Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-dzt6s Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-24T18:41:41.020Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Toxoplasma gondii infection in pregnant women in China

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 November 2011

X.-J. GAO ,
Z.-J. ZHAO ,
Z.-H. HE ,
T. WANG ,
T.-B. YANG ,
X.-G. CHEN ,
J.-L. SHEN ,
Y. WANG ,
F.-L. LV  and
G. HIDE
...Show all authors
X.-J. GAO
Affiliation:
Center for Parasitic Organisms, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control of the Ministry of Education, Zhongshan Medical College, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
Z.-J. ZHAO
Affiliation:
Center for Parasitic Organisms, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control of the Ministry of Education, Zhongshan Medical College, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
Z.-H. HE
Affiliation:
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical College, Guangzhou 510120, P. R. China
T. WANG
Affiliation:
Center for Parasitic Organisms, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control of the Ministry of Education, Zhongshan Medical College, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
T.-B. YANG
Affiliation:
Center for Parasitic Organisms, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control of the Ministry of Education, Zhongshan Medical College, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
X.-G. CHEN
Affiliation:
Department of Parasitology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, P. R. China
J.-L. SHEN
Affiliation:
The Key Laboratories of Pathogen Biology and Zoonoses of Anhui Province and Department of Parasitology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
Y. WANG
Affiliation:
Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing 210029, P. R. China
F.-L. LV
Affiliation:
Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
G. HIDE
Affiliation:
Centre for Parasitology and Disease Research, School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, Salford M5 4WT, UK
Z.-R. LUN*
Affiliation:
Center for Parasitic Organisms, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control of the Ministry of Education, Zhongshan Medical College, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China Centre for Parasitology and Disease Research, School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, Salford M5 4WT, UK
*
*Corresponding author: Center for Parasitic Organisms, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control of the Ministry of Education, Zhongshan Medical College, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China. Tel: +86 20 8411 5079. Fax: +86 20 8403 6215. E-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Summary

Toxoplasmosis, caused by the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii, is one of the most common parasitic infections in humans. Primary infection in pregnant women can be transmitted to the fetus leading to miscarriage or congenital toxoplasmosis. Carefully designed nationwide seroprevalence surveys and case-control studies of risk factors conducted primarily in Europe and America, have shaped our view of the global status of maternal and congenital infection, directing approaches to disease prevention. However, despite encompassing 1 in 5 of the world's population, information is limited on the status of toxoplasmosis in China, partly due to the linguistic inaccessibility of the Chinese literature to the global scientific community. By selection and analysis of studies and data, reported within the last 2 decades in China, this review summarizes and renders accessible a large body of Chinese and other literature and aims to estimate the seroprevalence in Chinese pregnant women. It also reviews the prevalence trends, risk factors, and clinical manifestations. The key findings are (1) the majority of studies show that the overall seroprevalence in Chinese pregnant women is less than 10%, considerably lower than a recently published global analysis; and (2) the few available appropriate studies on maternal acute infection suggested an incidence of 0·3% which is broadly comparable to studies from other countries.

Keywords

Toxoplasma gondiiChinese pregnant womenseroprevalencerisk factorsChinapregnancy
Type
Review Article
Information
Parasitology , Volume 139 , Issue 2 , February 2012 , pp. 139 - 147
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2011

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Ao, L. M., Wu, S. M., He, J. M., Jiang, M. H. and Wan, J. W. (1996). The prospective study of intrauterine infection of Toxoplasma. Journal of Clinical Pediatrics 14, 231–233. (In Chinese)Google Scholar
Boyer, K. M., Holfels, E., Roizen, N., Swisher, C., Mack, D., Remington, J., Withers, S., Meier, P. and Mcleod, R.Toxoplasmosis Study Group (2005). Risk factors for Toxoplasma gondii infection in mothers of infants with congenital toxoplasmosis: implications for prenatal management and screening. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology 192, 564–571.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chen, C. Y., Yang, L. D., Lu, M. M., Luo, R. Y., Chen, S. Y., Wang, J. E., Gong, F., Lu, J. M., Wu, Y. C., Feng, L. and Le, Z. P. (2005). Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma infection in women of child-bearing age. Chinese Journal of Parasitic Disease Control 18, 293. (In Chinese)Google Scholar
Chen, H. M., Le, Z. P., Chai, H. and Wu, W. Q. (2002). Serological survey of Toxoplasma infection among 2845 pregnant women in Huangshi district. Journal of Practical Parasitic Diseases 10, 59. (In Chinese)Google Scholar
Chen, X. M. and Lu, W. B. (2010). TORCH infection investigation in pregnant women of Ningbo district. Modern Practical Medicine 22, 393–394. (In Chinese)Google Scholar
Chen, X. X. and Zhang, S. T. (2000). Serological survey of Toxoplasma infection in pregnant women of Shaoxing City. Disease Surveillance 15, 140–141. (In Chinese)Google Scholar
Cook, A. J. C., Gilbert, R. E., Buffolano, W., Zufferey, J., Petersen, E., Jenum, P. A., Foulon, W., Semprini, A. E. and Dunn, D. T. (2000). Sources of toxoplasma infection in pregnant women: European multicentre case-control study Commentary: Congenital toxoplasmosis–further thought for food. BMJ 321, 142–147.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cui, J. Z. (1991). Evaluation of Toxoplasma infection and toxoplasmosis in Chinese population. Chinese Journal of Public Health 7, 312–314. (In Chinese)Google Scholar
Dunn, D., Wallon, M., Peyron, F., Petersen, E., Peckham, C. and Gilbert, R. (1999). Mother-to-child transmission of toxoplasmosis: risk estimates for clinical counselling. The Lancet 353, 1829–1833.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Elsheikha, H. M. (2008). Congenital toxoplasmosis: Priorities for further health promotion action. Public Health 122, 335–353.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Frenkel, J. K., Hassanein, K. M., Hassanein, R. S., Brown, E., Thulliez, P. and Quintero-Nunez, R. (1995). Transmission of Toxoplasma gondii in Panama City, Panama: A five-year prospective cohort study of children, cats, rodents, birds, and soil. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 53, 458–468.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gan, S. B. (2001). Diagnosis standard of toxoplasmosis. Journal of Tropical Diseases and Parasitology 30, 117. (In Chinese)Google Scholar
Gilbert, R., Tan, H. K., Cliffe, S., Guy, E. and Stanford, M. (2006). Symptomatic toxoplasma infection due to congenital and postnatally acquired infection. Archives of Disease in Childhood 91, 495–498.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Guerina, N. G., Hsu, H. W., Meissner, H. C., Maguire, J. H., Lynfield, R., Stechenberg, B., Abroms, I., Pasternack, M. S., Hoff, R., Eaton, R. B. and Grady, G. F. (1994). Neonatal serologic screening and early treatment for congenital Toxoplasma gondii infection. New England Regional Toxoplasma Working Group. The New England Journal of Medicine 330, 1858–1863.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gu, J. X. and Yu, X. X. (1998). Infection of Toxoplasma in 356 pregnant women of Shanchuan, Shanghai City. Journal of Radioimmunology 11, 385–386. (In Chinese)Google Scholar
Guo, L. P., Zou, L., Wang, M. M., Chen, J. D. and Yu, S. G. (1997). The examination of pregnant women virus and Toxoplasma gondii antibody of Han nationality and the minority group in Guiyang. Journal of Guiyang Medical College 22, 26–29. (In Chinese)Google Scholar
Guo, X. B., Su, C. J., Wu, Z. B., Su, Z. K. and Xiao, X. Y. (1998). Investigation of Toxoplasma infection in mothers and fetus. Chinese Journal of Perinatal Medicine 1, 123. (In Chinese)Google Scholar
He, F. H., Wu, C. and Wang, C. Y. (1999). A study of Toxoplasma infection among 800 pregnant women. Journal of Linyi Medical College 21, 215. (In Chinese)Google Scholar
Hide, G., Morley, E. K., Hughes, J. M., Gerwash, O., Elmahaishi, M. S., Elmahaishi, K. H., Thomasson, D., Wright, E. A., Williams, R. H., Murphy, R. G. and Smith, J. E. (2009). Evidence for high levels of vertical transmission in Toxoplasma gondii. Parasitology 136, 1877–1885.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Huang, H., Liang, L. Q., Huang, J. C., Zhang, K. X. and Zhu, T. Y. (2010). Serological investigation of Toxoplasma infection among Renshou pregnant women. Chinese Jounal of Health Laboratory Technology 20, 1226–1227. (In Chinese)Google Scholar
Huang, M. C. (1996). Study of Toxoplasma seroprevalence in 2076 pregnant women. Youjiang Medical Journal 24, 101–103. (In Chinese)Google Scholar
Hu, I., Chen, P. and Su, F. (2006). Perinatal toxoplasmosis, Northern Taiwan. Emerging Infectious Diseases 12, 1460–1461.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jenum, P. A. and Stray-Pedersen, B. (1998). Development of specific immunoglobulins G, M, and a following primary Toxoplasma gondii infection in pregnant women. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 36, 2907–2913.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jenum, P. A., Stray-Pedersen, B., Melby, K. K., Kapperud, G., Whitelaw, A., Eskild, A. and Eng, J. (1998). Incidence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in 35 940 pregnant women in Norway and pregnancy outcome for infected women. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 36, 2900–2906.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ji, J. F., Luo, X. M. and Lv, G. M. (2009). Serological analysis of Toxoplasma IgG & IgM in 1491 pregnant women. Contemporary Medicine 15, 157. (In Chinese)Google Scholar
Ji, Y. H., Wang, Y. P., Wang, J. D., Ruan, Q. and Sun, Z. R. (2007). Research of Toxoplasma specific IgM during pregnancy by LIAISON ELISA. Chinese Journal of Practical Gynecology and Obstetrics 23, 877–878. (In Chinese)Google Scholar
Jiang, S. Y., Bian, H. Z., Yang, Y., Zhou, H. J., Zhou, J. H. and Dan, L. (2005). Study on Toxoplasma infection among pregnant women in Hongkou district, Shanghai. Shanghai Journal of Preventive Medicine 17, 210–212. (In Chinese)Google Scholar
Jones, J. L., Dargelas, V., Roberts, J., Press, C., Remington, J. S. and Montoya, J. G. (2009). Risk factors for Toxoplasma gondii infection in the United States. Clinical Infectious Diseases 49, 878–884.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jones, J. L., Kruszon-Moran, D., Sanders-Lewis, K. and Wilson, M. (2007). Toxoplasma gondii infection in the United States, 1999–2004, decline from the prior decade. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 77, 405–410.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kapperud, G., Jenum, P. A., Stray-Pedersen, B., Melby, K. K., Eskild, A. and Eng, J. (1996). Risk factors for Toxoplasma gondii infection in pregnancy. Results of a prospective case-control study in Norway. American Journal of Epidemiology 144, 405–412.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lebech, M., Andersen, O., Christensen, N. C., Hertel, J., Nielsen, H. E., Peitersen, B., Rechnitzer, C., Larsen, S. O., Nørgaard-Pedersen, B. and Petersen, E. (1999). Feasibility of neonatal screening for toxoplasma infection in the absence of prenatal treatment. Danish Congenital Toxoplasmosis Study Group. The Lancet 353, 1834–1837.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lebech, M., Joynson, D. H., Seitz, H. M., Thulliez, P., Gilbert, R. E., Dutton, G. N., Ovlisen, B. and Petersen, E. (1996). Classification system and case definitions of Toxoplasma gondii infection in immunocompetent pregnant women and their congenitally infected offspring. European Research Network on Congenital Toxoplasmosis. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases 15, 799–805.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Li, L. Z., Gao, L. S., Liao, L., Zhang, Y. K., Mo, C. S. and Tang, X. Y. (1994). Toxoplasma IHA seroprevalence of pregnant women in Hengyang City. Journal of Hengyang Medical College 22, 152–153. (In Chinese)Google Scholar
Li, M. and Wu, J. H. (2002). Toxoplasma infection among pregnant women in Zhoushan city, Zhejiang Province. Chinese Journal of Health Education 18, 734–735. (In Chinese)Google Scholar
Li, P., Lan, Z. F., Tan, J. Y., Du, Y. J., Gao, J. and Cui, L. X. (1994). Serological survey of Toxoplasma infection in pregnant women and neonates in Lanzhou area. Chinese Journal of Veterinary Science & Technology 24, 16–17. (In Chinese)Google Scholar
Li, R. P., Wang, X. Y., Chen, L. J., Shi, C. M., Yang, L. P. and Feng, Z. M. (1994). Toxoplasma serological detection in 449 pregnant women in Zhengzhou City. Henan Journal of Preventive Medicine 5, 241. (In Chinese)Google Scholar
Li, W. (2007). Epidemiological survey of Toxoplasma infection in pregnant women of Baoding distrist. Chinese Journal of Birth Health & Heredity 15, 65–66. (In Chinese)Google Scholar
Li, Y. C., Zhang, L. H. and Yuan, K. (2001). Investigation of TORCH infection in pregnant women and newborns in Insular district in Zhejiang Province. Chinese Journal of Birth Health & Heredity 18, 87–88. (In Chinese)Google Scholar
Li, Z., Yan, C., Liu, P., Yan, R. and Feng, Z. (2009). Prevalence of serum antibodies to TORCH among women before pregnancy or in the early period of pregnancy in Beijing. Clinica Chimica Acta 403, 212–215.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Liang, D. H., Wang, F. Z., Fan, H., Han, S., Duan, L. and Cui, C. (2004). A seroepidemiologic survey on Toxoplasma gondii infection of pregnant women. Chinese Primary Health Care 18, 29–30. (In Chinese)Google Scholar
Lin, H. B. (2001). Toxoplasma serological testing in 31 720 pregant women or women of child-bearing age in Ningbo area. Journal of Radioimmunology 14, 186. (In Chinese)Google Scholar
Lin, M. C., Weng, Q. G., Xiao, X. R., Cai, G. Y., Ning, X. M. and Lv, L. (2001). Preliminary investigation of Toxoplasma infective charateristics in premarital or pregnant women. Chinese Journal of Birth Health & Heredity 9, 100–101. (In Chinese)Google Scholar
Lin, Y. L., Liao, Y. S., Liao, L. R., Chen, F. N., Kuo, H. M. and He, S. P. (2008). Seroprevalence and sources of Toxoplasma infection among indigenous and immigrant pregnant women in Taiwan. Parasitology Research 103, 67–74.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Liu, J. and Jun, Z. (2009). TORCH infection among women at early pregnancy in Hanyang district,Wuhan. Chinese Journal of Birth Health & Heredity 17, 70–71. (In Chinese)Google Scholar
Liu, P. L., Wang, Y. F., Lu, J. L., Wu, Z. P. and Xiao, H. F. (1995). A preliminary study of toxoplasmosis in pregnant women of Shanghai City. China Public Health 11, 29–30. (In Chinese)Google Scholar
Liu, Q., Wei, F., Gao, S., Jiang, L., Lian, H., Yuan, B., Yuan, Z., Xia, Z., Liu, B., Xu, X. and Zhu, X. Q. (2009). Toxoplasma gondii infection in pregnant women in China. Transactions of Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 103, 162–166.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Liu, Q. and Yao, L. P. (2003). Serological analysis of Toxoplasma infection among 15655 pregnant women or women at child-bearing age in Shaoxing City. Jiangxi Journal of Medical Laboratory Science 21, 501–502. (In Chinese)Google Scholar
Liu, W. Y. and Lu, W. B. (2010). The analysis of 1220 pregnant woman's TORCH in Ningbo. Chinese Journal of Birth Health & Heredity 18, 59–60. (In Chinese)Google Scholar
Liu, X. Y. and Li, S. Y. (2001). Toxoplasma infection in pregnant women of Rizhao City. Chinese Journal of Zoonoses 17, 28. (In Chinese)Google Scholar
Liu, Y. R. and Guo, S. J. (2009). Toxoplasma infection in pregnant women. Public Med Forum Magazine 13, 271–272. (In Chinese)Google Scholar
Liu, Z. H. and Wei, S. Y. (2010). TORCH test in 359 progestation women: results and clinical significance. Chinese Journal of Birth Health & Heredity 18, 130–131. (In Chinese)Google Scholar
Lu, C. Q. (1992). Toxoplasma serology of 8953 puerperants in Tianjin district. Zhonghua yi xue za zhi. 20, 229–231. (In Chinese)Google Scholar
Luft, B. J. and Remington, J. S. (1992). Toxoplasmic encephalitis in AIDS. Clinical Infectious Diseases 15, 211–222.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Luo, M. Y., Zhu, S. H., Luo, J. P. and Yu, H. L. (2005). Serological screening of Toxoplasma infection in pregnant women. Jiangsu Preventive Medicine 16, 62–63. (In Chinese)Google Scholar
Lv, Y. C., Cui, J. Z., Zheng, T., Xie, L. Q., Liang, C. J. and Ruan, H. B. (1995). Investigation of Toxoplasma seroprevalence in 786 pregnant women of Binyang, Guangxi. Guangxi Medical Journal 17, 172–174. (In Chinese)Google Scholar
Montoya, J. G. (2002). Laboratory Diagnosis of Toxoplasma gondii infection and toxoplasmosis. Journal of Infectious Diseases Suppl, S73–82.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Montoya, J. G. and Liesenfeld, O. (2004). Toxoplasmosis. The Lancet 363, 1965–1976.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Montoya, J. G. and Remington, J. S. (2008). Management of Toxoplasma gondii infection during pregnancy. Clinical Infectious Diseases 47, 554–566.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pan, J. C., Zhou, D. H., Li, P. Y., Gu, J. H. and Luo, S. Y. (1992). Serological survey of Toxoplasma infection in 709 pregnant women. Chinese Journal of Zoonoses 8, 62–63. (In Chinese)Google Scholar
Pan, X. P. (2005). Toxoplasma antibody test in pregnant women. Zhejiang Practical Medicine 10, 132. (In Chinese)Google Scholar
Pappas, G., Roussos, N. and Falagas, M. E. (2009). Toxoplasmosis snapshots: global status of Toxoplasma gondii seroprevalence and implications for pregnancy and congenital toxoplasmosis. International Journal for Parasitology 39, 1385–1394.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Qian, Y. Q., Li, X. W. and Ren, X. Y. (2008). TORCH Infection in pregnant women of Zhejiang Province. Zhejiang Clinical Medical Journal 10, 11. (In Chinese)Google Scholar
Qiu, H. L., Shi, X. B., Shen, G. P. and Wang, L. N. (1997). Investigation of Toxoplasma infection in 2772 pregnant women in Huzhou district. Zhejiang Practical Medicine 2, 61–62. (In Chinese)Google Scholar
Remington, J. S., Mcleod, R., Wilson, C. B. and Desmonts, G. (2010). Toxoplasmosis. In Infectious Diseases of the Fetus and Newborn Infant, 7th Edn. (ed. Remington, J. S., Klein, J. O., Wilson, C. B., Nizet, V. and Maldonado, Y.), pp. 918–1041. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, PA, USA.Google Scholar
Sun, X. F., Liu, P. Z., Song, Y. N., Zhang, S. J. and Ren, J. Q. (2006). Study on Toxoplasma infection among some pregnant women in Qingdao in 2005. Preventive Medicine Tribune 12, 675–676. (In Chinese)Google Scholar
Suo, Q. L. and Yao, T. (2009). A study of Toxoplasma infection in pregnant women in Wuhan City. Maternal and Child Health Care of China 24, 598–600. (In Chinese)Google Scholar
Tang, D. S., Xu, Y. and Xu, T. (1994). Preliminary survey of Toxoplasma seroprevalence among pregnant women in Hefei district. Journal of Tropical Diseases and Parasitology 23, 55–56. (In Chinese)Google Scholar
Tang, L. N., Xu, L. N., Lu, L. D., Li, A. M., Zhou, G. R. and Lin, G. C. (2007). Serological detection and evaluation of Toxoplasma infection in pregnant women in Guizhou province. Guizhou Medical Jounal 31, 847–848. (In Chinese)Google Scholar
Tenter, A. M., Heckeroth, A. R. and Weiss, L. M. (2000). Toxoplasma gondii: from animals to humans. International Journal for Parasitology 30, 1217–1258.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vogel, N., Kirisits, M., Michael, E., Bach, H., Hosteter, M., Boyer, K., Simpson, R., Holfels, E., Hopkins, J., Mack, D., Mets, M. B., Swisher, C. N., Patel, D., Roizen, N., Stein, L., Stein, M., Withers, S., Mui, E., Eqwuaqu, C., Remington, J., Dorfman, R. and Mcleaod, R. (1996). Congenital toxoplasmosis transmitted from an immunologically competent mother infected before conception. Clinical Infectious Diseases 23, 1055–1060.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wang, L. B. and Li, M. Z. (2008). TORCH test in 124 pregnant women. Zhejiang Clinical Medical Journal 10, 1335–1336. (In Chinese)Google Scholar
Weiss, L. M. and Dubey, J. P. (2009). Toxoplasmosis: A history of clinical observations. International Journal for Parasitology 39, 895–901.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wu, J. M. (2004). Survey of Toxoplasma seroprevalence in 2503 pregnant women. Jiangsu Preventive Medicine 15, 63–64. (In Chinese)Google Scholar
Wu, S. M., Huang, S. Y., Fu, B. Q., Liu, G. Y., Chen, J. X., Chen, M. X., Yuan, Z. G., Zhou, D. H., Weng, Y. B., Zhu, X. Q., and Ye, D. H. (2011). Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in pet dogs in Lanzhou, Northwest China. Parasites & Vectors 4, 64.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Xiong, X. F., Li, W. H., Cai, C. and Qin, Z. Q. (2005). Serological detection of Toxoplasma antibodies in pregnant or premarital women in Yiyang suburban district. Chinese Journal of Parasit Disease Control 18, S1. (In Chinese)Google Scholar
Xu, G. Z., Ye, L. P., Wang, R. Y., Zhu, C. G. and Zhao, M. J. (2001). Studies of risk factors on Toxoplasma gondii infection in maternal women and newborn infants. China Public Health 17, 877–878. (In Chinese)Google Scholar
Xu, L. Q., Chen, Y. D., Sun, F. H., Cai, L., Fang, L. L., Wang, L. P., Liu, X., Li, L. S., Feng, Y. and Li, H. (2005). A National survey on current status of the important parasitic diseases in human population. Zhongguo ji sheng chong xue yu ji sheng chong bing za zhi. 23(S1), 283–287. (In Chinese)Google Scholar
Xu, S. Q. (2007). An eight-year Epidemiological survey of Toxoplasma infection in pregnant women of Wuhan District. Chinese Journal of Birth Health and Heredity 15, 46. (In Chinese)Google Scholar
Xu, Z. M. and Zhong, W. F. (2004). TORCH serological test of pregnant women in Xiangfan area. China Preventive Medicine 5, 57–58. (In Chinese)Google Scholar
Yang, H. L. (1998). Serological survey of Toxoplasma infection in pregnant women in Yongzhou City. Journal of Hengyang Medical College 39–40. (In Chinese)Google Scholar
Yu, X. Y., Yu, Z. K., Pan, C. W., Zhang, Z. Y. and Xing, W. L. (1994). Serological survey of Toxoplasma infection in pregnant women of Wenzhou City. Journal of Wenzhou Medical College 1, 54–55. (In Chinese)Google Scholar
Zhang, A. M., Zhang, T., Hao, Z. Y., Lv, J. R., Fu, Y. S. and Wang, H. Q. (1996). A seroepidemic survey on the infection of Toxoplasma in pregnant women and its significance to better child-bearing. Zhonghua liu xing bing xue za zhi 17, 278–280. (In Chinese)Google ScholarPubMed
Zhang, H., Zhang, Z. P. and Liu, X. P. (1999). Diagnosis of Toxoplasma infection in pregnant women and their newborns by combining ELISA & PCR. Chinese Journal of Zoonoses 15, 11. (In Chinese)Google Scholar
Zhang, J., Dan, J. Q., Zhu, Z. H., Chen, L. C. and Wang, Y. P. (2006). Survey of Toxoplasma seroprevalence in pregnant women of Daqing City. Heilongjiang Medicine and Pharmacy 29, 69–70. (In Chinese)Google Scholar
Zhang, R. F. (1996). Serological analysis of maternal infection of Toxoplasma. Chineses Journal of Zoonoses 12, 47–48. (In Chinese)Google Scholar
Zhang, W. H., Zhao, R. Z., Qiu, H. L. and Wang, Y. M. (1997). Toxoplasmosis infection in pregnant women in Lanzhou. Zhonghua fu chan ke za zhi 32, 208–210. (In Chinese)Google ScholarPubMed
Zhao, G-H., Zhang, M-T., Lei, L-H., Shang, C-C., Cao, D-Y., Tian, T-T., Li, J., Xu, J-Y., Yao, Y. L., Chen, D-K. and Zhu, X-Q. (2011). Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in dairy goats in Shaanxi Province, Northwestern China. Parasites & Vectors 4:47.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zhao, L. H., Yang, D. M. and Zhang, P. (2006). Survey of TORCH infection in women before pregnancy or in the early period of pregnancy in Beijing. Chinese Journal of Rehabilitation Theory and Practice 12, 1008–1009. (In Chinese)Google Scholar
Zhao, R., Li, Y. B. and Yu, L. M. (1999). Study on detection antibody Toxoplasma gondii infection in pregants and in foetus. Ningxia Medical Journal 21, 209–210. (In Chinese)Google Scholar
Zheng, Y. X. (2007). 78 cases of maternal infection of Toxoplasma. Guizhou Medical Journal 11, 78. (In Chinese)Google Scholar
Zhou, Q. X. and Wu, J. H. (2007). The relationship of maternal Toxoplasma infection and abnormal pregnant outcome. Chinese Journal of Public Health 23, 29. (In Chinese)Google Scholar