Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-xbtfd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-10T04:54:54.316Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The longevity of the fasting bed-bug (C. lectularius L.) under experimental conditions and particularly in relation to the saturation deficiency law of water-loss

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 April 2009

C. G. Johnson
C. G. Johnson
Affiliation:
Department of Entomology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

1. With unfed 1st instars the relation between mean length of life and saturation deficit at constant temperatures between 7 and 15° C. at relative humidities between 7 and 90% is hyperbolic. The relationship becomes more linear at higher temperatures.

At constant saturation deficits insects live longer at 15° C. than at lower temperatures. Longevity also decreases with rise of temperature above approximately 15° C.

2. In general, the longevity curves, except for those at temperatures below 15° C., bear a very similar relation to saturation deficit and to each other as the reciprocal curves for rate of water-loss at the different temperatures.

The influence of climatic factors on longevity at constant temperatures is discussed at length and it is concluded that over much of the temperature and humidity range survival time is limited by water-loss. At the higher humidities it is thought that either food, or perhaps an excessive accumulation of water within the insect, limits survival and causes a departure from the hyperbolic relation of longevity to saturation deficit.

3. The effects on longevity of a single meal are discussed. The principal effect of a blood meal is to increase the time of survival. But the factors which limit survival at different humidities appear to be the same as with unfed bugs, except at high humidities below about 15° C.

4.Mellanby's data on the rate of water-loss from fasting adult bed-bugs is analysed. It is found that the rate of water-loss is directly proportional to saturation deficit at constant temperatures between 8 and 37° C. and between 0 and 90% r.h. Although the rate may always be directly proportional to saturation deficit, the expression is not always constant.

Rate = K + b (saturation deficit), where K varies with temperature and b remains constant.

5. Longevity in relation to host blood is discussed. Rabbit blood appears to be slightly less favourable to survival than human blood.

6. If bugs are allowed to feed to repletion, longevity is not correlated with the size of the meal, nor with the weight of the unfed insect.

Virgin females live longer than mated ones, but no effects of mating on survival were noticed with males. Mated males tend to outlive mated females except at very low temperatures: virgin females live longer than unmated males.

7. The results of other workers and the possible causes of some discrepancies are discussed.

8. The maximum survival times of bugs are listed. Adults and 5th instars live longer than other stages. In a house which has remained empty for a long time it is probable that 5th instars and adults, particularly unmated female adults, would predominate in the population.

The longest observed survival was between 562 and 572 days.

Type
Research Article
Information
Parasitology , Volume 32 , Issue 3 , August 1940 , pp. 239 - 270
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1940

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Bacot, A. W. (1914). The influence of temperature, submersion and burial on the survival of eggs and larvae of Cimex lectularius. Bull. eat. Res. 5, 111–17.Google Scholar
Buxton, P. A. (1932). Terrestrial insects and the humidity of the environment. Biol. Rev. 7, 275–320.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fisher, R. A. (1936). Statistical Methods for Research Workers. London: Oliver and Boyd.Google Scholar
Geisthardt, G. (1937). Über die ökologische Valenz zweier Wanzenarten mit verschiedenem Verbreitungsgebiet. Z. Parasitenk. 9, 151–202.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gunn, D. L. (1933). The temperature and humidity relations of the cockroach (Blatta orientalis). I. Desiccation. J. exp. Biol. 10, 274–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnson, C. G. (1937). The relative values of man, mouse, and domestic fowl as experimental hosts for the bed-bug, Cimex lectularius L. Proc. zool. Soc. Land. ser. A, pt. 1, 107–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnson, C. G. (1939 a). Development, hatching and mortality of the eggs of Cimex lectularius L. (Hemiptera) in relation to climate, with observations on the effects of pre-conditioning to temperature.(In the Press.)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnson, C. G. (1939 6). The maintenance of high atmospheric humidities for entomological work with glycerine-water mixtures. (In the Press.)Google Scholar
Jones, R. M. (1930). Some effects of temperature and humidity as factors in the biology of the bed-bug (Cimex lectularius Linn.). Ann. ent. Soc. Amer. 23, 105–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kemper, H. (1930). Beiträgezur Biologie der Bettwanze(Cimex lectularius L.). I. Überden Einfluss des Nahrungsmangels. Zeit. morph. Oekol. Tiere, 19, 160–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kirkpatrick, T. W. (1923). The Egyptian cotton-seed bug (Oxycarenus hyalinipennis), its bionomics, damage, and suggestions for remedial measures. Min. Agric. Egypt. Tech. Sci. Service Bull. no. 35.Google Scholar
Mellanby, K. (1932). Effects of temperature and humidity on the metabolism of the fasting bed-bug (Cimex lectularius), Hemiptera. Parasitology, 24, 419–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mellanby, K. (1935 a). A comparison of the physiology of the two species of bed-bug which attack man. Parasitology, 27, 111–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mellanby, K. (1935 b). The evaporation of water from insects. Biol. Rev. 10, 317–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mellanby, K. (1936). Humidity and insect metabolism. Nature, Lond., 138, 124.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mellanby, K. (1938). Activity and insect survival. Nature, Lond., 141, 554.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mellanby, K. (1939). Fertilization and egg production in the bed-bug, Cimex lectularius L. Parasitology, 31, 193–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mellanby, K. & Buxton, P. A. (1935). A toxic emanation from rubber. Nature, Lond., 136, 873.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Omori, N. (1938). Experimental studies on the influence of low temperatures upon the common bed-bug (Cimex lectularius Linnaeus). First Report: on the influence of a temperature of 0° C. J. med. Ass. Formosa, 37, 1081–1103.Google Scholar
Ramsay, J. A. (1935 a). Methods of measuring the evaporation of water from animals. J. exp. Biol. 12, 355–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ramsay, J. A. (1935 b). The evaporation of water from the cockroach. J. exp. Biol. 12, 373–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wigglesworth, V. B. (1931). Effect of desiccation on the bed-bug (Cimex lectularius). Nature, Lond., 127, 307–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar