansouri, P, Rajabi, M, Qomi, M, Asgharian, R and Azizian, Z (2020) The efficacy and safety of permethrin 2.5% with tea tree oil gel on rosacea treatment: a double-blind, controlled clinical trial. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology 19, 1426–1431.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Einarson, A, Ho, E and Koren, G (2000) Can we use metronidazole during pregnancy and breastfeeding? Putting an end to the controversy. Canadian Family Physician Medecin de Famille Canadien 46, 1053–1054.Google Scholar
Eismann, R, Bramsiepe, I, Danz, B, Wohlrab, J, Marsch, W and Fiedler, E (2010) Abscessing nodular demodicosis – therapy with ivermectin and permethrin. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology: JEADV 24, 79–81.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
El-Shazly, AM, Hassan, AA, Soliman, M, Morsy, GH and Morsy, TA (2004) Treatment of human Demodex folliculorum by camphor oil and metronidazole. Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology 34, 107–116.Google ScholarPubMed
Enginyurt, O, Karaman, U, Cetin, F and Ozer, A (2015) The prevalence of Demodex species and its relationship with the metabolic syndrome in women of Malatya province, Turkey. Jundishapur Journal of Microbiology 8, e24322.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Epstein, IJ, Rosenberg, E, Stuber, R, Choi, MB, Donnenfeld, ED and Perry, HD (2020) Double-masked and unmasked prospective study of terpinen-4-ol lid scrubs with microblepharoexfoliation for the treatment of Demodex blepharitis. Cornea 39, 408–416.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Erbagci, Z, Erbagci, I and Erkilic, S (2003) High incidence of demodicidosis in eyelid basal cell carcinomas. International Journal of Dermatology 42, 567–571.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ergun, SB, Saribas, GS, Yarayici, S, Elmazoglu, Z, Cardak, A, Ozogul, C, Ilhan, MN, Karasu, C and Evren Kemer, O (2019) Comparison of efficacy and safety of two tea tree oil-based formulations in patients with chronic blepharitis: a double-blinded randomized clinical trial. Ocular Immunology and Inflammation, published online ahead of print, 2019 Aug 20, 1–10. doi: 10.1080/09273948.2019.1644349.Google ScholarPubMed
Evren Kemer, O, Karaca, EE and Ozek, D (2020) Efficacy of cyclic therapy with terpinen-4-ol in Demodex blepharitis: is treatment possible by considering Demodex's life cycle? European Journal of Ophthalmology ,published online ahead of print, 2020 Apr 24, doi: 10.1177/1120672120919085CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fernandez-Flores, A and Alija, A (2009) Scalp folliculitis with Demodex: innocent observer or pathogen? The Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases 13, 81–82.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fichtel, JC, Wiggins, AK and Lesher, JL Jr (2005) Plaque-forming demodicidosis. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 52, 59–61.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Filho, PA, Hazarbassanov, RM, Grisolia, AB, Pazos, HB, Kaiserman, I and Gomes, JA (2011) The efficacy of oral ivermectin for the treatment of chronic blepharitis in patients tested positive for Demodex Spp. British Journal of Ophthalmology 95, 893–895.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Forstinger, C, Kittler, H and Binder, M (1999) Treatment of rosacea-like demodicidosis with oral ivermectin and topical permethrin cream. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 41, 775–777.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Forton, FMN and De Maertelaer, V (2020) Treatment of rosacea and demodicosis with benzyl benzoate: effects of different doses on Demodex density and clinical symptoms. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology: JEADV 34, 365–369.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Forton, F, Seys, B, Marchal, JL and Song, AM (1998) Demodex folliculorum and topical treatment: acaricidal action evaluated by standardized skin surface biopsy. British Journal of Dermatology 138, 461–466.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Friedman, P, Sabban, EC and Cabo, H (2017) Usefulness of dermoscopy in the diagnosis and monitoring treatment of demodicidosis. Dermatology Practical & Conceptual 7, 35–38.Google ScholarPubMed
Fulk, GW, Murphy, B and Robins, MD (1996) Pilocarpine gel for the treatment of demodicosis – a case series. Optometry and Vision Science 73, 742–745.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Galea, M, Sharma, R, Srinivasan, S and Roberts, F (2014) Demodex blepharitis mimicking eyelid sebaceous gland carcinoma. Clinical & Experimental Ophthalmology 42, 208–210.10.1111/ceo.12116CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gao, YY, Di Pascuale, MA, Li, W, Baradaran-Rafii, A, Elizondo, A, Kuo, CL, Raju, VK and Tseng, SC (2005) In vitro and in vivo killing of ocular Demodex by tea tree oil. British Journal of Ophthalmology 89, 1468–1473.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gao, Y-Y M. D., Di Pascuale, M. A. M. D., Elizondo, A. M. D. and Tseng, S. C. G. M. D. P (2007) Clinical treatment of ocular demodecosis by lid scrub with tea tree oil. [Article]. Cornea February 2007 26, 136–143.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gao, Y, Xu, D, Huang, L, Wang, R and Tseng, S (2012) Treatment of ocular itching associated with ocular demodicosis by 5% tea tree oil ointment. Cornea 31, 14–17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gazi, U, Gureser, AS, Oztekin, A, Karasartova, D, Kosar-Acar, N, Derici, MK, Artuz, F, Mumcuoglu, KY and Taylan-Ozkan, A (2019) Skin-homing T-cell responses associated with Demodex infestation and rosacea. Parasite Immunology 41, e12658.10.1111/pim.12658CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Georgala, S, Katoulis, AC, Kylafis, GD, Koumantaki-Mathioudaki, E, Georgala, C and Aroni, K (2001) Increased density of Demodex folliculorum and evidence of delayed hypersensitivity reaction in subjects with papulopustular rosacea. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology: JEADV 15, 441–444.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gokce, C, Aycan-Kaya, O, Yula, E, Ustun, I, Yengil, E, Sefil, F, Rizaoglu, H, Gultepe, B and Bayram, F (2013) The effect of blood glucose regulation on the presence of opportunistic Demodex folliculorum mites in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Journal of International Medical Research 41, 1752–1758.10.1177/0300060513494730CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grossmann, B, Jung, K and Linse, R (1999) [Tubero-pustular demodicosis]. Der Hautarzt 50, 491–494.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guerrero-Gonzalez, GA, Herz-Ruelas, ME, Gomez-Flores, M and Ocampo-Candiani, J (2014) Crusted demodicosis in an immunocompetent pediatric patient. Case Reports in Dermatological Medicine 2014, 458046.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hachfi, W, Slama, D, Ben Lasfar, N, Mnif, K, Bellazreg, F, Fathallah, A and Letaief, A (2019) Demodicosis revealing an HIV infection. New Microbes and New Infections 31, 100525.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hall, P, Kaye, CM, McIntosh, N and Steele, J (1983) Intravenous metronidazole in the newborn. Archives of Disease in Childhood 58, 529–531.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hammer, KA, Carson, CF, Riley, TV and Nielsen, JB (2006) A review of the toxicity of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil. Food and Chemical Toxicology 44, 616–625.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hausen, BM and Kresken, J (1988) The sensitizing capacity of crotamiton. Contact Dermatitis 18, 298–299.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hay, RJ, Steer, AC, Engelman, D and Walton, S (2012) Scabies in the developing world – its prevalence, complications, and management. Clinical Microbiology and Infection 18, 313–323.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hecht, I, Melzer-Golik, A, Sadi Szyper, N and Kaiserman, I (2019) Permethrin cream for the treatment of Demodex blepharitis. Cornea 38, 1513–1518.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Helou, W, Avitan-Hersh, E and Bergman, R (2016) Demodex folliculitis of the scalp: clinicopathological study of an uncommon entity. The American Journal of Dermatopathology 38, 658–663.10.1097/DAD.0000000000000512CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hengge, UR, Currie, BJ, Jager, G, Lupi, O and Schwartz, RA (2006) Scabies: a ubiquitous neglected skin disease. The Lancet. Infectious Diseases 6, 769–779.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Herron, MD, O'Reilly, MA and Vanderhooft, SL (2005) Refractory Demodex folliculitis in five children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Pediatric Dermatology 22, 407–411.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hervás Ontiveros, A, Hurtado-Sarrió, M, Udaondo, P, García-Delpech, S, Salom, D and Díaz-Llopis, M (2014). Ethyl ether: an old ally against oral ivermectin resistant Demodex blepharitis. Archivos de la Sociedad Española de Oftalmología (English Edition) 89, 85–86.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hirsch-Hoffmann, S, Kaufmann, C, Banninger, PB and Thiel, MA (2015) Treatment options for Demodex blepharitis: patient choice and efficacy. Klinische Monatsblatter Fur Augenheilkunde 232, 384–387.Google ScholarPubMed
Hitraya-Low, M, Ahmad, RC and Cordoro, KM (2016) Facial eruption in a 5-year-old child with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Pediatric Dermatology 33, 671–672.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoda, S and Cheng, E (2019) Itching for attention: Demodex infestation of the nipple. International Journal of Surgical Pathology 27, 524–525.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hoekzema, R, Hulsebosch, HJ and Bos, JD (1995) Demodicidosis or rosacea: what did we treat? British Journal of Dermatology 133, 294–299.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holmes, AD (2013) Potential role of microorganisms in the pathogenesis of rosacea. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 69, 1025–1032.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holzchuh, FG, Hida, RY, Moscovici, BK, Villa Albers, MB, Santo, RM, Kara-Jose, N and Holzchuh, R (2011) Clinical treatment of ocular Demodex folliculorum by systemic ivermectin. American Journal of Ophthalmology, 151, 1030–1034 e1031.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hsu, CK, Hsu, MM and Lee, JY (2009) Demodicosis: a clinicopathological study. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 60, 453–462.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Huynh, Q, Phan, TD, Thieu, VQQ, Tran, ST and Do, H-S (2012) Extraction and refining of essential oil from Australian tea tree. Melaleuca alterfornia, and the antimicrobial activity in cosmetic products.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hwang, SM, Yoo, MS, Ahn, SK and Choi, EH (1998) Demodecidosis manifested on the external genitalia. International Journal of Dermatology 37, 634–636.Google ScholarPubMed
Imamura, L, Hasegawa, H, Kurashina, K, Hamanishi, A, Tabuchi, A and Tsuda, M (2000) Repression of activity-dependent c-fos and brain-derived neurotrophic factor mRNA expression by pyrethroid insecticides accompanying a decrease in Ca(2+) influx into neurons. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 295, 1175–1182.Google ScholarPubMed
Inci, M, Kaya, OA, Inci, M, Yula, E, Gokce, H, Rifaioglu, MM, Demirtas, O and Yengil, E (2012) [Investigating Demodex folliculorum in patients with urological cancer]. Turkiye Parazitolojii Dergisi 36, 208–210.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
ISO (2017). Oil of Melaleuca, terpinen-4-ol type (tea tree oil). https://www.iso.org/standard/69082.html.Google Scholar
Jacob, S, VanDaele, MA and Brown, JN (2019) Treatment of Demodex-associated inflammatory skin conditions: a systematic review. Dermatologic Therapy 32, e13103.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jalbert, I and Rejab, S (2015) Increased numbers of Demodex in contact lens wearers. Optometry and Vision Science 92, 671–678.Google ScholarPubMed
Jansen, T, Kastner, U, Kreuter, A and Altmeyer, P (2001) Rosacea-like demodicidosis associated with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. British Journal of Dermatology 144, 139–142.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jantzie, LL and Todd, KG (2010) Doxycycline inhibits proinflammatory cytokines but not acute cerebral cytogenesis after hypoxia-ischemia in neonatal rats. Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience 35, 20–32.10.1503/jpn.090061CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Junk, AK, Lukacs, A and Kampik, A (1998) [Topical administration of metronidazole gel as an effective therapy alternative in chronic Demodex blepharitis – a case report]. Klinische Monatsblatter Fur Augenheilkunde 213, 48–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Karakurt, Y and Zeytun, E (2018) Evaluation of the efficacy of tea tree oil on the density of Demodex mites (Acari: Demodicidae) and ocular symptoms in patients with demodectic blepharitis. Journal of Parasitology 104, 473–478.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Karincaoglu, Y, Bayram, N, Aycan, O and Esrefoglu, M (2004) The clinical importance of Demodex folliculorum presenting with nonspecific facial signs and symptoms. The Journal of Dermatology 31, 618–626.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kaser, S, Ruini, C, Ezmerli, M, von Braunmuhl, T, Hartmann, D, Ruzicka, T and Reinholz, M (2017) EGFRI-induced papulopustular rosacea-like rash successfully treated with topical ivermectin. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology: JEADV 31, e302–e304.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kaya, S, Selimoglu, MA, Kaya, OA and Ozgen, U (2013) Prevalence of Demodex folliculorum and Demodex brevis in childhood malnutrition and malignancy. Pediatrics International 55, 85–89.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kaya, OA, Akkucuk, S, Ilhan, G, Guneri, CO and Mumcuoglu, K (2019) The importance of Demodex mites (Acari: Demodicidae) in patients with sickle cell Anemia. Journal of Medical Entomology 56, 599–602.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Keskin Kurt, R, Aycan Kaya, O, Karateke, A, Silfeler, DB, Soylu Karapinar, O, Akkoca, AN and Hakverdi, AU, (2014) Increased density of Demodex folliculorum mites in pregnancies with gestational diabetes. Medical Principles and Practice: International Journal of the Kuwait University, Health Science Centre 23, 369–372.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kheirkhah, A, Casas, V, Li, W, Raju, VK and Tseng, SC (2007) Corneal manifestations of ocular Demodex infestation. American Journal of Ophthalmology 143, 743–749.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kim, HS, Luo, L, Pflugfelder, SC and Li, DQ (2005) Doxycycline inhibits TGF-beta1-induced MMP-9 via Smad and MAPK pathways in human corneal epithelial cells. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 46, 840–848.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kim, JH, Chun, YS and Kim, JC (2011a) Clinical and immunological responses in ocular demodecosis. Journal of Korean Medical Science 26, 1231–1237.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kim, JH, Oh, YS and Choi, EH (2011b) Oral azithromycin for treatment of intractable rosacea. Journal of Korean Medical Science 26, 694–696.10.3346/jkms.2011.26.5.694CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kim, JT, Lee, SH, Chun, YS and Kim, JC (2011c) Tear cytokines and chemokines in patients with Demodex blepharitis. Cytokine 53, 94–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kim, BR, Park, HS, Yoon, HS and Cho, S (2014) Demodicidosis on the arms of a patient with pemphigus foliaceus. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 71, e92–e93.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Klemm, E, Haroske, G and Wollina, U (2009) Otitis externa and myringitis due to demodicidosis. Acta Dermatovenerologica Alpina, Pannonica, Et Adriatica 18, 73–76.Google ScholarPubMed
Kobylinski, KC, Foy, BD and Richardson, JH (2012) Ivermectin inhibits the sporogony of Plasmodium falciparum in Anopheles gambiae. Malaria Journal 11, 381.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kocak, M, Yagli, S, Vahapoglu, G and Eksioglu, M (2002) Permethrin 5% cream versus metronidazole 0.75% gel for the treatment of papulopustular rosacea. A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study. Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland) 205, 265–270.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kokacya, MH, Yengil, E, Kaya, OA and Sahpolat, M (2015) The frequency of Demodex Spp in depression patients. Erciyes Tıp Dergisi/Erciyes Medical Journal 36, 166–169.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kokaçya, MH, Hamamcı, B, Çöpoglu, ÜS and Kaya, ÖA (2016a) Demodex parazytes in schizophrenia. Journal of Clinical and Analytical Medicine 7, 6–9.Google Scholar
Kokaçya, MH, Kaya, ÖA, Çöpoğlu, ÜS and Elmacıoğlu, S (2016b) Prevalence of Demodex Spp among alcohol-dependent patients. Cukurova Medical Journal 41, 259–263.10.17826/cutf.203543CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koo, H, Kim, TH, Kim, KW, Wee, SW, Chun, YS and Kim, JC (2012) Ocular surface discomfort and Demodex: effect of tea tree oil eyelid scrub in Demodex blepharitis. Journal of Korean Medical Science 27, 1574–1579.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lacey, N, Kavanagh, K and Tseng, SC (2009) Under the lash: Demodex mites in human diseases. Biochem (Lond) 31, 2–6.Google ScholarPubMed
Lam, NSK, Long, XX, Griffin, RC, Chen, MK and Doery, JC (2018) Can the tea tree oil (Australian native plant: Melaleuca alternifolia Cheel) be an alternative treatment for human demodicosis on skin? Parasitology 145, 1510–1520.10.1017/S0031182018000495CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Larson, D and Jacob, SE (2012) Tea tree oil. Dermatitis: Contact, Atopic, Occupational, Drug 23, 48–49.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Liang, L, Safran, S, Gao, Y, Sheha, H, Raju, VK and Tseng, SC (2010) Ocular demodicosis as a potential cause of pediatric blepharoconjunctivitis. Cornea 29, 1386–1391.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Liang, L, Ding, X and Tseng, SC (2014) High prevalence of Demodex brevis infestation in chalazia. American Journal of Ophthalmology 157, 342–348 e341.10.1016/j.ajo.2013.09.031CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Liaqat, M, Wilson, LH, Wada, D, Florell, SR and Bowen, AR (2015) Neutrophilic sebaceous adenitis with intralobular Demodex mites: a case report and review of the literature. The American Journal of Dermatopathology 37, 315–318.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Liu, J, Sheha, H and Tseng, SC (2010) Pathogenic role of Demodex mites in blepharitis. Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology 10, 505–510.10.1097/ACI.0b013e32833df9f4CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Low, WL, Kenward, K, Britland, ST, Amin, MC and Martin, C (2017) Essential oils and metal ions as alternative antimicrobial agents: a focus on tea tree oil and silver. International Wound Journal 14, 369–384.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Luo, Y, Sun, YJ, Zhang, L and Luan, XL (2016) Treatment of mites folliculitis with an ornidazole-based sequential therapy: a randomized trial. Medicine (Baltimore) 95, e4173.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maraghi, S, Rafiei, A and Kaydani, GA (2013) Human demodicosis: a report of 5 cases. Jundishapur Journal of Microbiology, published online ahead of print, 6. doi: 10.5812/jjm.7465.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McMahon, F, Banville, N, Bergin, DA, Smedman, C, Paulie, S, Reeves, E and Kavanagh, K (2016) Activation of neutrophils via IP3 pathway following exposure to Demodex-associated bacterial proteins. Inflammation 39, 425–433.10.1007/s10753-015-0264-4CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Messaoud, R, El Fekih, L, Mahmoud, A, Ben Amor, H, Bannour, R, Doan, S and Khairallah, M (2019) Improvement in ocular symptoms and signs in patients with Demodex anterior blepharitis using a novel terpinen-4-ol (2.5%) and hyaluronic acid (0.2%) cleansing wipe. Clinical Ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.) 13, 1043–1054.10.2147/OPTH.S198585CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mills, C, Cleary, BJ, Gilmer, JF and Walsh, JJ (2004) Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase by tea tree oil. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 56, 375–379.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mohammadpour, M, Maleki, S and Khorrami-Nejad, M (2019) The effect of tea tree oil on dry eye treatment after phacoemulsification cataract surgery: a randomized clinical trial. European Journal of Ophthalmology, published online ahead of print, doi:10.1177/1120672119867642CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moher, D, Liberati, A, Tetzlaff, J, Altman, DG and The PRISMA Group (2009) Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement. PLOS Medicine 6, e1000097. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moran, EM, Foley, R and Powell, FC (2017) Demodex and rosacea revisited. Clinics in Dermatology 35, 195–200.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Morras, PG, Santos, SP, Imedio, IL, Echeverria, ML and Hermosa, JM (2003) Rosacea-like demodicidosis in an immunocompromised child. Pediatric Dermatology 20, 28–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morsy, TA, Morsy, GH and Sanad, EM (2002) Eucalyptus globulus (camphor oil) in the treatment of human demodicidosis. Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology 32, 797–803.Google ScholarPubMed
Murphy, O, O'Dwyer, V and Lloyd-McKernan, A (2018) The efficacy of tea tree face wash, 1, 2–octanediol and microblepharoexfoliation in treating Demodex folliculorum blepharitis. Contact Lens & Anterior Eye 41, 77–82.10.1016/j.clae.2017.10.012CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mytton, OT, McGready, R, Lee, SJ, Roberts, CH, Ashley, EA, Carrara, VI, Thwai, KL, Jay, MP, Wiangambun, T, Singhasivanon, P and Nosten, F (2007) Safety of benzyl benzoate lotion and permethrin in pregnancy: a retrospective matched cohort study. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 114, 582–587.10.1111/j.1471-0528.2007.01290.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nakagawa, T, Sasaki, M, Fujita, K, Nishimoto, M and Takaiwa, T (1996) Demodex folliculitis on the trunk of a patient with mycosis fungoides. Clinical and Experimental Dermatology 21, 148–150.10.1111/j.1365-2230.1996.tb00041.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Narayanan, S, Hunerbein, A, Getie, M, Jackel, A and Neubert, RH (2007) Scavenging properties of metronidazole on free oxygen radicals in a skin lipid model system. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 59, 1125–1130.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nath, AK, Timshina, DK, Thappa, DM and Sinclair, R (2012) Demodex in an aerobic environment on the eyelashes. The Australasian Journal of Dermatology 53, 159–160.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
National Health and Medical Research Council (2009) NHMRC additional levels of evidence and grades for recommendations for developers of guidelines. https://www.nhmrc.gov.au/sites/default/files/images/appendix-f-levels-of-evidence.pdf.Google Scholar
Navel, V, Mulliez, A, Benoist d'Azy, C, Baker, JS, Malecaze, J, Chiambaretta, F and Dutheil, F (2019) Efficacy of treatments for Demodex blepharitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Ocular Surface 17, 655–669.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nicholls, SG, Oakley, CL, Tan, A and Vote, BJ (2016) Demodex treatment in external ocular disease: the outcomes of a Tasmanian case series. International Ophthalmology 36, 691–696.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nogueira, MN, Aquino, SG, Rossa Junior, C and Spolidorio, DM (2014) Terpinen-4-ol and alpha-terpineol (tea tree oil components) inhibit the production of IL-1beta, IL-6 and IL-10 on human macrophages. Inflammation Research 63, 769–778.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Noguera-Morel, L, Gerlero, P, Torrelo, A and Hernandez-Martin, A (2017) Ivermectin therapy for papulopustular rosacea and periorificial dermatitis in children: a series of 15 cases. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 76, 567–570.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Norn, MS (1971) Demodex folliculorum. Incidence, regional distribution, pathogenicity. Danish Medical Bulletin 18, 14–17.Google Scholar
O'Reilly, N, Gallagher, C, Reddy Katikireddy, K, Clynes, M, O'Sullivan, F and Kavanagh, K (2012) Demodex-associated Bacillus proteins induce an aberrant wound healing response in a corneal epithelial cell line: possible implications for corneal ulcer formation in ocular rosacea. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 53, 3250–3259.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ozer, A, Karaman, U, Degerli, S, Colak, C, Karadan, M and Karci, E (2012) Investigation of Demodex Spp. prevalence among managers and workers of health hazard bearing and sanitary establishment. Journal of the Formosan Medical Association 111, 30–33.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ozturkcan, S, Ermertcan, AT, Sahin, MT and Afsar, FS (2004) Efficiency of benzoyl peroxide-erythromycin gel in comparison with metronidazole gel in the treatment of acne rosacea. The Journal of Dermatology 31, 610–617.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Park, SB, Jeong, NJ, Lee, Y and Im, M (2011) Unilateral demodicidosis in a patient with seborrheic dermatitis. Korean Journal of Medical Mycology 16, 67–70.Google Scholar
Passmore, CM, McElnay, JC, Rainey, EA and D'Arcy, PF (1988) Metronidazole excretion in human milk and its effect on the suckling neonate. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 26, 45–51.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Patrizi, A, Neri, I, Chieregato, C and Misciali, M (1997) Demodicidosis in immunocompetent young children: report of eight cases. Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland) 195, 239–242.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pelletier, JS, Capriotti, K, Stewart, KS and Capriotti, JA (2017) Demodex blepharitis treated with a novel dilute povidone-iodine and DMSO system: a case report. Ophthalmology and Therapy 6, 361–366.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Porta Guardia, CA (2015) Demodex folliculorum: its association with oily skin surface rather than rosacea lesions. International Journal of Dermatology 54, e14–e17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Purcell, SM, Hayes, TJ and Dixon, SL (1986) Pustular folliculitis associated with Demodex folliculorum. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 15, 1159–1162.10.1016/S0190-9622(86)70287-9CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rai, M, Paralikar, P, Jogee, P, Agarkar, G, Ingle, AP, Derita, M and Zacchino, S (2017) Synergistic antimicrobial potential of essential oils in combination with nanoparticles: emerging trends and future perspectives. International Journal of Pharmaceutics 519, 67–78.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Raoufinejad, K, Mansouri, P, Rajabi, M, Naraghi, Z and Jebraeili, R (2016) Efficacy and safety of permethrin 5% topical gel vs placebo for rosacea: a double-blind randomized controlled clinical trial. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology: JEADV 30, 2105–2117.10.1111/jdv.13801CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rather, PA and Hassan, I (2014) Human Demodex mite: the versatile mite of dermatological importance. Indian Journal of Dermatology 59, 60–66.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roan, V (2016) Eliminating the mite-Y menace. Review of Optometry, https://www.reviewofoptometry.com/article/spotlight-on-demodex-eliminating-the-mitey-menace (Accessed 20 August 2020).Google Scholar
Robinson, TW (1965) Demodex folliculorum and rosacea. A clinical and histological study. Archives of Dermatology 92, 542–544.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rodríguez, AE, Ferrer, C and Alió, JL (2005) Chronic blepharitis and Demodex. Archivos de la Sociedad Española de Oftalmología 80, 635–642.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rufli, T and Mumcuoglu, Y (1981) The hair follicle mites Demodex folliculorum and Demodex brevis: biology and medical importance. A review. Dermatologica 162, 1–11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ruini, C, Sattler, E, Hartmann, D, Reinholz, M, Ruzicka, T and von Braunmuhl, T (2017) Monitoring structural changes in Demodex mites under topical ivermectin in rosacea by means of reflectance confocal microscopy: a case series. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology: JEADV 31, e299–e301.10.1111/jdv.14084CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sahn, EE and Sheridan, DM (1992) Demodicidosis in a child with leukemia. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 27, 799–801.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Salem, DA, El-Shazly, A, Nabih, N, El-Bayoumy, Y and Saleh, S (2013) Evaluation of the efficacy of oral ivermectin in comparison with ivermectin-metronidazole combined therapy in the treatment of ocular and skin lesions of Demodex folliculorum. International Journal of Infectious Diseases: IJID 17, e343–e347.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sanchez-Viera, M, Hernanz, JM, Sampelayo, T, Gurbindo, MD, Lecona, M and Soto-Melo, J (1992) Granulomatous rosacea in a child infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 27, 1010–1011.10.1016/S0190-9622(08)80268-XCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sanfilippo, AM and English, JC, 3rd (2005) Resistant scalp folliculitis secondary to Demodex infestation. Cutis 76, 321–324.Google ScholarPubMed
Sarac, G (2019) A comparison of the efficacy and tolerability of topical agents used in facial Demodex treatment. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology 18, 1784–1787.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sarro, RA, Hong, JJ and Elgart, ML (1998) An unusual demodicidosis manifestation in a patient with AIDS. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 38, 120–121.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sattler, EC, Hoffmann, VS, Ruzicka, T, Braunmuhl, TV and Berking, C (2015) Reflectance confocal microscopy for monitoring the density of Demodex mites in patients with rosacea before and after treatment. British Journal of Dermatology 173, 69–75.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schaller, M, Sander, CA and Plewig, G (2003) Demodex abscesses: clinical and therapeutic challenges. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 49, S272–S274.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schaller, M, Schofer, H, Homey, B, Hofmann, M, Gieler, U, Lehmann, P, Luger, TA, Ruzicka, T and Steinhoff, M (2016) Rosacea management: update on general measures and topical treatment options. Journal der Deutschen Dermatologischen Gesellschaft 14(Suppl 6), 17–27.Google ScholarPubMed
Schaller, M, Gonser, L, Belge, K, Braunsdorf, C, Nordin, R, Scheu, A and Borelli, C (2017) Dual anti-inflammatory and anti-parasitic action of topical ivermectin 1% in papulopustular rosacea. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology: JEADV 31, 1907–1911.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sekine, R, Satoh, T, Takaoka, A, Saeki, K and Yokozeki, H (2012) Anti pruritic effects of topical crotamiton, capsaicin, and a corticosteroid on pruritogen-induced scratching behavior. Experimental Dermatology 21, 201–204.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, K and Leyden, JJ (2005) Safety of doxycycline and minocycline: a systematic review. Clinical Therapeutics 27, 1329–1342.10.1016/j.clinthera.2005.09.005CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sonmez, OU, Yalcin, ZG, Karakece, E, Ciftci, IH and Erdem, T (2013) Associations between Demodex species infestation and various types of cancer. Acta Parasitologica 58, 551–555.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Souza, ME, Lopes, LQ, Bonez, PC, Gundel, A, Martinez, DS, Sagrillo, MR, Giongo, JL, Vaucher, RA, Raffin, RP, Boligon, AA and Santos, RC (2017) Melaleuca alternifolia nanoparticles against Candida species biofilms. Microbial Pathogenesis 104, 125–132.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stein, L, Kircik, L, Fowler, J, Tan, J, Draelos, Z, Fleischer, A, Appell, M, Steinhoff, M, Lynde, C, Liu, H and Jacovella, J (2014) Efficacy and safety of ivermectin 1% cream in treatment of papulopustular rosacea: results of two randomized, double-blind, vehicle-controlled pivotal studies. Journal of Drugs in Dermatology: JDD 13, 316–323.Google ScholarPubMed
Sunderkotter, C, Herrmann, M and Jappe, U (2006) [Antimicrobial therapy in dermatology]. Journal der Deutschen Dermatologischen Gesellschaft 4, 10–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sunderkotter, C, Mayser, P, Folster-Holst, R, Maier, WA, Kampen, H and Hamm, H (2007) Scabies. Journal der Deutschen Dermatologischen Gesellschaft 5, 424–430.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Swygard, H, Sena, AC, Hobbs, MM and Cohen, MS (2004) Trichomoniasis: clinical manifestations, diagnosis and management. Sexually Transmitted Infections 80, 91–95.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Taieb, A, Ortonne, JP, Ruzicka, T, Roszkiewicz, J, Berth-Jones, J, Peirone, MH, Jacovella, J and Ivermectin Phase III Study Group (2015) Superiority of ivermectin 1% cream over metronidazole 0.75% cream in treating inflammatory lesions of rosacea: a randomized, investigator-blinded trial. British Journal of Dermatology 172, 1103–1110.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Taieb, A, Khemis, A, Ruzicka, T, Baranska-Rybak, W, Berth-Jones, J, Schauber, J, Briantais, P, Jacovella, J, Passeron, T and Ivermectin Phase III Study Group (2016) Maintenance of remission following successful treatment of papulopustular rosacea with ivermectin 1% cream vs metronidazole 0.75% cream: 36-week extension of the ATTRACT randomized study. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology: JEADV 30, 829–836.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tarkowski, W, Moneta-Wielgos, J and Mlocicki, D (2015) Demodex sp. as a potential cause of the abandonment of soft contact lenses by their existing users. Biomed Research International 2015, 259109.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tatu, AL, Ionescu, MA, Clatici, VG and Cristea, VC (2016) Bacillus cereus strain isolated from Demodex folliculorum in patients with topical steroid-induced rosaceiform facial dermatitis. Anais Brasileiros De Dermatologia 91, 676–678.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tighe, S, Gao, YY and Tseng, SC (2013) Terpinen-4-ol is the most active ingredient of tea tree oil to kill Demodex mites. Translational Vision Science & Technology 2, 2.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tomalik-Scharte, D, Lazar, A, Meins, J, Bastian, B, Ihrig, M, Wachall, B, Jetter, A, Tantcheva-Poor, I, Mahrle, G and Fuhr, U (2005) Dermal absorption of permethrin following topical administration. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 61, 399–404.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Trave, I, Merlo, G, Cozzani, E and Parodi, A (2019) Real-life experience on effectiveness and tolerability of topical ivermectin in papulopustular rosacea and antiparasitic effect on Demodex mites. Dermatologic Therapy 32, e13093.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Turberg, A (2015) Ectoparasiticides: antagonists and modulators of chloride channels. In Mehlhorn, H (ed), Encyclopedia of Parasitology. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 1–10.Google Scholar
Ugras, M, Miman, O, Karincaoglu, Y and Atambay, M (2009) The prevalence of Demodex folliculorum on the scrotum and male perineal skin. Turkiye Parazitolojii Dergisi 33, 28–31.Google ScholarPubMed
Vanam, HP, Mohanram, KK, Siv Rami Reddy, R., Poojari, SS, Anuradha, PR and Kandi, V (2018) First report of concomitant tinea faciei and pityriasis folliculorum: a dermatomicrobiological rarity. Cureus 10, e3017.Google ScholarPubMed
van Zuuren, EJ, Fedorowicz, Z, Carter, B, van der Linden, MM and Charland, L (2015) Interventions for rosacea. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2015. doi: doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD003262.pub5Google Scholar
Vargas-Arzola, J, Reyes-Velasco, L, Segura-Salvador, A, Marquez-Navarro, A, Diaz-Chiguer, DL and Nogueda-Torres, B (2012) Prevalence of Demodex mites in eyelashes among people of Oaxaca, Mexico. Acta Microbiologica et Immunologica Hungarica 59, 257–262.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wang, X, Martinez, MA, Dai, M, Chen, D, Ares, I, Romero, A, Castellano, V, Martinez, M, Rodriguez, JL, Martinez-Larranaga, MR, Anadon, A and Yuan, Z (2016) Permethrin-induced oxidative stress and toxicity and metabolism. A review. Environmental Research 149, 86–104.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wise, RD (2007) Submicrobial doxycycline and rosacea. Comprehensive Therapy 33, 78–81.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Won, JH, Ahn, SK and Lee, SH (1993) Unusual manifestation of demodicidosis in a child. International Journal of Dermatology 32, 822.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wong, K, Flanagan, J, Jalbert, I and Tan, J (2019) The effect of blephadex eyelid wipes on Demodex mites, ocular microbiota, bacterial lipase and comfort: a pilot study. Contact Lens & Anterior Eye 42, 652–657.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Woo, YR, Lim, JH, Cho, DH and Park, HJ (2016) Rosacea: molecular mechanisms and management of a chronic cutaneous inflammatory condition. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 17, 1562. doi:10.3390/ijms17091562CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yam, JC, Tang, BS, Chan, TM and Cheng, AC (2014) Ocular demodicidosis as a risk factor of adult recurrent chalazion. European Journal of Ophthalmology 24, 159–163.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yamaoka, T, Murota, H, Tani, M and Katayama, I (2014) Severe rosacea with prominent Demodex folliculorum in a patient with HIV. The Journal of Dermatology 41, 195–196.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yokoyama, T, Yamaguchi, R, Itoh, T, Toh, U, Nakagawa, S and Kage, M (2014) Detection of Demodex folliculorum from nipple discharge. Diagnostic Cytopathology 42, 236–237.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yun, SH, Levin, F and Servat, J (2013) Demodex folliculitis presenting as periocular vesiculopustular rash. Orbit (Amsterdam, Netherlands) 32, 370–371.Google ScholarPubMed
Zari, J, Abdolmajid, F, Masood, M, Vahid, M and Yalda, N (2008) Evaluation of the relationship between androgenetic alopecia and Demodex infestation. Indian Journal of Dermatology 53, 64–67.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zhang, X, Song, Y, Ci, X, An, N, Ju, Y, Li, H, Wang, X, Han, C, Cui, J and Deng, X (2008) Ivermectin inhibits LPS-induced production of inflammatory cytokines and improves LPS-induced survival in mice. Inflammation Research 57, 524–529.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zhang, X, Song, Y, Xiong, H, Ci, X, Li, H, Yu, L, Zhang, L and Deng, X (2009) Inhibitory effects of ivermectin on nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2 production in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. International Immunopharmacology 9, 354–359.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zhao, YE, Guo, N and Wu, LP (2009) The effect of temperature on the viability of Demodex folliculorum and Demodex brevis. Parasitology Research 105, 1623–1628.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zhong, J, Tan, Y, Li, S, Peng, L, Wang, B, Deng, Y and Yuan, J (2019) The prevalence of Demodex folliculorum and Demodex brevis in cylindrical dandruff patients. Journal of Ophthalmology 2019, 8949683.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zlotkin, E (1999) The insect voltage-gated sodium channel as target of insecticides. Annual Review of Entomology 44, 429–455.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed