Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-p9bg8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-27T07:18:35.624Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Circulating filarial antigen detection in brugian filariasis

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 December 2015

PRAVEEN KUMAR TRIPATHI ,
RAMESH CHANDER MAHAJAN ,
NANCY MALLA ,
ABHISHEK MEWARA ,
SHAILJA MISRA BHATTACHARYA ,
RANGANATHA KRISHNA SHENOY  and
RAKESH SEHGAL
PRAVEEN KUMAR TRIPATHI
Affiliation:
Department of Medical Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
RAMESH CHANDER MAHAJAN
Affiliation:
Department of Medical Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
NANCY MALLA
Affiliation:
Department of Medical Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
ABHISHEK MEWARA
Affiliation:
Department of Medical Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
SHAILJA MISRA BHATTACHARYA
Affiliation:
Division of Parasitology, Central Drug Research Institute (CDRI), Lucknow, India
RANGANATHA KRISHNA SHENOY
Affiliation:
Department of Medicine, Filariasis Chemotherapy Unit, TD Medical College Hospital, Alleppey, Kerala, India
RAKESH SEHGAL*
Affiliation:
Department of Medical Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
*
*Corresponding author: Department of Medical Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh – 160012, India. Tel: 911722755168. Fax: 911722744401. E-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Summary

Human lymphatic filariasis (LF) is a major cause of disability globally. The success of global elimination programmes for LF depends upon effectiveness of tools for diagnosis and treatment. In this study on stage-specific antigen detection in brugian filariasis, L3, adult worm (AW) and microfilarial antigenaemia were detected in around 90–95% of microfilariae carriers (MF group), 50–70% of adenolymphangitis (ADL) patients, 10–25% of chronic pathology (CP) patients and 10–15% of endemic normal (EN) controls. The sensitivity of the circulating filarial antigen (CFA) detection in serum samples from MF group was up to 95%. In sera from ADL patients, unexpectedly, less antigen reactivity was observed. In CP group all the CFA positive individuals were from CP grade I and II only and none from grade III or IV, suggesting that with chronicity the AWs lose fecundity and start to disintegrate and die. Amongst EN subject, 10–15% had CFA indicating that few of them harbour filarial AWs, thus they might not be truly immune as has been conventionally believed. The specificity for antigen detection was 100% when tested with sera from various other protozoan and non-filarial helminthic infections.

Keywords

Brugian filariasiscirculating filarial antigen (CFA)stage-specific antigenaemiapre- and post-treatment kinetics
Type
Research Article
Information
Parasitology , Volume 143 , Issue 3 , March 2016 , pp. 350 - 357
Check for updates
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2015 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Baveja, U. K. and Chattopadhyay, D. (2002). Manual on Quality Assurance Practices in HIV Testing Laboratories, pp. 17–39. National Institute of communicable Diseases, Directorate General of Health Services, Government of India.Google Scholar
Chandrashekar, R., Rao, U. R., Rajasekariah, G. R. and Subrahmanyam, D. (1984). Separation of viable microfilariae free of blood cells on Percoll gradients. Journal of Helminthology 58, 69–70.Google Scholar
Chanteau, S., Moulia-Pelat, J. P., Glaziou, P., Nguyen, N. L., Luquiaud, P., Plichart, C., Martin, P. M. and Cartel, J. L. (1994). Og4C3 circulating antigen: a marker of infection and adult worm burden in Wuchereria bancrofti filariasis. Journal of Infectious Diseases 170, 247–250.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cheirmaraj, K., Reddy, M. V. and Harinath, B. C. (1990). Diagnostic use of polyclonal antibodies raised in mouse ascitic fluid in bancroftian filariasis. Journal of Immunoassay 11, 429–444.Google Scholar
Faris, R., Ramzy, R. M. R., Dad, A. M., Weil, G. J. and Buck, A. A. (1993). Community diagnosis of bancroftian filariasis. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 87, 659–661.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fischer, P., Bonow, I., Supali, T., Ruckert, P. and Rahmah, N. (2005). Detection of filaria-specific IgG4 antibodies and filarial DNA for the screening of blood spots for Brugia timori . Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 99, 53–60.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Forsyth, K. P., Spark, R., Kazura, J., Brown, G. V., Peters, P., Heywood, P., Dissanayake, S. and Mitchell, G. F. (1985). A monoclonal antibody based immuno-radiometric assay for detection of circulating antigen in bancroftian filariasis. Journal of Immunology 134, 1172–1177.Google Scholar
Gyapong, J. O., Kyelem, D., Kleinschmidt, I., Agbo, K., Ahouandogbo, F., Gaba, J., Owusu-Banahene, G., Sanou, S., Sodahlon, Y. K., Biswas, G., Kale, O. O., Molyneux, D. H., Roungou, J. B., Thomson, M. C. and Remme, J. (2002). The use of spatial analysis in mapping the distribution of bancroftian filariasis in four West African countries. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 96, 695–705.Google Scholar
Gyapong, J. O., Kumaraswami, V., Biswas, G. and Ottesen, E. A. (2005). Treatment strategies underpinning the global programme to eliminate lymphatic filariasis. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy 6, 179–200.Google Scholar
Helmy, H., Weil, G. J., Faris, R., Gad, A. M., Chandrashekar, R., Ashour, A. and Ramzy, R. M. (2000). Human antibody responses to Wuchereria bancrofti infective larvae. Parasite Immunology 22, 89–96.Google Scholar
Jiraamonnimit, C., Wongkamchai, S., Boitano, J., Nochot, H., Loymek, S., Chujun, S. and Yodmek, S. (2009). A cohort study on anti-filarial IgG4 and its assessment in good and uncertain MDA-compliant subjects in brugian filariasis endemic areas in southern Thailand. Journal of Helminthology 8, 1–10.Google Scholar
Kar, S. K., Mania, J. and Kar, P. K. (1993). Humoral immune response during filarial fever in Bancroftian filariasis. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 87, 230–233.Google Scholar
Kurniawan-Atmadia, A., Sartono, E., Oartono, F., Yazdabbakhsh, M. and Maizels, R. M. (1998). Antibody responses to filarial infective larvae are not dominated by the IgG4 isotype. Parasite Immunology 20, 9–17.Google Scholar
Lalitha, P., Ravichandran, M., Suba, S., Kaliraj, P., Narayanan, R. B. and Jayaraman, K. (1998). Quantitative assessment of circulating antigens in human lymphatic filariasis: a field evaluation of monoclonal antibody-based ELISA using blood collected on filter strips. Tropical Medicine and International Health 3, 41–45.Google Scholar
Lalitha, P., Eswaran, D., Gnanasekar, M., Rao, K. V., Narayanan, R. B., Scott, A., Nutman, T. and Kaliraj, P. (2002). Development of antigen detection ELISA for the diagnosis of brugian and bancroftian filariasis using antibodies to recombinant filarial antigens Bm-SXP-1 and Wb-SXP-1. Microbiology Immunology 46, 327–332.Google Scholar
Lammie, P. J., Weil, G., Noordin, R., Kaliraj, P., Steel, C., Goodman, D., Lakshmikanthan, V. B. and Ottesen, E. (2004). Recombinant antigen based assays for the diagnosis and surveillance of lymphatic filariasis: a multicenter trial. Filaria Journal 3, 9.Google Scholar
Murthy, P. K., Tyagi, K., Roy Chowdhury, T. K. and Sen, A. B. (1983). Susceptibility of Mastomys natalensis (GRA strain) to a subperiod strain of human Brugia malayi . Indian Journal of Medical Research 77, 623–630.Google Scholar
Nicolas, L. (1997). New tools for diagnosis and monitoring of bancroftian filariasis parasitism: the Polynesian experience. Parasitology Today 13, 370–375.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Noordin, R., Itoh, M., Kimura, E., Ravindran, B., Mahmud, R., Supali, T. and Weerasooriya, M. (2007). Multicentre evaluations of two new rapid IgG4 tests (WB rapid and pan LF rapid) for detection of lymphatic filariasis. Filaria Journal 6, 9.Google Scholar
Parulekar, S. D. (1984). Agar gel micro ouchterlony radial double diffusion (AGD). In Gelimmuno-diffusion Techniques in Research and Laboratory Medicine (ed. Kelkar, S. S. and Khare, H. I.), pp. 32–64. Popular Prakashan, Bombay, India.Google Scholar
Rahmah, N., Taniawati, S., Shenoy, R. K., Lim, B. H., Kumaraswami, V., Anuar, A. K., Hakim, S. L., Hayati, M. I., Chan, B. T., Suharni, M. and Ramachandran, C. P. (2001). Specificity and sensitivity of a rapid dipstick test (Brugia Rapid) in the detection of Brugia malayi infection. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 95, 601–604.Google Scholar
Ravindran, B., Satapathy, A. K., Sahoo, P. K. and Mohanty, M. (2003). Protective immunity in human lymphatic filariasis: problems and prospects. Medical Microbiology and Immunology 192, 41–46.Google Scholar
Rocha, A., Addiss, D., Ribiero, M. E., Norões, J., Baliza, M., Medeiros, Z. and Dreyer, G. (1996). Evaluation of the Og4C3 ELISA in Wuchereria bancrofti infection: infected persons with undetectable or ultra-low microfilaria adensities. Tropical Medicine and International Health 1, 859–864.Google Scholar
Schuetz, A., Addiss, D. G., Eberhard, M. L. and Lammie, P. J. (2000). Evaluation of the whole blood filariasis ICT test for short-term monitoring after antifilarial treatment. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 62, 502–503.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shah, A. P. and Mulla, S. A. (2007). Circulating filarial antigen in serum and hydrocele fluid from individuals living in an endemic area for bancroftian filariasis. Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology 25, 253–255.Google Scholar
Turner, P., Copeman, B., Gerisi, D. and Speare, R. (1993). A comparison of the Og4C3 antigen capture ELISA, the Knott test, and an IgG4 assay and clinical signs in the diagnosis of bancroftian filariasis. Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 44, 45–48.Google Scholar
Voller, A., Bartlett, A. and Bidwell, D. E. (1976). Enzyme immunoassays for parasitic diseases. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 70, 98–106.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weil, G. J. and Ramzy, R. M. R. (2007). Diagnostic tools for filariasis elimination programs. Trends in Parasitology 23, 78–82.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weil, G. J., Lammie, P. J. and Weiss, N. (1997). The ICT filariasis test: a rapid format antigen test for diagnosis of bancroftian filariasis. Parasitology Today 13, 401–404.Google Scholar
World Health Organization (2010). Progress Report 2000–2009 and Strategic Plan 2010–2020 of the Global Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis: Halfway Towards Eliminating Lymphatic Filariasis. WHO/HTM/NTD/PCT/2010.6. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.Google Scholar
World Health Organization (2014). Lymphatic filariasis. Fact sheet No 102. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs102/en/ Google Scholar