Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-fscjk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-18T07:54:28.320Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The global importance of ticks

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 April 2005

F. JONGEJAN
Affiliation:
Department of Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, PO Box 80.165, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110 South Africa
G. UILENBERG
Affiliation:
‘A Surgente’, route du Port, 20130 Cargèse (Corsica), France

Abstract

Ticks and tick-borne diseases affect animal and human health worldwide and are the cause of significant economic losses. Approximately 10% of the currently known 867 tick species act as vectors of a broad range of pathogens of domestic animals and humans and are also responsible for damage directly due to their feeding behaviour. The most important tick species and the effects they cause are listed. The impact on the global economy is considered to be high and although some estimates are given, there is a lack of reliable data. The impact of ticks and tick-borne diseases on animal production and public health and their control are discussed.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
© 2004 Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

AMBROSE, N., LLOYD, D. & MAILLARD, J.-C. ( 1999). Immune reponses to Dermatophilus congolensis infections. Parasitology Today 15, 295300.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
ANONYMOUS ( 2002). Notification list. Notification that new names and new combinations have appeared in volume 51, part 6, of the IJSEM. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 52, 56.
BARKER, S. C. & MURRELL, A. ( 2002). Phylogeny, evolution and historical zoogeography of ticks: a review of recent progress. Experimental and Applied Acarology 28, 5568.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
BEATTIE, J. F., MICHELSON, M. L. & HOLMAN, P. J. ( 2002). Acute babesiosis caused by Babesia divergens in a resident of Kentucky. New England Journal of Medicine 347, 697698.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
BEKKER, C. P. J., VINK, D., LOPES PEREIRA, C. M., WAPENAAR, W., LANGA, A. & JONGEJAN, F. ( 2001). Heartwater (Cowdria ruminantium infection) as a cause of postrestocking mortality of goats in Mozambique. Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 8, 843846.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
BIANCHI, M. W., BARRE, N. & MESSAD, S. ( 2003). Factors related to infestation level and resistance to acaricides in Boophilus microplus tick populations in New Caledonia. Veterinary Parasitology 112, 7589.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
BU JASSOUM, S., FONG, I. W., HANNACH, B. & KAIN, K. C. ( 2000). Transfusion-transmitted babesiosis in Ontario: first reported case in Canada. Canadian Communicable Diseases Report 26, 913.Google Scholar
BURGDORFER, W., BARBOUR, A. G., HAYES, S. F., BENACH, J. L., GRUNWALDT, E. & DAVIS, J. P. ( 1982). Lyme disease – a tick-borne spirochetosis. Science 216, 13171319.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
CAMICAS, J.-L., HERVY, J.-P., ADAM, F. & MOREL, P.-C. ( 1998). The Ticks of the World. Nomenclature, Described Stages, Hosts and Distribution (Acarida, Ixodida). Paris, Orstom Editions.
CAMUS, E. & BARRE, N. ( 1990). Amblyomma variegatum and associated diseases in the Caribbean: strategies for control and eradication in Guadeloupe. Parassitologia 32, 185194.Google Scholar
CUNHA, B. A. (ed.) ( 2000). Tick-borne Infectious Diseases, Diagnosis and Management. New York, Marcel Dekker Inc.
DELGADO, C., ROSEGRANT, M., STEINFELD, H., EHUI, S. & COURBOIS, C. ( 1999). Livestock to 2020: the next food revolution. Nairobi, Kenya, IFPRI/FAO/ILRI.
DENNIS, D. T. & HAYES, E. B. ( 2002). Epidemiology of Lyme borreliosis. In Lyme Borreliosis. Biology, Epidemiology and Control ( ed. Gray, J. S., Kahl, O., Lane, R. S. & Stanek, G.), pp. 251280. Wallingford, UK, CABI Publishing.CrossRef
DUMLER, J. S., BARBET, A. F., BEKKER, C. P. J., DASCH, G. A., PALMER, G. H., RAY, S. C., RIKIHISA, Y. & RURANGIRWA, F. R. ( 2001). Reorganization of genera in the families Rickettsiaceae and Anaplasmataceae in the order Rickettsiales: unification of some species of Ehrlichia with Anaplasma, Cowdria with Ehrlichia and Ehrlichia with Neorickettsia, descriptions of six new species combinations and designation of Ehrlichia equi and ‘HGE agent’ as subjective synonyms of Ehrlichia phagocytophila. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 51, 21452165.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
ESTRADA-PEÑA, A. & JONGEJAN, F. ( 1999). Ticks feeding on humans: a review of records on human-biting Ixodoidea with special reference to pathogen transmission. Experimental and Applied Acarology 23, 685715.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
FRAGOSO, H., HOOSHMAN-RAD, P., ORTIZ, M., RODRIQUEZ, M., REDONDO, M., HERRERA, L. & DE LA FUENTE, J. ( 1998). Protection against Boophilus annulatus infestations in cattle vaccinated with the B. microplus Bm86-containing vaccine Gavac. Vaccine 16, 19901992.Google Scholar
GOTHE, R. ( 1999). Zeckentoxikosen. Tick Toxicoses. München, Hieronymus.
GRAY, J. S., KAHL, O., LANE, R. S. & STANEK, G. (eds) ( 2002). Lyme Borreliosis. Biology, Epidemiology and Control. Wallingford, UK, CABI Publishing.
HERWALDT, B. L., CACCIÒ, S., GHERLINZONI, F., ASPÖCK, H., SLEMENDA, S. B., PICCALUGA, P. P., MARTINELLI, G., EDELHOFER, R., HOLLENSTEIN, U., POLETTI, G., PAMPIGLIONI, S., LÖSCHENBERGER, K., TURA, S. & PIENIAZEK, N. J. ( 2003). Molecular characterization of a non-Babesia divergens organism causing zoonotic babesiosis in Europe. Emerging Infectious Diseases 9, 942948.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
HOOGSTRAAL, H. ( 1956). African Ixodoidea, Vol. 1. Ticks of the Sudan with special reference to Equatoria Province and with preliminary reviews of the genera Boophilus, Margaropus and Hyalomma. Department of the Navy, Bureau of Medicine and Surgery, United States Government Printing Office, Washington D.C.
HORAK, I. G., CAMICAS, J.-L. & KEIRANS, J. E. ( 2002). The Argasidae, Ixodidae and Nuttalliellidae (Acari: Ixodida): a world list of valid tick names. Experimental and Applied Acarology 28, 2754.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
JENSENIUS, M., FOURNIER, P.-E., KELLY, P., MYRVANG, B. & RAOULT, D. ( 2003). African tick bite fever. The Lancet – Infectious Diseases 3, 557564.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
KAHL, O., GERN, L., EISEN, L. & LANE, R. S. ( 2002). Ecological research on Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato: terminology and some methodological pitfalls. In Lyme Borreliosis. Biology, Epidemiology and Control ( ed. Gray, J. S., Kahl, O., Lane, R. S. & Stanek, G.), pp. 2946. Wallingford, UK, CABI Publishing.CrossRef
KJEMTRUP, A. M. & CONRAD, P. A. ( 2000). Human babesiosis: an emerging tick-borne disease. International Journal for Parasitology 30, 13231337.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCOSKER, P. J. ( 1979). Global aspects of the management and control of ticks of veterinary importance. In Recent Advances in Acarology ( ed. Rodriguez, J.) 2, pp. 4553. New York, Academic Press.CrossRef
McQUISTION, J. H., CHILDS, J. E., CHAMBERLAND, M. E. & TABOR, E. ( 2000). Transmission of tick-borne agents of disease by blood transfusion: a review of known potential risks in the United States. Transfusion 40, 274284.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MELTZER, M. I., PERRY, B. D. & DONACHIE, P. L. ( 1996). Mortality percentages related to heartwater and the economic impact of heartwater disease on large-scale commercial farms in Zimbabwe. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 26, 187199.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MINJAUW, B. & McLEOD, A. ( 2003). Tick-borne diseases and poverty. The impact of ticks and tick-borne diseases on the livelihoods of small-scale and marginal livestock owners in India and eastern and southern Africa. Research report, DFID Animal Health Programme, Centre for Tropical Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, UK.
MUKHEBI, A. W., CHAMBOKO, T., O'CALLAGHAN, C. J., PETER, T. F., KRUSKA, R. L., MEDLEY, G. F., MAHAN, S. M. & PERRY, B. D. ( 1999). An assessment of the economic impact of heartwater (Cowdria ruminantium infection) and its control in Zimbabwe. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 39, 173189.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MUKHEBI, A. W., PERRY, B. D. & KRUSKA, R. ( 1992). Estimated economics of theileriosis control in Africa. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 12, 7385.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
PAROLA, P. & RAOULT, D. ( 2001 a). Tick-borne typhuses. In Encyclopedia of Arthropod-Transmitted Infections of Man and Domesticated Animals ( ed. Service, M. W.), pp. 516527. Wallingford, UK, CABI publishing.
PAROLA, P. & RAOULT, D. ( 2001 b). Ticks and tick-borne bacterial diseases in humans: an emerging infectious threat. Clinical Infectious Diseases 32, 897928.Google Scholar
PEGRAM, R. G. & EDDY, C. ( 2002). Progress towards the eradication of Amblyomma variegatum from the Caribbean. Experimental and Applied Acarology 28, 273281.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
PERRY, B. D., RANDOLPH, T. F., McDERMOTT, J. J., SONES, K. R. & THORNTON, P. K. ( 2002). Investing in animal health research to alleviate poverty. International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya.
PIPANO, E., ALEKCEEV, E., GALKER, F., FISH, L., SAMISH, M. & SHKAP, V. ( 2003). Immunity against Boophilus annulatus induced by the Bm86 (TickGARD) vaccine. Experimental and Applied Acarology 29, 141149.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
SAITO-ITO, A., TSUJI, M., WEI, Q., HE, S., MATSUI, T., KOHSAKI, M., ARAI, S., KAMIYAMA, T., HIOKI, K. & ISHIHARA, C. ( 2000). Transfusion-acquired, autochthonous human babesiosis in Japan: isolation of Babesia microti-like parasites with human-RBC-SCID mice. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 38, 45114516.Google Scholar
SCHWAN, T. G., CORWIN, M. D. & BROWN, S. J. ( 1992). Argas monolakensis, a new species (Acari: Ixodoidae: Argasidae), a parasite of California gulls on islands in Mono Lake, California: description, biology, and life cycle. Journal of Medical Entomology 29, 7897.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
SONENSHINE, D. E. ( 1991). Biology of Ticks. Vol. 1. Oxford, Oxford University Press.
SONENSHINE, D. E. ( 1993). Biology of Ticks. Vol. 2. Oxford, Oxford University Press.
TALBERT, A., NYANGE, A. & MOLTENI, F. ( 1998). Spraying tick-infested houses with lambda-cyhalothrin reduces the incidence of tick-borne relapsing fever in children under five years old. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 92, 251253.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
WALKER, J. B., KEIRANS, J. E. & HORAK, I. G. ( 2000). The Genus Rhipicephalus. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
WILLADSEN, P. & JONGEJAN, F. ( 1999). Immunology of the tick–host interaction and the control of ticks and tick-borne diseases. Parasitology Today 15, 258262.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
YOUNG, A. S., GROOCOCK, C. M. & KARIUKI, D. P. ( 1988). Integrated control of ticks and tick-borne diseases of cattle in Africa. Parasitology 96, 403432.CrossRefGoogle Scholar