Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gbm5v Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-25T08:19:54.316Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

An update on candidate malaria vaccines

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 April 2009

G. H. Mitchell
G. H. Mitchell
Affiliation:
Department of Immunology, UMDS, The Medical School, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The purpose of this work is to review the progress towards malaria vaccination that has been made over the last four or so years, and the prospects and difficulties as they now appear. Although some of the older literature will be referred to as necessary background, it is not treated here in any detail. The reader who wishes for a fuller historical perspective should see, for instance, Brown (1969), Cohen & Mitchell (1978), Desowitz & Miller (1980), Mitchell (1984), Miller, David & Hadley (1984), Heidrich (1986) and, specifically for a consideration of sporozoite vaccination, Nussenzweig & Nussenzweig (1984, 1986). Naturally, any summary of vaccination will lean on the immunology of the disease, but malaria immunology is not reviewed here in its own right. The reader requiring the most recent attempt to cover this field should see the work edited by Perlmann & Wigzell (1988); some individual chapters of that volume will be referred to below.

Keywords

malaria vaccinescircumsporozoite antigenshuman malariamodels.
Type
Research Article
Information
Parasitology , Volume 98 , supplement S1: Symposia of the British Society for Parasitology Volume 26:Vaccines and vaccination strategies , January 1989 , pp. S29 - S47
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1989

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Aley, S. B., Bates, M. D., Tam, J. P. & Hollingdale, M. R. (1986). Synthetic peptides from the circumsporozoite proteins of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium knowlesi recognise the human hepatoma cell line Hep G2-A6 in vitro. Journal of Experimental Medicine 164, 1915–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anders, R. F. (1986). Multiple cross reactivities amongst antigens of Plasmodium falciparum impair the development of protective immunity against malaria. Parasite Immunology 8, 529–39.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Anders, R. F., Coppel, R. L., Brown, G. V. & Kemp, D. J. (1988). Antigens with repeated amino acid sequences from the asexual blood stages of Plasmodium falciparum. Progress in Allergy 41, 148–72.Google ScholarPubMed
Anderson, R. M. & May, R. (1985). Vaccination and herd immunity to infectious diseases. Nature, London 318, 323–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ballou, W. R., Hoffman, S. L., Sherwood, J. A., Hollingdale, M. R., Neva, F. A., Hockmeyer, W. T., Gordon, D. M., Schneider, I., Wirtz, R. A., Young, J. F., Wasserman, G. F., Reeve, P., Diggs, C. L. & Chulay, J. D. (1987). Safety and efficacy of a recombinant DNA Plasmodium falciparum sporozoite vaccine. Lancet i, 1277–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barr, P. J., Gibson, H. L., Enea, V., Arnot, D. E., Hollingdale, M. R. & Nussenzweig, v. (1987). Expression in yeast of a Plasmodium vivax antigen of potential use in a human malaria vaccine. Journal of Experimental Medicine 165, 1160–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bianco, A. E., Culvenor, J. G., Coppel, R. L., Crewther, P. E., Mcintyre, P., Favaloro, J. M., Brown, G. V., Kemp, D. J. & Anders, R. F. (1987). Putative glycophorin Binding Protein Is Secreted From Schizonts of Plasmodium Falciparum. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 23, 91–102.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brake, D. A., Long, C. A. & Weidanz, W. P. (1988). Adoptive protection against Plasmodium chabaudi adami Malaria in athymic nude mice by a cloned T cell line. Journal of immunology 140, 1989–93.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brake, D. A., Weidanz, W. P. & Long, C. A. (1986). Antigen specific interleukin 2 propagated T lymphocytes confer resistance to a murine malarial parasite, Plasmodium chabaudi Adami. Journal Of Immunology 137, 347.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brown, I. N. (1969). Immunological aspects of malaria infection. Advances in Immunology 11, 267–349.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brown, K. N., Allison, A. C. & Taylor, R. B. (1968). Plasmodium berghei Infections In thymectomised rats. Nature, London 219, 292–3.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, K. N. (1973). Antibody Induced Variation in malaria parsites. Nature, London 242, 49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, K. N. & Brown, I. N. (1965). Immunity to malaria: antigenic variation in chronic infections of Plasmodium knowlesi. Nature, London 208, 1286.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brown, G. V., Culvenor, J. G., Crewther, P. E., Bianco, A. E., Coppel, R. L., Saint, R. B., Stahl, H.-D., Kemp, D. J. & Anders, R. F. (1985). Localisation of the ring infected erythrocyte surface antigen (RESA) of Plasmodium falciparum in merozoites and ring-infected erythrocytes. Journal of Experimental Medicine 162, 774–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bruce-Chwatt, L. J. (1987). Malaria and its control: present situation and future prospects. Annual Review of Public Health 8, 74–110.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Busheli, G. R., Ingram, L. T., Fardoulys, C. A. & Cooper, J. A. (1988). An antigenic complex in the rhoptries of Plasmodium falciparum. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 28, 105–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carlin, J. M., Jensen, J. B. & Geary, T. G. (1985). Comparison of inducers of crisis forms in Plasmodium falciparum in vitro. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 34, 668–74.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carter, R. & Chen, D. H. (1976). Malaria transmission blocked by immunisation with gametes of the malaria parasite. Nature, London 263, 56–60.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carter, R., Kumar, N., Quakyi, I., Good, M. F., Mendis, K., Graves, P. & Miller, L. H. (1988). Immunity to sexual stages of malaria parasites. Progress in Allergy 41, 193–214.Google ScholarPubMed
Cavacini, L. A., Long, C. A. & Weidanz, W. P. (1986). T cell immunity in murine malaria: adoptive transfer of resistance to Plasmodium chabaudi adami in nude mice with splenic T cells. Infection and Immunity 52, 637.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chen, D. H., Tigelaar, R. E. & Weinbaum, F. I. (1977). Immunity to sporozoite induced malaria infection in mice. I: The effect of immunisation of T and B Cell Deficient Mice. Journal Of Immunology 118, 1322–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cheung, A., Leban, J., Shaw, A. R., Merkli, B., Stocker, J., Chizzolini, C., Sander, C. & Perrin, L. H. (1986). Immunisation with synthetic peptides of a Plasmodium falciparum surface antigen induces anti-merozoite antibodies. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 83, 8328–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clark, I. A. (1989). The origins of illness and pathology in malaria. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene (in the Press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clark, I. A., Allison, A. C. & Cox, F. E. G. (1976). Protection of mice against Babesia and Plasmodium with BCG. Nature, London 259, 309–11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Clark, I. A., Wills, F. J., Richmond, J. E. & Allison, A. C. (1975). Immunity to intraerythrocytic protozoa. Lancet ii, 1128–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clyde, D. F., Mccarthy, V. C., Miller, R. M. & Woodward, W. E. (1975). Immunisation of man against falciparum and vivax malaria by use of attenuated sporozoites. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 24, 397–401.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cohen, S., Butcher, G. A. & Crandall, R. B. (1969). Action of malarial antibody in vitro. Nature, London 223, 368–71.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cohen, S., Mcgregor, I. A. & Carrington, S. C. (1961). Gammaglobulin and acquired immunity to human malaria. Nature, London 192, 733–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cohen, S. & Mitchell, G. H. (1978). Prospects for immunisation against malaria. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology 80, 97–137.Google ScholarPubMed
Collins, W. E., Anders, R. F., Pappaioanou, M., Campbell, G. H., Brown, G. V., Kemp, D. J., Coppel, R. L., Skinner, J. C., Andrysiak, P. M., Favaloro, J. M., Corcoran, L. M., Broderson, J. R., Mitchell, G. F. & Campbell, C. C. (1986). Immunisation of Aotus monkeys with recombinant proteins of an erythrocyte surface antigen of Plasmodium falciparum. Nature, London 323, 259–62.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Collins, W. E., Pappaioanou, M., Anders, R. F., Campbell, G. H., Brown, G. V., Kemp, D. J., Broderson, J. R., Coppel, R. L., Skinner, J. C., Procell, P. M., Favaloro, J. M., Corcoran, L. M., Ma, N. S.-F., Mitchell, G. F. & Campbell, C. C. (1988). Immunisation trials with the ring infected erythrocyte surface antigen of Plasmodium falciparum in owl monkeys (Aotus vociferans). American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 38, 268–82.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
De La Cruz, V. F., Lal, A. A. & Mccutchan, T. F. (1987). Sequence variation in putative functional domains of the circumsporozoite protein of Plasmodium falciparum: implications for vaccine development. Journal of Biological Chemistry 262, 11935–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
De La Cruz, V. F., Lal, A. A., Welsh, J. A. & Mccutchan, T. F. (1987). Evolution of the immunodominant domain of the circumsporozoite protein gene from Plasmodium vivax: implications for vaccine development. Journal of Biological Chemistry 262, 6464–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dame, J. B., Williams, J. L, Mccutchan, T. F., Weber, J. L., Wirtz, R. A., Hockmeyer, W. T., Maloy, W. C., Haynes, J. D., Schneider, I., Roberts, D., Sanders, G., Reddy, E. P., Diggs, C. L. & Miller, L. H. (1984). Structure of the gene encoding the immunodominant surface antigen on the sporozoite of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Science 225, 593–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Danforth, H. D., Orjih, A. U. & Nussenzweig, R. S. (1978). Immunofluorescent staining of exoerythrocytic schizonts of Plasmodium Berghei With Stage Specific immune serum. Journal of Parasitology 64, 1123–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
David, P. H., Hommel, M., Miller, L. H., Udeinya, I. J. & Oligino, L. D. (1983). Parasite sequestration in Plasmodium falciparum malaria: spleen and antibody modulation of cytoadherence of infected erythrocytes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 80, 5075–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
David, P. H., Hudson, D. E., Hadley, T. J., Klotz, F. W. & Miller, L. H. (1985). Immunisation of monkeys with a 140 kilodalton merozoite surface protein of Plasmodium knowlesi malaria: appearance of alternate (sic) forms of this protein. Journal of Immunology 134, 4146–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deans, J. A., Alderson, T., Thomas, A. W., Mitchell, C. H., Lennox, E. S. & Cohen, S. (1982). Rat monoclonal antibodies which inhibit the in vitro multiplication of Plasmodium Knowlesi. Clinical and Experimental Immunology 49, 297–309.Google ScholarPubMed
Deans, J. A., Knight, A. M., Jean, W. C., Waters, A. P., Cohen, S. & Mitchell, G. H. (1988). Vaccination trials in rhesus monkeys with a minor, invariant, Plasmodium knowlesi 66 kD merozoite antigen. Parasite Immunology 10, 535–52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Deas, J. E. & Lee, L. T. (1981). Competitive inhibition by soluble erythrocyte glycoproteins of penetration by Plasmodium falciparum. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 30, 1164–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Desowitz, R. S. & Miller, L. H. (1980). A perspective on malaria vaccines. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 58, 897–908.Google ScholarPubMed
Dockrell, H. M. & Playfair, J. H. L. (1983). Killing of blood stage murine malaria parasites by hydrogen peroxide. Infection and Immunity 39, 456–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dockrell, H. M., Alavi, A. & Playfair, J. H. L. (1986). Changes in oxidative burst capacity during murine malarias and the effect of vaccination. Clinical and Experimental Immunology 66, 37–43.Google ScholarPubMed
Egan, J. E., Weber, J. L., Ballou, W. R., Hollingdale, M. R., Majarian, W. R., Gordon, D. M., Maloy, W. L., Hoffman, S. L., Wirtz, R. A., Schneider, I., Wollett, G. R., Young, J. F. & Hockmeyer, W. T. (1987). Efficacy of murine malaria sporozoite vaccines: implications for human vaccine development. Science 236, 453–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ellis, J., Ozaki, L. S., Gwadz, R. W., Cochrane, A. H., Nussenzweig, V., Nussenzweig, R. S. & Godson, G. N. (1983). Cloning and expression in E. coil of the malaria sporozoite surface antigen gene from Plasmodium knowlesi. Nature, London 302, 536–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Enea, V., Ellis, J., Zavala, F., Arnot, D. E., Asuvanich, L. A., Masuda, A., Quakyi, I. & Nussenzweig, R. S. (1984). DNA cloning of Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite gene: amino acid sequence of repetitive epitope. Science 225, 628–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ferreira, A., Schofield, L., Enea, V., Schellekens, H., Van Der Meide, P., Collins, W. E., Nussenzweig, R. S. & Nussenzweig, V. (1986). inhibition of development of exoerythrocytic forms of malaria parasites by gamma-interferon. Science 232, 881–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Del Giudice, G., Copper, J. A., Merino, J., Verdini, A. S., Pessi, A., Togna, A. R., Engers, H. D., Corradin, G. & Lambert, P.-H. (1986). The antibody response in mice to carrier free synthetic polymers of Plasmodium falciparum Circumsporozoite repetitive epitope is I-Ab restricted: Possible implications for malaria vaccines. Journal of immunology 137, 2952–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Del Giudice, G., Grau, G. E. & Lambert, P.H. (1988). Host responsiveness to malaria epitopes and immunopathology. Progress in Allergy 41, 288–330.Google ScholarPubMed
Good, M. F., Berzofsky, J. A., Maloy, W. L., Hayashi, Y., Fujii, N., Hockmeyer, W. T. & Miller, L. H. (1986). Genetic control of the immune response in mice to a Plasmodium falciparum sporozoite vaccine. Widespread non-responsiveness to single malaria T epitope in highly repetitive vaccine. Journal of Experimental Medicine 164, 655–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Good, M. F., Berzofsky, J. A. & Miller, L. H. (1988). The T cell response to the malaria circumsporozoite protein: an immunological approach to vaccine development. Annual Review of Immunology 6, 663–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Good, M. F., Maloy, W. L., Lunde, M. N., Margalit, H., Cornette, J. L., Smith, G. L., Moss, B., Miller, L. H. & Berzofsky, J. A. (1987). Construction of synthetic immunogen: use of new T helper epitope on malaria circumsporozoite protein. Science 235, 1059–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Good, M. F., Pombo, D., Lunde, M. N., Maloy, W. L., Halenbeck, R., Koths, K., Miller, L. H. & Berzofsky, J. A. (1988). Recombinant IL-2 overcomes genetic nonresponsiveness to malaria sporozoite peptides: correlation of effect with biologic activity of IL-2. Journal Of Immunology 141, 972–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Good, M. F., Quakyi, I., Saul, A., Berzofsky, J. A., Carter, R. & Miller, L. H. (1987). Human T clones reactive to the sexual stages of Plasmodium falciparum malaria. High frequency of gamete-reactive T cells in peripheral blood from nonexposed donors. Journal of Immunology 138, 306–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grun, J. L. & Weidanz, W. P. (1981). Immunity to Plasmodium chabaudii adami in the B-cell deficient mouse. Nature, London 290, 143–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guttinger, M., Caspers, P., Takacs, B., Trzeciak, A., Gillessen, D., Pink, J. R. & Sinigaglia, F. (1988). Human T cells recognise polymorphic regions and non polymorphic regions of the Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein. EMBO Journal 7 (in the Press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gwadz, R. W. & Koontz, L. C. (1984). Plasmodium knowlesi: persistence of transmission blocking immunity in monkeys immunised with gamete antigens. Infection and Immunity 44, 137.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hall, R., Hyde, J., Goman, M., Simmons, D., Hope, I., Mackay, M., Scaife, J., Merkli, B., Richle, R. & Stocker, J. (1984). Major surface antigen gene of a human malaria cloned and expressed in bacteria. Nature, London 311, 379–82.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hall, R., Osland, A., Hyde, J., Simmons, D., Hope, I. & Scaife, J. (1984). Processing, polymorphism, and biological significance of P190, a major surface antigen of the erythrocytic forms of Plasmodium falciparum. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 11, 61–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heidrich, H. G. (1986). Plasmodium falciparum antigens as target molecules for a protective immunization against malaria: an up-to-date review. Zeitschrift für Parasitenkunde 72, 1–11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Herrington, D. A., Clyde, D. F., Losonsky, G., Cortesia, M., Murphy, J. R., Davis, J., Baqar, S., Felix, A. M., Heimer, E. P., Gillessen, D., Nardin, E., Nussenzweig, R. S., Nussenzweig, V., Hollingdale, M. R. & Levine, M. M. (1987). Safety and immunogenicity in man of a synthetic peptide malaria vaccine against Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites. Nature, London 328, 257–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hoffman, S. L., Cannon, L. T., Berzofsky, J. A., Majarian, W. R., Young, J. F., Maloy, W. L. & Hockmeyer, W. T. (1987). Plasmodium falciparum: sporozoite boosting of immunity due to a T cell epitope on a sporozoite vaccine. Experimental Parasitology 64, 64–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holder, A. A. (1988). The precursor to major merozoite surface antigens: structure and role in immunity. Progress in Allergy 41, 72–97.Google ScholarPubMed
Holder, A. A. & Freeman, R. R. (1984). Protective antigens of rodent and human blood stage malaria. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 307, 171–7.Google Scholar
Holder, A. A., Freeman, R. R. & Nicholls, S. C. (1988). Immunization against Plasmodium falciparum with recombinant polypeptides produced in Escherichia Coli. Parasite Immunology (in the Press).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holder, A. A., Lockyer, M. J., Odink, K., Sandhu, J., Riveros-Moreno, V., Nicholls, S., Hillman, Y., Davey, L., Tizard, M., Schwarz, R. & Freeman, R. R. (1985). Primary structure of the precursor to the three major surface antigens of Plasmodium falciparum merozoites. Nature, London 317, 270–3.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hollingdale, M. R., Zavala, F., Nussenzweig, R. S. & Nussenzweig, V. (1982). Antibodies to the protective antigen of Plasmodium berghei sporozoites prevent entry into cultured cells. Journal Of Immunology 128, 1929–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Howard, R. J. (1987). Vaccination against malaria: recent advances and the problems of antigenic diversity and other parasite evasion mechanisms. International Journal for parasitology 17, 17–29.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Howard, R. J. (1988). Malarial proteins at the membrane of Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes and their involvement in cytoadherence to endothelial cells. Progress in Allergy 41, 98–147.Google ScholarPubMed
Howard, R. J. & Barnwell, J. W. (1983). The roles of surface antigens on malaria infected red blood cells in evasion of immunity. Contemporary Topics in Immunology 12, 127–200.Google Scholar
Jaywardena, A. N., Targett, G. A. T., Carter, R. L., Leuchars, E. & Davies, A. J. S. (1977). The immunological response of CBA mice to P. Yoelii. I. General characteristics of the effects of T cell deprivation and reconstitution with thymus grafts. Immunology 32, 849–89.Google Scholar
Jaywardena, A. N., Targett, G. A. T., Leuchars, E. & Davies, A. J. S. (1978). The immunological response of CBA mice to P. Yoelii. II. The passive transfer of immunity with serum and cells. Immunology 34, 157–65.Google Scholar
Jensen, J. B., Boland, M. T., Allan, J. S., Carlin, J. M., Waa, J. A. V., Divo, A. A. & Akood, M. A. S. (1983). Association between human serum induced crisis forms in cultured Plasmodium falciparum and clinical immunity to malaria in Sudan. Infection and Immunity 41, 1302–11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Johnson, J. G., Epstein, N., Shiroishi, T. & Miller, L. H. (1981). Identification of surface proteins on viable Plasmodium knowlesi merozoites. Journal of Protozoology 28, 160.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jungery, M., Pasvoll, G., Newbold, C. I. & Weatherall, D. J. (1983). A lectin like receptor is involved in invasion of erythrocytes by Plasmodium falciparum. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 80, 1018–22.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kataaha, P. K., Facer, C. A., Mortazavi-Milani, S. M., Stierle, H. & Holborow, E. J. (1984). Stimulation of auto-antibody production in normal blood lymphocytes by malaria culture supernatants. Parasite Immunology 6, 481–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kemp, D. J., Coppel, R. L., Stahl, H. D., Bianco, A. E., Corcoran, L. M., Mcintyre, P., Langford, C. J., Favoloro, J. M., Crewther, P. E., Brown, C. V., Mitchell, G. F., Culvenor, J. G. & Anders, R. F. (1986). Genes for antigens of Plasmodium falciparum. Parasitology 91, S83–S101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kilejian, A. (1979). Characterisation of a protein correlated with the production of knob-like protrusions on membranes of erythrocytes infected with Plasmodium falciparum. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 76, 4650–3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kilejian, A. (1984). The biosynthesis of the knob protein and a 65000 dalton histidine rich polypeptide of Plasmodium falciparum. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 12, 185–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klotz, F. W., Hudson, D. E., Coon, H. G. & Miller, L. H. (1987). Vaccination-induced variation in the 140 kD merozoite surface antigen of Plasmodium knowlesi malaria. Journal of Experimental Medicine 165, 359–67.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Langreth, S. G. & Peterson, E. (1985). Pathogenicity, stability and immunogenicity of a knobless clone of Plasmodium falcipiarum in colombian owl monkeys. Infection and Immunity 47, 760–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Langsley, G., Scherf, A., Mercereau-Puijalon, O., Koenen, M., Kahane, B., Mattei, D., Guillotte, M., Sibilli, L., Garner, I., Muller-Hill, B. & Da Silva, Periera L. (1985). Characterisation of P. falciparum antigenic determinants isolated from a genomic expression library by differential antibody screening. Nucleic Acids Research 13, 4191–202.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leech, J. H., Barnwell, J. W., Miller, L. H. & Howard, R. J. (1984). Identification of a strain specific malarial antigen exposed on the surface of Plasmodium falciparum infected erythrocytes. Journal of Experimental Medicine 159, 1567–75.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lockyer, M. J. & Schwarz, R. T. (1987). Strain variation in the circumsporozoite protein gene of Plasmodium falciparum. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 22, 101–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mackay, M., Goman, M., Bone, N., Hyde, J., Scaife, J., Certa, U., Stunnenburg, H. & Bujard, H. (1985). Polymorphism of the precursor of the major surface antigens of Plasmodium falciparum merozoites: studies at the genetic level. EMBO Journal 4, 3823–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marsh, K. & Howard, R. J. (1986). Antigens induced on erythrocytes by P. falciparum, expression of diverse and conserved determinants. science 231, 150–3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mcbride, J., Newbold, C. & Anand, R. (1985). Polymorphism of a high molecular weight schizont antigen of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Journal of Experimental Medicine 161, 160–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mclean, S. A., Phillips, R. S., Pearson, C. D. & Walliker, D. (1987). The effect of mosquito transmission of antigenic variants of Plasmodium chabaudi. Parasitology 94, 443–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mendis, K. N., Munesinghe, Y. D., De Silva, V. N., Keragalla, I. & Carter, R. (1987). Malaria transmission blocking immunity induced by natural infections of Plasmodium vivax in humans. Infection and Immunity 55, 369–72.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miller, L. H., David, P. H. & Hadley, T. J. (1984). Perspectives for malaria vaccination. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 307, 99–115.Google ScholarPubMed
Miller, L. H., David, P. H., Hudson, D. E., Hadley, T. J., Richards, R. L. & Aikawa, M. (1984). Monoclonal antibodies to a 140000 M.W. protein on Plasmodium knowlesi merozoites inhibits their invasion of rhesus erythrocytes. Journal of Immunology 132, 438.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miller, L. H., Haynes, J. D., Mcauliffe, F. M., Shiroishi, T., Dourocher, J. R. & Mcginniss, M. H. (1977). Evidence for differences in erythrocyte surface receptors for the malarial parasites, Plasmodium knowlesi and Plasmodium falciparum. Journal of Experimental Medicine 146, 277–81.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miller, L. H., Howard, R. J., Carter, R., Good, M. F., Nussenzweig, V. & Nussenzweig, R. S. (1987). Research toward malaria vaccines. Science 234, 1349–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mitchell, G. H. (1984). Vaccination against malaria: its plausibility and the present state of research. Vaccine 2, 115–23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mitchell, G. H. (1987). The comparative immunobiology of Plasmodium: model systems and new technologies in malaria vaccine research. Progress in Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology 3, 112–38.Google ScholarPubMed
Mitchell, G. H. & Bannister, L. H. (1988). Malaria parasite invasion: interactions with the red cell membrane. Critical Reviews in Oncology and Haematology 8, 255–310.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mitchell, G. H., Butcher, G. A., Voller, A. & Cohen, S. (1976). The effect of human immune IgG on the in vitro development of Plasmodium falciparum. Parasitology 72, 149–62.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mitchell, G. H., Hadley, T. J., Mcginnis, M. H., Klotz, F. W. & Miller, L. H. (1986). Invasion of erythrocytes by Plasmodium falciparum malaria parasites: evidence for receptor heterogeneity and two receptors. Blood 67, 1519–21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mitchell, G. H., Richards, W. H. G., Butcher, G. A. & Cohen, S. (1977). Merozoite vaccination of douroucouli monkeys against falciparum malaria. Lancet i, 1335–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Molineaux, L. & Gramiccia, C. (1980). The Garki Project. World Health Organization, Geneva.Google Scholar
Mortazavi-Milani, S. M., Badakere, S. S. & Hoborow, E. J. (1984). Antibody to intermediate filaments of the cytoskeleton in sera of patients with acute malaria. Clinical and Experimental Immunology 55, 177–82.Google ScholarPubMed
Nussenzweig, R. S. & Chen, D. (1974). Some characteristics of the immune response to sporozoites of simian and human malaria. Pan American Health Organisation Bulletin 8, 198.Google ScholarPubMed
Nussenzweig, R. S. & Nussenzweig, V. (1984). Development of sporozoite vaccine. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 307, 117–28.Google Scholar
Nussenzweig, V. & Nussenzweig, R. S. (1986). Development of a sporozoite malaria vaccine. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 35, 678–88.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Patarroyo, M. E., Amador, R., Clavijo, P., Moreno, A., Guzman, F., Romero, P., Tascon, R., Franco, A., Murillo, L. A., Ponton, G. & Trujillo, G. (1988). A synthetic vaccine protects humans against challenge with asexual blood stages of Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Nature, London 332, 158–61.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Patarroyo, M. E., Romero, P., Torres, M. L., Calvijo, P., Moreno, A., Martinez, A., Rodriguez, R., Guzman, F. & Cabezas, E. (1987). Induction of protective immunity against experimental infection with malaria using synthetic peptides. Nature, London 328, 629–32.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Perkins, M. E. (1981). Inhibitory effects of erythrocyte membrane proteins on the in vitro invasion of the human malarial parasite Plasmodium falciparum into its host cell. Journal of Cell Biology 90, 563–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Perkins, M. E. & Holt, E. H. (1988). Erythrocyte receptor recognition varies in Plasmodium falciparum isolates. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 27, 23–34.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Perlmann, H. K., Berzins, K., Wahlgren, J., Carlsson, J., Bjorkmann, A., Patarroyo, M. E. & Perlmann, P. (1984). Antibodies in malarial sera to parasite antigens in the membranes of erythrocytes infected with early asexual stages of Plasmodium falciparum. Journal of Experimental Medicine 159, 1686–1704.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Perlmann, P. & Wigzell, H. (1988). Malaria Immunology. Progress in Allergy, Vol. 41. Basel: Karger.Google Scholar
Perrin, L., Merkli, B., Loche, M., Chizzolini, C., Smart, J. & Richle, R. (1984). Antimalarial immunity in Saimiri monkeys. Immunisation with surface components of asexual blood stages. Journal of Experimental Medicine 160, 441–51.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Peterson, M. G., Coppel, R. L., Mcintyre, P., Langford, C. L., Woodrow, G., Brown, G. V., Anders, R. F. & Kemp, D. J. (1988). Variation in the precursor to the major merozoite surface antigens of Plasmodium falciparum. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 27, 291–302.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pink, J. R. L., Rijnbeek, A.-M., Reber-Liske, R. & Sinigaglia, F. (1987). Plasmodium falciparum-specific human T-cell clones: recognition of different parasite antigens. European Journal of Immunology 17, 193–6.Google ScholarPubMed
Ravetch, J. V., Kochan, J. & Perkins, M. E. (1985). Isolation of the gene for a glycophorin binding protein implicated in erythrocyte invasion by a malaria parasite. Science 227, 1593–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rock, E. P., Marsh, K., Saul, A. J., Wellems, T. E., Taylor, D. W., Maloy, W. L. & Howard, R. J. (1987). Comparative analysis of the Plasmodium falciparum histidine rich proteins HRP-I, HRP-II and HRP-III in malaria parasites of diverse origins. Parasitology 95, 209–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Richards, W. H. C., Mitchell, C. H., Butcher, G. A. & Cohen, S. (1977). Merozoite vaccination of rhesus monkeys against Plasmodium knowlesi malaria: immunity to sporozoite (mosquito transmitted) challenge. Parasitology 74, 191–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ruangjirachuporn, W., Wahlin, B., Perlmann, H., Carlsson, J., Berzins, K., Wahlgren, M., Udomsangpetch, R., Wigzell, H. & Perlmann, P. (1988). Monoclonal antibodies to a synthetic peptide corresponding to a repeated sequence in the Plasmodium falciparum antigen Pfl 55. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 29, 19–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sadoff, J. C., Ballou, W. R., Baron, L. S., Majarian, W. R., Brey, R. N., Hockmeyer, W. T., Young, J. F., Cryz, S. J., Ou, J., Lowell, C. H. & Chulay, J. D. (1988). Oral Salmonella typhimurium vaccine expressing circumsporozoite protein protects against malaria. Science 240, 336–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Saul, A. (1987). Kinetic constraints on the development of a malaria vaccine. Parasite Immunology 9, 1–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Scheibel, L. W., Ashton, S. H. & Trager, W. (1979). Plasmodium falciparum microaerophilic requirements in human red blood cells. Experimental Parasitology 47, 410–18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schofield, L., Villaquiran, J., Ferreira, A., Schellekens, H., Nussenzweig, R. S. & Nussenzweig, V. (1987). Gamma interferon, CD8+ T cells and antibodies required for immunity to malaria sporozoites. Nature, London 330, 664–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Van Schravendijk, M. R., Wilson, R. J. M. & Newbold, C. I. (1987). Possible Pitfalls in the identification of glycophorin binding proteins of Plasmodium falciparum. Journal of Experimental Medicine 166, 376–90.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Siddiqui, W. A., Tam, L. Q., Kramer, K. J., Hui, G. S. N., Case, S. E., Yamaga, K. M., Chang, S. P., Chan, E. B. T. & Kan, S.-C. (1987). Merozoite surface Coat precursor protein completely protects Aotus monkeys against Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 84, 3014–18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sinigaglia, F., Guttinger, M., Gillessen, D., Doran, D. M., Takacs, B., Matile, H., Trzeciak, A. & Pink, J. R. (1988). Epitopes recognised by human T lymphocytes on malaria circumsporozoite protein. European Journal of Immunology 18, 633–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sharma, S., Svec, P., Mitchell, G. H. & Godson, G. N. (1985). Diversity of circumsporozoite antigen genes from two strains of the malaria parasite Plasmodium knowlesi. Science 229, 779–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Suzuki, M., Waki, S., Igarashi, I., Takagi, T., Miyagami, T. & Nazakawa, S. (1987). An alternative approach to malaria vaccine with a permanent attenuated mutant from a high virulence Plasmodium berghei strain. Zentralblatt für Mikrobiologie 264, 319–25.Google ScholarPubMed
Tanabe, K., Mackay, M., Goman, M. & Scaife, J. (1987). Allelic dimorphism in a surface antigen gene of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Journal of Molecular Biology 195, 273–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Targett, C. A. T. (1968). Immunity to blood parasitic protozoa. in Immunity to Parasites (ed. Taylor, A. E. R.), pp. 25–41. Oxford; Blackwell Scientific.Google Scholar
Taverne, J., Rahman, D., Dockrell, H. M., Alavi, A., Leveton, C. & Playfair, J. H. L. (1987). Activation of liver macrophages in murine malaria is enhanced by vaccination. Clinical and Experimental Immunology 70, 508–14.Google ScholarPubMed
Taverne, J., Tavernier, J., Fiers, W. & Playfair, J. H. L. (1987). Recombinant tumour necrosis factor inhibits malaria parasites in vivo but not in Vitro. Clinical and Experimental Immunology 67, 1–4.Google Scholar
Thomas, A. W., Deans, J. A., Mitchell, G. H., Alderson, T. & Cohen, S. (1984). The Fab fragments of monoclonal IgG to a merozoite surface antigen inhibit Plasmodium knowlesi invasion of erythrocytes. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 13, 187–99.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Togna, A. R., Del Giudice, G., Verdini, A. S., Bonelli, F., Pessi, A., Engers, H. D. & Corradin, G. (1986). Synthetic Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite peptides elicit heterogenous L3T4+ T cell proliferative responses in H-2b mice. Journal of Immunology 137, 2956–60.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Udeinya, I. J., Graves, P. M., Carter, R., Aikawa, M. & Miller, L. H. (1983). Plasmodium falciparum: effect of time in continuous culture on binding to human endothelial cells and to amelanotic melanoma cells. Experimental Parasitology 56, 207–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Udeinya, I. J., Miller, L. H., Mcgregor, I. A. & Jensen, J. B. (1983). Plasmodium falciparum strain specific antibody blocks binding of infected erythrocytes to amelanotic melanoma cells. Nature, London 303, 429–31.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Udomsangpetch, R., Lundgren, K., Berzins, K., Perlmann, H., Troye-Blomberg, M., Carlsson, J., Wahlgren, M., Perlmann, P. & Bjorkmann, A. (1986). Human monoclonal antibodies to Pf 155, a major antigen of malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Science 231, 57–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wahlin, B., Wahlgren, M., Perlmann, H. K., Berzins, K., Bjorkmann, A., Patarroyo, M. E. & Perlmann, P. (1984). Human antibodies to an Mr 155000 Plasmodium falciparum antigen efficiently inhibit merozoite invasion. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 81, 7912–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Warrell, D. A. (1987). Pathophysiology of severe falciparum malaria in man. Parasitology 94, S53–S76.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weber, J. L. & Hockmeyer, W. T. (1985). Structure of the circumsporozoite protein gene in 18 strains of Plasmodium falciparum. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 15, 305–16.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wedderburn, N., Davies, D. R., Mitchell, G. H., Desgranges, C. & De The, (1988). Glomerulonephritis in common maromosets infected with Plasmodium brasilianum and Epstein-Barr virus. Journal of Infectious Diseases 158, 789–94.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weidanz, W. P. & Grun, J. L. (1983). Antibody independent mechanisms in the development of acquired immunity to malaria. In Host Defences to Intracellular Pathogen. (ed. Eisenstein, , Actor, & Friedman, ), pp. 409–23. New York: Plenum.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weidanz, W. P. & Long, C. A. (1988). The role of T cells in immunity to malaria. Progress in Allergy 41, 215–52.Google ScholarPubMed
Weiss, W. R., Sedegah, M., Beaudoin, R. L., Miller, L. H. & Good, M. F. (1988). CD8+ T cells (cytotoxic/suppressors) are required for protection in mice immunised with malaria sporozoites. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 85, 573–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wilson, R. J. M. (1980). Serotyping of Plasmodium falciparum with S antigens. Nature, London 284, 451–2.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yoshida, N., Nussenzweig, R. S., Potocnjak, P., Nusenzweig, V. & Aikawa, M. (1980). Hybridoma produces protective antibodies directed against the sporozoite stage of malaria parasite. Science 207, 71–3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zavala, F., Cochrane, A. H., Nardin, E., Nussenzweig, R. S. & Nussenzweig, V. (1983). Circumsporozoite proteins of malaria parasites contain a single immunodominant region with two or more identical epitopes. Journal of Experimental Medicine 157, 1947–57.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zavala, F., Tam, J. P., Hollingdale, M. R., Cochrane, A. H., Quakyi, I., Nussenzweig, R. S. & Nussenzweig, V. (1985). Rationale for the development of a synthetic vaccine against Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites. Science 228, 1436–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar