Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-dsjbd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-28T00:07:26.562Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Epidemiologic significance of Toxoplasma gondii infections in chickens (Gallus domesticus): the past decade

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 July 2020

J. P. Dubey Open the ORCID record for J. P. Dubey [Opens in a new window] ,
H. F. J. Pena ,
C. K. Cerqueira-Cézar ,
F. H. A. Murata ,
O. C. H. Kwok ,
Y. R. Yang ,
S. M. Gennari  and
C. Su
J. P. Dubey*
Affiliation:
United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Building 1001, Beltsville, MD20705-2350, USA
H. F. J. Pena
Affiliation:
Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Orlando, Marques de Paiva, 87, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP, CEP 05508-000, Brazil
C. K. Cerqueira-Cézar
Affiliation:
United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Building 1001, Beltsville, MD20705-2350, USA
F. H. A. Murata
Affiliation:
United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Building 1001, Beltsville, MD20705-2350, USA
O. C. H. Kwok
Affiliation:
United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Building 1001, Beltsville, MD20705-2350, USA
Y. R. Yang
Affiliation:
Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou450002, PR China
S. M. Gennari
Affiliation:
Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Orlando, Marques de Paiva, 87, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP, CEP 05508-000, Brazil Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Santo Amaro, Rua Prof. Enéas Siqueira Neto, 340, São Paulo, SP, CEP 04829-900, Brazil
C. Su
Affiliation:
Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN37996-0845, USA
*
Author for correspondence: J. P. Dubey, E-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Toxoplasma gondii infections are common in humans and animals worldwide. Domestic free-range chickens (Gallus domesticus) are excellent sentinels of environmental contamination with T. gondii oocysts because they feed on the ground. Chickens can be easily infected with T. gondii; however, clinical toxoplasmosis is rare in these hosts. Chickens are comparatively inexpensive and thus are good sentinel animals for T. gondii infections on the farms. Here, the authors reviewed prevalence, the persistence of infection, clinical disease, epidemiology and genetic diversity of T. gondii strains isolated from chickens worldwide for the past decade. Data on phenotypic and molecular characteristics of 794 viable T. gondii strains from chickens are discussed, including new data on T. gondii isolates from chickens in Brazil. This paper will be of interest to biologists, epidemiologists, veterinarians and parasitologists.

Keywords

Chickensclinical diseaseepidemiologygenotypeoocystprevalenceToxoplasma gondii
Type
Review Article
Information
Parasitology , Volume 147 , Issue 12 , October 2020 , pp. 1263 - 1289
Check for updates
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2020. Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Aboelhadid, SM, Abdel-Ghany, AE, Ibrahim, MA and Mahran, HA (2013) Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in chickens and humans in Beni Suef, Egypt. Global Veterinaria 11, 139–144.Google Scholar
Alkhaled, MJA, Yakoob, AY and Al-Hamadani, AHU (2012) An investigation of toxoplasmosis in free range chickens, industrial chickens and duck in mid Euphrates area of Iraq. Al-Qadisiya Journal of Veterinary Medicine Sciences 11, 17–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alvarado-Esquivel, C, González-Salazar, AM, Alvarado-Esquivel, D, Ontiveros-Vázquez, F, Vitela-Corrales, J, Villena, I and Dubey, JP (2012) Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in chickens in Durango State, Mexico. Journal of Parasitology 98, 431–432.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Appiah-Kwarteng, C, Saito, T, Toda, N, Kitoh, K, Nishikawa, Y, Adenyo, C, Kayang, B, Owusu, EO, Ohya, K, Inoue-Murayama, M, Kawahara, F, Nagamune, K and Takashima, Y (2019) Native SAG1 in Toxoplasma gondii lysates is superior to recombinant SAG1 for serodiagnosis of T. gondii infections in chickens. Parasitology International 69, 114–120.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Asgari, Q., Motazedian, M. H., Esmaeelzadeh, B., Kalantari, M. and Hatam, GhR (2009). The prevalence of Toxopasma infection among free-ranging chickens in southern Iran using IFA and nested-PCR. Iranian Journal of Parasitology 4, 29–36.Google Scholar
Ayinmode, AB and Dubey, JP (2012) Toxoplasma gondii infection in free-range chicken: mini-review and seroprevalence study in Oyo State, Nigeria. African Journal Biomedical Research 15, 145–148.Google Scholar
Ayinmode, AB and Jones-Akinbobola, R (2015) Detection of Toxoplasma gondii IgG antibodies in Nigerian free-range chickens using indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT). Alexandria Journal of Veterinary Sciences 47, 187–190.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ayinmode, AB and Olaosebikan, RIA (2014) Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in free ranged chicken from rural and urban settlements in Oyo State, Nigeria. African Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences 43, 51–57.Google Scholar
Barakat, AM, Salem, LM, El-Newishy, AM, Shaapan, RM and El-Mahllawy, EK (2012) Zoonotic chicken toxoplasmosis in some Egyptians governorates. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences 15, 821–826.Google ScholarPubMed
Bártová, E, Sedlák, K and Literák, I (2009) Serologic survey for toxoplasmosis in domestic birds from the Czech Republic. Avian Pathology 38, 317–320.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beltrame, MAV, Pena, HFJ, Ton, NC, Lino, AJB, Gennari, SM, Dubey, JP and Pereira, FEL (2012) Seroprevalence and isolation of Toxoplasma gondii from free-range chickens from Espírito Santo state, southeastern Brazil. Veterinary Parasitology 188, 225–230.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bernstein, M, Pardini, L, Moré, G, Unzaga, JM, Su, C and Venturini, MC (2018) Population structure of Toxoplasma gondii in Argentina. Infection Genetics and Evolution 65, 72–79.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bonapaz, RS, Hermes-Uliana, C, Santos, FN, da Silva, AV, Araújo, EJA and Sant'Ana, DMG (2010) Effects of infection with Toxoplasma gondii oocysts on the intestinal wall and the myenteric plexus of chicken (Gallus gallus). Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 30, 787–792.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Braga, CF, Silva, AV, Sant'Ana, DMG and Araújo, EJA (2011) Infecção toxoplásmica causa hipertrofia da parede do cólon de frangos. Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 63, 340–347.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brandão, GP, Ferreira, AM, Melo, MN and Vitor, RWA (2006) Characterization of Toxoplasma gondii from domestic animals from Minas Gerais, Brazil. Parasite 13, 143–149.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cadore, GC, Camillo, G, Sangioni, LA and Vogel, FSF (2018) Virulência e multiplicação de isolados de Toxoplasma gondii da região central do Rio Grande do Sul. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 38, 1026–1029.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Camillo, G (2015) Toxoplasma gondii em galinhas domésticas: epidemiologia, isolamento e caracterização molecular. Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, RS. Brasil tese de doutorado, p 1–87.Google Scholar
Camillo, G, Machado, MEA, Weber, A, Cadore, GC, Menezes, FR, Pardini, L, Sangioni, LA and Vogel, FSF (2018) Prevalência de anticorpos e fatores de risco associados à infecção por Toxoplasma gondii em galinhas domésticas da zona rural de Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 38, 1351–1357.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Campo-Portacio, DM, Discuviche-Rebolledo, MA, Blanco-Tuirán, PJ, Montero-Pérez, YM, Orozco-Méndez, KE and Assia-Mercado, YM (2014) Detección de Toxoplasma gondii por amplificación del gen B1 en carnes de consumo humano. Infectio 18, 93–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Casartelli-Alves, L, Ferreira, LC, Vicente, RT, Millar, PR, Oliveira, RVC, Amendoeira, MRR, Schubach, TMP and Menezes, RC (2012) Prevalência da infecção por Toxoplasma gondii em galinhas criadas extensivamente em Rio Bonito, Rio de Janeiro. Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 64, 1398–1401.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Casartelli-Alves, L, Boechat, VC, Macedo-Couto, R, Ferreira, LC, Nicolau, JL, Neves, LB, Millar, PR, Vicente, RT, Oliveira, RVC, Muniz, AG, Bonna, ICF, Amendoeira, MRR, Silva, RC, Langoni, H, Schubach, TMP and Menezes, RC (2014) Sensitivity and specificity of serological tests, histopathology and immunohistochemistry for detection of Toxoplasma gondii infection in domestic chickens. Veterinary Parasitology 204, 346–351.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Casartelli-Alves, L, Amendoeira, MRR, Boechat, VC, Ferreira, LC, Carreira, JCA, Nicolau, JL, de Freitas Trindade, EP, de Barros Peixoto, JN, Magalhães, MAFM, de Oliveira, RVC, Schubach, TMP and Menezes, RC (2015) Mapping of the environmental contamination of Toxoplasma gondii by georeferencing isolates from chickens in an endemic area in Southeast Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Geospatial Health 10, 311.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chikweto, A, Sharma, RN, Tiwari, KP, Verma, SK, Calero-Bernal, R, Jiang, T, Su, C, Kwok, OC and Dubey, JP (2017) Isolation and RFLP genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii in free-range chickens (Gallus domesticus) in Grenada, West Indies revealed widespread and dominance of clonal type III parasites. Journal of Parasitology 103, 52–55.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chumpolbanchorn, K, Anankeatikul, P, Ratanasak, W, Wiengcharoen, J, Thompson, RCA and Sukthana, Y (2009) Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii indirect fluorescent antibodies in naturally- and experimentally-infected chickens (Gallus domesticus) in Thailand. Acta Parasitologica 54, 194–196.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chumpolbanchorn, K, Lymbery, AJ, Pallant, LJ, Pan, S, Sukthana, Y and Thompson, RCA (2013) A high prevalence of Toxoplasma in Australian chickens. Veterinary Parasitology 196, 209–211.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Clementino Andrade, MM, Pinheiro, BV, Cunha, MM, Carneiro, ACAV, Andrade Neto, VF and Vitor, RWA (2013) New genotypes of Toxoplasma gondii obtained from farm animals in Northeast Brazil. Research in Veterinary Science 94, 587–589.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cong, W, Huang, SY, Zhou, DH, Xu, MJ, Wu, SM, Yan, C, Zhao, Q, Song, HQ and Zhu, XQ (2012) First report of Toxoplasma gondii infection in market-sold adult chickens, ducks and pigeons in northwest China. Parasites and Vectors 5, 110.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Costa, KS, Santos, SL, Uzêda, RS, Pinheiro, AM, Almeida, MAO, Araújo, FR, McAllister, MM and Gondim, LFP (2008) Chickens (Gallus domesticus) are natural intermediate hosts of Neospora caninum. International Journal for Parasitology 38, 157–159.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Costa, DGC, Marvulo, MFV, Silva, JSA, Santana, SC, Magalhães, FJR, Lima Filho, CDF, Ribeiro, VO, Alves, LC, Mota, RA, Dubey, JP and Silva, JCR (2012) Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in domestic and wild animals from the Fernando de Noronha, Brazil. Journal of Parasitology 98, 679–680.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cui, P, Fang, SF, Gu, XL, Guo, B and Sun, XM (2010) A survey of toxoplasmosis in chickens and rabbits in Bashang district. Shijiazhuang city, China Animal Health Inspection 27, 46–47 (in Chinese).Google Scholar
da Silva, DS, Bahia-Oliveira, LMG, Shen, SK, Kwok, OCH, Lehman, T and Dubey, JP (2003) Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in chickens from an area in southern Brazil highly endemic to humans. Journal of Parasitology 89, 394–396.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
de Oliveira, LN, Costa Junior, LM, de Melo, CF, Ramos Silva, JC, Bevilaqua, CML, Azevedo, SS, Muradian, V, Araújo, DAFV, Dubey, JP and Gennari, SM (2009) Toxoplasma gondii isolates from free-range chickens from the northeast region of Brazil. Journal of Parasitology 95, 235–237.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
de Sá, SG, Ribeiro-Andrade, M, Silva, LTR, Neto, OLS, Lima, DCV, Pedrosa, CM, Bezerra, MJG and Mota, RA (2017) Risk factors associated with Toxoplasma gondii infection in free-range chickens in the semiarid region of Brazil. Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Parasitology 26, 221–225.Google Scholar
Ding, GE, Xu, MB, Zhou, YH, Fang, F and Cui, HP (2012) Seroepidemiological survey of chickens infected with Toxoplasma gondii in Wuxi city. Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control 24, 243–245 (in Chinese).Google ScholarPubMed
Dong, H, Su, R, Lu, Y, Wang, M, Liu, J, Jian, F and Yang, Y (2018) Prevalence, risk factors, and genotypes of Toxoplasma gondii in food animals and humans (2000–2017) from China. Frontiers in Microbiology 9, 2108.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
dos Santos Silva, AC, de Barros, LD, Barros, VMC, de Alcântara, AM, Andrade, MR, Garcia, JL, Mota, RA and Porto, WJN (2020). Occurrence of atypical and new genotypes of Toxoplasma gondii in free-range chickens intended for human consumption in Brazil. Acta Parasitologica, 1–5. doi: 10.2478/s11686-020-00194-2. [Epub ahead of print]Google ScholarPubMed
Dubey, JP (2001) Oocyst shedding by cats fed isolated bradyzoites and comparison of infectivity of bradyzoites of the VEG strain Toxoplasma gondii to cats and mice. Journal of Parasitology 87, 215–219.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dubey, J. P. (2010 a). Toxoplasmosis of Animals and Humans, 2nd Edn. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press, pp 1–313.Google Scholar
Dubey, JP (2010 b) Toxoplasma gondii infections in chickens (Gallus domesticus): prevalence, clinical disease, diagnosis, and public health significance. Zoonoses and Public Health 57, 60–73.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dubey, JP and Desmonts, G (1987) Serological responses of equids fed Toxoplasma gondii oocysts. Equine Veterinary Journal 19, 337–339.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dubey, JP, Graham, DH, Blackston, CR, Lehmann, T, Gennari, SM, Ragozo, AMA, Nishi, SM, Shen, SK, Kwok, OCH, Hill, DE and Thulliez, P (2002) Biological and genetic characterisation of Toxoplasma gondii isolates from chickens (Gallus domesticus) from São Paulo, Brazil: unexpected findings. International Journal for Parasitology 32, 99–105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dubey, JP, Graham, DH, da Silva, DS, Lehmann, T and Bahia-Oliveira, LMG (2003 a) Toxoplasma gondii isolates of free-ranging chickens from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: mouse mortality, genotype, and oocyst shedding by cats. Journal of Parasitology 89, 851–853.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dubey, JP, Graham, DH, Dahl, E, Hilali, M, El-Ghaysh, A, Sreekumar, C, Kwok, OCH, Shen, SK and Lehmann, T (2003 b) Isolation and molecular characterization of Toxoplasma gondii from chickens and ducks from Egypt. Veterinary Parasitology 114, 89–95.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dubey, JP, Graham, DH, Dahl, E, Sreekumar, C, Lehmann, T, Davis, MF and Morishita, TY (2003 c) Toxoplasma gondii isolates from free-ranging chickens from the United States. Journal of Parasitology 89, 1060–1062.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dubey, JP, Navarro, IT, Graham, DH, Dahl, E, Freire, RL, Prudencio, LB, Sreekumar, C, Vianna, MC and Lehmann, T (2003 d) Characterization of Toxoplasma gondii isolates from free range chickens from Paraná, Brazil. Veterinary Parasitology 117, 229–234.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dubey, JP, Venturini, MC, Venturini, L, Piscopo, M, Graham, DH, Dahl, E, Sreekumar, C, Vianna, MC and Lehmann, T (2003 e) Isolation and genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii from free-ranging chickens from Argentina. Journal of Parasitology 89, 1063–1064.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dubey, JP, Levy, MZ, Sreekumar, C, Kwok, OCH, Shen, SK, Dahl, E, Thulliez, P and Lehmann, T (2004 a) Tissue distribution and molecular characterization of chicken isolates of Toxoplasma gondii from Peru. Journal of Parasitology 90, 1015–1018.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dubey, JP, Morales, ES and Lehmann, T (2004 b) Isolation and genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii from free-ranging chickens from Mexico. Journal of Parasitology 90, 411–413.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dubey, JP, Salant, H, Sreekumar, C, Dahl, E, Vianna, MCB, Shen, SK, Kwok, OCH, Spira, D, Hamburger, J and Lehmann, TV (2004 c) High prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in a commercial flock of chickens in Israel, and public health implications of free-range farming. Veterinary Parasitology 121, 317–322.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dubey, JP, Bhaiyat, MI, de Allie, C, Macpherson, CNL, Sharma, RN, Sreekumar, C, Vianna, MCB, Shen, SK, Kwok, OCH, Miska, KB, Hill, DE and Lehmann, T (2005 a) Isolation, tissue distribution, and molecular characterization of Toxoplasma gondii from chickens in Grenada, West Indies. Journal of Parasitology 91, 557–560.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dubey, JP, Edelhofer, R, Marcet, P, Vianna, MCB, Kwok, OCH and Lehmann, T (2005 b) Genetic and biologic characteristics of Toxoplasma gondii infections in free-range chickens from Austria. Veterinary Parasitology 133, 299–306.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dubey, JP, Gomez-Marin, JE, Bedoya, A, Lora, F, Vianna, MCB, Hill, D, Kwok, OCH, Shen, SK, Marcet, PL and Lehmann, T (2005 c) Genetic and biologic characteristics of Toxoplasma gondii isolates in free-range chickens from Colombia, South America. Veterinary Parasitology 134, 67–72.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dubey, JP, Karhemere, S, Dahl, E, Sreekumar, C, Diabaté, A, Dabiré, KR, Vianna, MCB, Kwok, OCH and Lehmann, T (2005 d) First biologic and genetic characterization of Toxoplasma gondii isolates from chickens from Africa (Democratic Republic of Congo, Mali. Burkina Faso, and Kenya). Journal of Parasitology 91, 69–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dubey, JP, Lenhart, A, Castillo, CE, Alvarez, L, Marcet, P, Sreekumar, C and Lehmann, T (2005 e) Toxoplasma gondii infections in chickens from Venezuela: isolation, tissue distribution, and molecular characterization. Journal of Parasitology 91, 1332–1334.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dubey, JP, Lopez, B, Alvarez, M, Mendoza, C and Lehmann, T (2005 f) Isolation, tissue distribution, and molecular characterization of Toxoplasma gondii from free-range chickens from Guatemala. Journal of Parasitology 91, 955–957.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dubey, JP, Marcet, PL and Lehmann, T (2005 g) Characterization of Toxoplasma gondii isolates in free-range chickens from Argentina. Journal of Parasitology 91, 1335–1339.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dubey, JP, Rajapakse, RPVJ, Ekanayake, DK, Sreekumar, C and Lehmann, T (2005 h) Isolation and molecular characterization of Toxoplasma gondii from chickens from Sri Lanka. Journal of Parasitology 91, 1480–1482.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dubey, JP, Gennari, SM, Labruna, MB, Camargo, LMA, Vianna, MCB, Marcet, PL and Lehmann, T (2006 a) Characterization of Toxoplasma gondii isolates in free-range chickens from Amazon, Brazil. Journal of Parasitology 92, 36–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dubey, JP, Patitucci, AN, Su, C, Sundar, N, Kwok, OCH and Shen, SK (2006 b) Characterization of Toxoplasma gondii isolates in free-range chickens from Chile, South America. Veterinary Parasitology 140, 76–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dubey, JP, Su, C, Oliveira, J, Morales, JA, Bolaños, RV, Sundar, N, Kwok, OCH and Shen, SK (2006 c) Biologic and genetic characteristics of Toxoplasma gondii isolates in free-range chickens from Costa Rica, Central America. Veterinary Parasitology 139, 29–36.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dubey, JP, Sundar, N, Pineda, N, Kyvsgaard, NC, Luna, LA, Rimbaud, E, Oliveira, JB, Kwok, OCH, Qi, Y and Su, C (2006 d) Biologic and genetic characteristics of Toxoplasma gondii isolates in free-range chickens from Nicaragua, Central America. Veterinary Parasitology 142, 47–53.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dubey, JP, Vianna, MCB, Sousa, S, Canada, N, Meireles, S, da Costa, C, Marcet, JM, Lehmann, PL, Dardé, T and Thulliez, ML (2006 e) Characterization of Toxoplasma gondii isolates in free-range chickens from Portugal. Journal of Parasitology 92, 184–186.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dubey, JP, Applewhaite, L, Sundar, N, Velmurugan, GV, Bandini, LA, Kwok, OCH, Hill, R and Su, C (2007 a) Molecular and biological characterization of Toxoplasma gondii isolates from free-range chickens from Guyana, South America, identified several unique and common parasite genotypes. Parasitology 134, 1559–1565.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dubey, JP, Sundar, N, Gennari, SM, Minervino, AHH, Farias, NAR, Ruas, JL, dos Santos, TRB, Cavalcante, GT, Kwok, OCH and Su, C (2007 b) Biologic and genetic comparison of Toxoplasma gondii isolates in free-range chickens from the northern Pará state and the southern state Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil revealed highly diverse and distinct parasite populations. Veterinary Parasitology 143, 182–188.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dubey, JP, Webb, DM, Sundar, N, Velmurugan, GV, Bandini, LA, Kwok, OCH and Su, C (2007 c) Endemic avian toxoplasmosis on a farm in Illinois: clinical disease, diagnosis, biologic and genetic characteristics of Toxoplasma gondii isolates from chickens (Gallus domesticus), and a goose (Anser anser). Veterinary Parasitology 148, 207–212.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dubey, JP, Huong, LTT, Lawson, BWL, Subekti, DT, Tassi, P, Cabaj, W, Sundar, N, Velmurugan, GV, Kwok, OCH and Su, C (2008 a) Seroprevalence and isolation of Toxoplasma gondii from free-range chickens in Ghana, Indonesia, Italy, Poland, and Vietnam. Journal of Parasitology 94, 68–71.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dubey, JP, Velmurugan, GV, Chockalingam, A, Pena, HFJ, Nunes de Oliveira, L, Leifer, CA, Gennari, SM, Bahia Oliveira, LMG and Su, C (2008 b) Genetic diversity of Toxoplasma gondii isolates from chickens from Brazil. Veterinary Parasitology 157, 299–305.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dubey, JP, Rajendran, C, Costa, DGC, Ferreira, LR, Kwok, OCH, Qu, D, Su, C, Marvulo, MFV, Alves, LC, Mota, RA and Silva, JCR (2010) New Toxoplasma gondii genotypes isolated from free-range chickens from the Fernando de Noronha, Brazil: unexpected findings. Journal of Parasitology 96, 709–712.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dubey, JP, Lehmann, T, Lautner, F, Kwok, OCH and Gamble, HR (2015) Toxoplasmosis in sentinel chickens (Gallus domesticus) in New England farms: seroconversion, distribution of tissue cysts in brain, heart, and skeletal muscle by bioassay in mice and cats. Veterinary Parasitology 214, 55–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dubey, JP, Laurin, E and Kwowk, OCH (2016) Validation of the modified agglutination test for detection of Toxoplasma gondii in free-range chickens by using cat and mouse bioassay. Parasitology 143, 314–319.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duong, HD, Appiah-Kwarteng, C, Takashima, Y, Aye, KM, Nagayasu, E and Yoshida, A (2020) A novel luciferase-linked antibody capture assay (LACA) for the diagnosis of Toxoplasma gondii infection in chickens. Parasitology International 77, 102125.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elfadaly, HA, Hassanain, NA, Shaapan, RM, Hassanain, MA, Barakat, AM and Abdelrahman, KA (2017) Molecular detection and genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii from Egyptian isolates. Asian Journal of Epidemiology 10, 37–44.Google Scholar
Feitosa, TF, Vilela, VLR, de Almeida-Neto, JL, dos Santos, A, de Morais, DF, Athayde, ACR, de Azevedo, SS and Pena, HFJ (2016) First study on seroepidemiology and isolation of Toxoplasma gondii in free-range chickens in the semi-arid region of Paraíba state, Brazil. Parasitology Research 115, 3983–3990.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Feitosa, TF, Vilela, VLR, de Almeida-Neto, JL, de Melo, LRB, de Morais, DF, Alves, BF, Nakashima, F, Gennari, SM, Athayde, ACR and Pena, HFJ (2017) First report of typical Brazilian Toxoplasma gondii genotypes from isolates of free-range chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) circulating in the state of Paraíba, Northeast Brazil. Parasitology Research 116, 2265–2270.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Feng, Y, Lu, Y, Wang, Y, Liu, J, Zhang, L and Yang, Y (2016) Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum in free-range chickens in Henan Province of China. BioMed Research International 2016, 8290536.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fernandes, MFTS, Cavalcanti, EFTSF, da Silva, JG, Mota, AR, de Souza Neto, OL, Santos, AS, de Albuquerque, PPF, de Lima, DCV and Mota, RA (2016) Occurrence of anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies and parasite DNA in backyard chicken breeding in Northeast Brazil. Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Parasitology 25, 105–108.Google ScholarPubMed
Ferreira, TCR, Buery, JC, Moreira, NIB, Santos, CB, Costa, JGL, Pinto, LV, Baraviera, RCA, Vitor, RWA and Fux, B (2018) Toxoplasma gondii: isolation, biological and molecular characterisation of samples from free-range Gallus gallus domesticus from countryside Southeast Brazil. Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Parasitology 27, 384–389.Google ScholarPubMed
Franco-Hernandez, EN, Acosta, A, Cortés-Vecino, J and Gómez-Marín, JE (2016) Survey for Toxoplasma gondii by PCR detection in meat for human consumption in Colombia. Parasitology Research 115, 691–695.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fuh, YB, Lin, CS, Liao, AT, Pong, YM, Tung, MC, Fei, Cy and Lin, DS (2013) Survey of Toxoplasma gondii in Taipei: Livestock meats, internal organs, cat and dog sera. Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine 43, 15–21.Google Scholar
Gebremedhin, EZ, Tesfamaryam, G, Duguma, R, Tilahun, G, Di Marco, V and Vitale, M (2014) Majority of T. gondii Seropositive chickens (Gallus domesticus) in Central Ethiopia carries the infective parasite. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica 56, 60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gebremedhin, EZ, Tesfamaryam, G, Yunus, HA, Duguma, R, Tilahun, G, Di Marco, V and Vitale, M (2015) Seroepidemiology of Toxoplasma gondii infection in free-range chickens (Gallus domesticus) of Central Ethiopia. Epidemiology and Infection 143, 608–617.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Geuthner, AC, Koethe, M, Ludewig, M, Pott, S, Schares, G, Daugschies, A and Bangoura, B (2014) Persistence of Toxoplasma gondii tissue stages in poultry over a conventional fattening cycle. Parasitology 141, 1359–1364.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Geuthner, AC, Koethe, M, Ludewig, M, Pott, S, Schares, G, Maksimov, P, Daugschies, A and Bangoura, B (2019) Development of an in vivo model for Toxoplasma gondii infections in chickens and turkeys simulating natural routes of infection. Veterinary Parasitology 276, 108956.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gonçalves, IN, Uzêda, RS, Lacerda, GA, Moreira, RRN, Araújo, FR, Oliveira, RHM, Corbellini, LG and Gondim, LFP (2012) Molecular frequency and isolation of cyst-forming coccidia from free ranging chickens in Bahia state, Brazil. Veterinary Parasitology 190, 74–79.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Halová, D, Mulcahy, G, Rafter, P, Turčeková, L, Grant, T and de Waal, T (2013) Toxoplasma gondii in Ireland: seroprevalence and novel molecular detection method in sheep, pigs, deer and chickens. Zoonoses and Public Health 60, 168–173.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hamidinejat, H, Nabavi, L, Mayahi, M, Ghourbanpoor, M, Pourmehdi Borojeni, M, Norollahi Fard, S and Shokrollahi, M (2014) Comparison of three diagnostic methods for the detection of Toxoplasma gondii in free range chickens. Tropical Biomedicine 31, 507–513.Google ScholarPubMed
Hamilton, CM, Kelly, PJ, Boey, K, Corey, TM, Huynh, H, Metzler, D, Villena, I, Su, C, Innes, EA and Katzer, F (2017) Predominance of atypical genotypes of Toxoplasma gondii in free-roaming chickens in St. Kitts, West Indies. Parasites & Vectors 10, 104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hamilton, CM, Black, L, Oliveira, S, Burrells, A, Bartley, PM, Melo, RPB, Chianini, F, Palarea-Albaladejo, J, Innes, EA, Kelly, PJ and Katzer, F (2019 a) Comparative virulence of Caribbean, Brazilian and European isolates of Toxoplasma gondii. Parasites & Vectors 12, 104.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hamilton, CM, Robins, R, Thomas, R, Oura, C, Oliveira, S, Villena, I, Innes, EA, Katzer, F and Kelly, PJ (2019 b) Prevalence and genetic diversity of Toxoplasma gondii in free-ranging chickens from the Caribbean. Acta Parasitologica 64, 738–744.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harfoush, M and Tahoon, AE (2010) Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in domestic ducks, free-range chickens, turkeys and rabbits in Kafr El-Sheikh Governorate Egypt. Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology 40, 295–302.Google ScholarPubMed
He, YC, Li, S, Li, XR and Qian, ZB (2016) Serological survey of animal toxoplasmosis in Zhangye city of Gansu Province. China Animal Health Inspection 33, 12–13 (in Chinese).Google Scholar
Hiob, L, Koethe, M, Schares, G, Goroll, T, Daugschies, A and Bangoura, B (2017) Experimental Toxoplasma gondii and Eimeria tenella co-infection in chickens. Parasitology Research 116, 3189–3203.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holsback, L, Pena, HFJ, Ragozo, A, Lopes, EG, Gennari, SM and Soares, RM (2012) Serologic and molecular diagnostic and bioassay in mice for detection of Toxoplasma gondii in free ranges chickens from Pantanal of Mato Grosso do Sul. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 32, 721–726.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hotop, A, Buschtöns, S, Bangoura, B, Zöller, B, Koethe, M, Spekker-Bosker, K, Hotop, SK, Tenter, AM, Däubener, W, Straubinger, RK and Groß, U (2014) Humoral immune responses in chickens and turkeys after infection with Toxoplasma gondii by using recombinant antigens. Parasitology Research 113, 1473–1480.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ibrahim, HM, Abdel-Ghaffar, F, Osman, GY, El-Shourbagy, SH, Nishikawa, Y and Khattab, RA (2016) Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in chicken samples from delta of Egypt using ELISA, histopathology and immunohistochemistry. Journal of Parasitic Diseases 40, 485–490.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Iqbal, A, Janecko, N, Pollari, F and Dixon, B (2018) Prevalence and molecular characterization of Toxoplasma gondii DNA in retail fresh meats in Canada. Food and Waterborne Parasitology 13, e00031.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Khademi, SZ, Ghaffarifar, F, Dalimi, A, Davoodian, P and Abdoli, A (2018) Molecular detection and genotype identification of Toxoplasma gondii in domestic and industrial eggs. Journal of Food Safety 38, e12534.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Khademvatan, S, Saki, J, Yousefi, E and Abdizadeh, R (2013) Detection and genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii strains isolated from birds in the southwest of Iran. British Poultry Science 54, 76–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Khan, F, Rooman, M, Rehman, HU, Rab, A, Khan, A, Rehman, AU, Khan, A, Ullah, A, Ali, M and Ahmad, A (2018) Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in domestic animals in District Bannu Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), Pakistan. International Journal of Biomolecules and Biomedicine 7, 1–6.Google Scholar
Khan, MB, Khan, S, Rafiq, K, Khan, SN, Attaullah, S and Ali, I (2020) Molecular identification of Toxoplasma gondii in domesticated and broiler chickens (Gallus domesticus) that possibly augment the pool of human toxoplasmosis. PLoS ONE 15, e0232026.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lei, CH, Cai, YQ, Bao, ZZ, Bian, SS and Gao, D (2015) Serological investigation of Toxoplasma gondii infection of free-range chickens and sparrows in a free-range chicken farm. Heilongjiang Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine 2, 71–72 (in Chinese).Google Scholar
Li, JN (2015) Analysis of Toxoplasma gondii infection and risk factors in Xinxiang area (Master's thesis). Xinxiang Medicine College. 1–49 (in Chinese).Google Scholar
Lindström, I, Sundar, N, Lindh, J, Kironde, F, Kabasa, JD, Kwok, OCH, Dubey, JP and Smith, JE (2008) Isolation and genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii from Ugandan chickens reveals frequent multiple infections. Parasitology 135, 39–45.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Liu, RZ, Chen, ZQ, Zhang, CF, Zhong, WC and Chen, MX (2013) Serological investigation of Toxoplasma gondii infection in some areas of Guangdong Province. Poultry Husbandry and Disease Control, 7–9 (in Chinese).Google Scholar
Liu, XC, He, Y, Han, DG, Zhang, ZC, Li, K, Wang, S, Xu, LX, Yan, RF and Li, XR (2017) Detection of Toxoplasma gondii in chicken and soil of chicken farms in Nanjing region, China. Infectious Diseases of Poverty 6, 62.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Liu, XY, Wang, ZD, El-Ashram, S and Liu, Q (2019) Toxoplasma gondii oocyst-driven infection in pigs, chickens and humans in northeastern China. BMC Veterinary Research 15, 366.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Long, X (2013) Serological investigation of Toxoplasma gondii in Jingzhou city (Master's thesis). Yangtze University. 1–49 (in Chinese).Google Scholar
Lopes, CS, Franco, PS, Silva, NM, Silva, DAO, Ferro, EAV, Pena, HFJ, Soares, RM, Gennari, SM and Mineo, JR (2016) Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of two Toxoplasma gondii isolates in free-range chickens from Uberlândia, Brazil. Epidemiology and Infection 144, 1865–1875.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Luo, H, Li, K, Shahzad, M, Zhang, H, Lan, Y and Xiong, X (2017) Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in wild boars, wild rabbits, and wild chickens in Hubei Province, China. Korean Journal of Parasitology 55, 85–88.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Magalhães, FJR, da Silva, JG, Ribeiro-Andrade, M, Pinheiro Júnior, JW and Mota, RA (2016) High prevalence of toxoplasmosis in free-range chicken of the Fernando de Noronha Archipelago, Brazil. Acta Tropica 159, 58–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mahami-Oskouei, M, Moradi, M, Fallah, E, Hamidi, F and Asl Rahnamaye Akbari, N (2017) Molecular detection and genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii in chicken, beef, and lamb meat consumed in Northwestern Iran. Iranian Journal of Parasitology 12, 38–45.Google ScholarPubMed
Mahmood, ZU, Zahid, M, Sthanadar, AA, Shah, M and Hussain, A (2014) Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in Gallus domesticus of district Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Zoology 46, 1705–1710.Google Scholar
Maksimov, P, Basso, W, Zerweck, J, Schutkowski, M, Reimer, U, Maksimov, A, Conraths, FJ and Schares, G (2018) Analysis of Toxoplasma gondii clonal type-specific antibody reactions in experimentally infected turkeys and chickens. International Journal for Parasitology 48, 845–856.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marques, JM, Isbrecht, FB, Lucas, TM, Guerra, IMP, Dalmolin, A, da Silva, RC, Langoni, H and da Silva, AV (2009) Detecção de anticorpos anti-Toxoplasma gondii em animais de uma comunidade rural do Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil. Semina: Ciências Agrárias. Londrina 30, 889–898.Google Scholar
Matsuo, K, Kamai, R, Uetsu, H, Goto, H, Takashima, Y and Nagamune, K (2014) Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in cattle, horses, pigs and chickens in Japan. Parasitology International 63, 638–639.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Millar, PR, Alves, FMX, Teixeira, VQ, Vicente, RT, Menezes, EM, Sobreiro, LG, de Almeida Pereira, VL and Amendoeira, MRR (2012) Occurrence of infection with Toxoplasma gondii and factors associated with transmission in broiler chickens and laying hens in different raising systems. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 32, 231–236.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mohammed, AA and Abdullah, ShH (2013). Diagnostic study of toxoplasmosis in domestic chickens in Sulaimani Province. Al-Qadisiya Journal of Veterinary Medicine Sciences 12, 63–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moré, G, Maksimov, P, Pardini, L, Herrmann, DC, Bacigalupe, D, Maksimov, A, Basso, W, Conraths, FJ, Schares, G and Venturini, MC (2012) Toxoplasma gondii infection in sentinel and free-range chickens from Argentina. Veterinary Parasitology 184, 116–121.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mose, JM, Kagira, JM, Karanja, SM, Ngotho, M, Kamau, DM, Njuguna, AN and Maina, NW (2016) Detection of natural Toxoplasma gondii infection in chicken in Thika Region of Kenya using nested polymerase chain reaction. BioMed Research International 2016, 7589278.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mose, JM, Kamau, DM, Kagira, JM, Maina, N, Ngotho, M, Njuguna, A and Karanja, SM (2017) Development of neurological mouse model for toxoplasmosis using Toxoplasma gondii isolated from chicken in Kenya. Pathology Research International 2017, 4302459.Google Scholar
Pardini, L, Moré, G, Rudzinski, M, Gos, ML, Campero, LM, Meyer, A, Bernstein, M, Unzaga, JM and Venturini, MC (2016) Toxoplasma gondii isolates from chickens in an area with human toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis. Experimental Parasitology 166, 16–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pena, HFJ, Vitaliano, SN, Beltrame, MAV, Pereira, FEL, Gennari, SM and Soares, RM (2013) PCR-RFLP genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii from chickens from Espírito Santo state, Southeast region, Brazil: new genotypes and a new SAG3 marker allele. Veterinary Parasitology 192, 111–117.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pena, HFJ, Alves, BF, Soares, HS, Oliveira, S, Ferreira, MN, Bricarello, PA, Machado, TMP, Castro, BBP and Gennari, SM (2018) Free-range chickens from Santa Catarina state, southern Brazil, as asymptomatic intermediate hosts for Toxoplasma gondii clonal type I and typical Brazilian genotypes. Veterinary Parasitology: Regional Studies and Reports 13, 55–59.Google Scholar
Rajendran, C, Su, C and Dubey, JP (2012) Molecular genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii from Central and South America revealed high diversity within and between populations. Infection, Genetics and Evolution 12, 359–368.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ribeiro-Andrade, M, de Crasto Souza Carvalho, J, Amorim da Silva, R, da Conceição Carvalho, M, Nascimento Porto, WJ and Mota, RA (2019) Inter- and intra-genotype differences in induced cystogenesis of recombinant strains of Toxoplasma gondii isolated from chicken and pigs. Experimental Parasitology 207, 107775.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rocha, DS, Nilsson, MG, Maciel, BM, Pena, HFJ, Alves, BF, Silva, AV, Gondim, LFP and Albuquerque, GR (2018) Genetic diversity of Toxoplasma gondii isolates from free-range chickens in Bahia, Brazil. Journal of Parasitology 104, 377–382.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rodrigues, FT, Moreira, FA, Coutinho, T, Dubey, JP, Cardoso, L and Lopes, AP (2019) Antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in slaughtered free-range and broiler chickens. Veterinary Parasitology 271, 51–53.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ruiz, A and Frenkel, JK (1980) Intermediate and transport hosts of Toxoplasma gondii in Costa Rica. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 29, 1161–1166.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Saichua, P, Jumnainsong, A, Tantrawatpan, C, Kiatsopit, N, Kopolrat, K, Suwannatrai, A and Sithithaworn, P (2017) Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in free range chickens (Gallus domesticus) in Khon Kaen province, Thailand. Tropical Biomedicine 34, 419–424.Google Scholar
Sarr, A, Galal, L, Boumediene, F, Hamidović, A, Dardé, ML, Diallo, M, Sow, A, Niang, Y, Cuny, T and Mercier, A (2020) Seroprevalence and risk factors of Toxoplasma gondii infection in free-range chickens in Senegal, West Africa. Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases 20, 15–21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schares, G, Bangoura, B, Randau, F, Goroll, T, Ludewig, M, Maksimov, P, Matzkeit, B, Sens, M, Bärwald, A, Conraths, FJ, Opsteegh, M and van der Giessen, J (2017 a) High seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii and probability of detecting tissue cysts in backyard laying hens compared with hens from large free-range farms. International Journal for Parasitology 47, 765–777.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schares, G, Herrmann, DC, Maksimov, P, Matzkeit, B, Conraths, FJ, Moré, G, Preisinger, R and Weigend, S (2017 b) Chicken line-dependent mortality after experimental infection with three type IIxIII recombinant Toxoplasma gondii clones. Experimental Parasitology 180, 101–111.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schares, G, Koethe, M, Bangoura, B, Geuthner, AC, Randau, F, Ludewig, M, Maksimov, P, Sens, M, Bärwald, A, Conraths, FJ, Villena, I, Aubert, D, Opsteegh, M and van der Giessen, J (2018) Toxoplasma gondii infections in chickens – performance of various antibody detection techniques in serum and meat juice relative to bioassay and DNA detection methods. International Journal for Parasitology 48, 751–762.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shen, B (2010) Investigation on Toxoplasma gondii infection in chickens in some areas in China (Master's thesis). Naning Agricutural University. 1–81 (in Chinese).Google Scholar
Shwab, EK, Zhu, XQ, Majumdar, D, Pena, HFJ, Gennari, SM, Dubey, JP and Su, C (2014) Geographical patterns of Toxoplasma gondii genetic diversity revealed by multilocus PCR-RFLP genotyping. Parasitology 141, 453–461.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Silva, LA, Andrade, RO, Carneiro, ACAV and Vitor, RWA (2014) Overlapping Toxoplasma gondii genotypes circulating in domestic animals and humans in southeastern Brazil. PLoS ONE 9, e90237.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Soares, RM, Silveira, LH, da Silva, AV, Ragozo, A, Galli, S, Lopes, EG, Gennari, SM and Pena, HFJ (2011) Genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii isolates from free range chickens in the Pantanal area of Brazil. Veterinary Parasitology 178, 29–34.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sousa, IC, Pena, HFJ, Santos, LS, Gennari, SM and Costa, FN (2016) First isolation and genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii from free-range chickens on São Luis Island, Maranhão state, Brazil, with a new genotype described. Veterinary Parasitology 223, 159–164.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Su, C and Dubey, JP (2020) Isolation and genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii strains. Methods Molecular Biology 2071, 49–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sun, P (2018) Investigation and analysis of Toxoplasma gondii infection in chicken products in Shandong Province (Master's thesis). Shandong Agriculture University. 1–56 (in Chinese).Google Scholar
Sun, X, Wang, Z, Li, J, Wei, F and Liu, Q (2015) Evaluation of an indirect ELISA using recombinant granule antigen GRA1, GRA7 and soluble antigens for serodiagnosis of Toxoplasma gondii infection in chickens. Research in Veterinary Science 100, 161–164.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tagwireyi, WM, Etter, E and Neves, L (2019) Seroprevalence and associated risk factors of Toxoplasma gondii infection in domestic animals in southeastern South Africa. Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research 86, a1688.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tang, X, Yin, G, Qin, M, Tao, G, Suo, J, Liu, X and Suo, X (2016) Transgenic Eimeria tenella as a vaccine vehicle: expressing TgSAG1 elicits protective immunity against Toxoplasma gondii infections in chickens and mice. Scientific Reports 6, 29379.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tian, PR and Cui, P (2010) Investigation on Toxoplasma gondii infection in chickens in Zhangjaikou city. Animal Husbandry and Feed Science 31, 172–173 (in Chinese).Google Scholar
Tilahun, G, Tiao, N, Ferreira, LR, Choudhary, S, Oliveira, S, Verma, SK, Kwok, OCH, Molla, B, Saville, WJA, Medhin, G, Kassa, T, Aleme, H, Gebreyes, WA, Su, C and Dubey, JP (2013) Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii from free-range chickens (Gallus domesticus) from Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Journal of Parasitology 99, 740–741.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Trevisani, N, Barros, LD, Vieira-Neto, A, Sartor, AA, Souza, AP, Garcia, JL and Moura, AB (2017) Genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii isolates from naturally infected Gallus domesticus in Santa Catarina state, Brazil. Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 69, 139–145.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Velmurugan, GV, Dubey, JP and Su, C (2008) Genotyping studies of Toxoplasma gondii isolates from Africa revealed that the archetypal clonal lineages predominate as in North America and Europe. Veterinary Parasitology 155, 314–318.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Verma, SK, Ajzenberg, D, Rivera-Sanchez, A, Su, C and Dubey, JP (2015) Genetic characterization of Toxoplasma gondii isolates from Portugal, Austria, and Israel reveals higher genetic variability within the type II lineage. Parasitology 142, 948–957.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vieira, FEG, Sasse, JP, Minutti, AF, Miura, AC, de Barros, LD, Cardim, ST, Martins, TA, de Seixas, M, Yamamura, MI, Su, C and Garcia, JL (2018) Toxoplasma gondii: prevalence and characterization of new genotypes in free-range chickens from south Brazil. Parasitology Research 117, 681–688.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vielmo, A, Pena, HFJ, Panziera, W, Bianchi, RM, De Lorenzo, C, Oliveira, S, Alves, BF, Gennari, SM, Pavarini, SP, de Barros, CSL and Driemeier, D (2019) Outbreak of toxoplasmosis in a flock of domestic chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) and guinea fowl (Numida meleagris). Parasitology Research 118, 991–997.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vismarra, A, Mangia, C, Barilli, E, Brindani, F, Bacci, C and Kramer, L (2016) Meat juice serology for Toxoplasma gondii infection in chickens. Italian Journal of Food Safety 5, 5586.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vitaliano, SN, de Mendonça, GM, de Sandres, FAM, Camargo, JSAA, de Tarso, P, Basano, SA, Silva, JCD, de Souza, VKG, Cartonilho, G, de Almeida, ATS, Gennari, SM and Camargo, LMA (2015) Epidemiological aspects of Toxoplasma gondii infection in riverside communities in the Southern Brazilian Amazon. Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical 48, 301–306.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wang, LF (2018) The oocyst wall protein TgOWP8 of Toxoplasma gondii and application in detection of antibodies in serum of pigs and chickens (Master's thesis). Jilin Agriculture University, 1–54 (in Chinese).Google Scholar
Wang, L, Cheng, HW, Huang, KQ, Xu, YH, Li, YN, Du, J, Yu, L, Luo, QL, Wei, W, Jiang, L and Shen, JL (2013) Toxoplasma gondii prevalence in food animals and rodents in different regions of China: isolation, genotyping and mouse pathogenicity. Parasites & Vectors 6, 273.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wang, DW, Han, XH, Mu, MY, Yuan, GM, Zhang, GX, He, JB, Yang, N and Li, HK (2014 a) Epidemiological survey of toxoplasmosis in some animals from northeastern China. Heilongjiang Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine 129–131.Google Scholar
Wang, S, Zhao, G, Wang, W, Xie, Q, Zhang, M, Yuan, C, Hassan, IA, Liu, X, Xu, L, Yan, R, Song, X and Li, X (2014 b) Pathogenicity of two Toxoplasma gondii strains in chickens of different ages infected via intraperitoneal injection. Avian Pathology 43, 91–95.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wang, S, Zhao, GW, Wang, W, Zhang, ZC, Shen, B, Hassan, IA, Xie, Q, Yan, RF, Song, XK, Xu, LX and Li, XR (2015) Pathogenicity of five strains of Toxoplasma gondii from different animals to chickens. Korean Journal of Parasitology 53, 155–162.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wang, M, Ye, Q, Zhang, NZ and Zhang, DL (2016) Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in food-producing animals in Northwest China. Chinese Journal of Zoonoses 32, 608–612.Google Scholar
Wang, R, Zhao, N, Zhang, H, Wang, F, Li, H, Liu, Y, Zhao, X and Zhang, X (2020) Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infections in chicken hearts from farmers’ markets and supermarkets in the Tai'an Region of China. Journal of Food Protection 83, 338–341.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wen, J, Zou, J, Huang, X, Wen, H, Tselmeg, Suo X and Liu, X (2019) Identification of candidate antigens by 2-DE immunoblotting for diagnosis of Toxoplasma gondii infection in chickens and rabbits. Experimental Parasitology 204, 107723.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wu, SC, Zhao, DZ, Sun, FL, Zhao, Y, Xue, SJ and Xu, YD (2018) Preliminary investigation on the serology of Toxoplasma gondii in chicken from Yanbian. Heilongjiang Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine 22, 103–104 (in Chinese).Google Scholar
Xu, P, Song, X, Wang, W, Wang, F, Cao, L and Liu, Q (2012) Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in chickens in Jinzhou, northeastern China. Journal of Parasitology 98, 1300–1301.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Xu, Y, Wang, FY, Liu, XY, Wei, F and Liu, Q (2014) A modified agglutination test for diagnosing toxoplasmosis in chicken. Chinese Journal of Veterinary Medicine 34, 1781, 1782, 1789 (in Chinese).Google Scholar
Yan, C, Yue, CL, Yuan, ZG, He, Y, Yin, CC, Lin, RQ, Dubey, JP and Zhu, XG (2009) Toxoplasma gondii infection in domestic ducks, free-range and caged chickens in southern China. Veterinary Parasitology 165, 337–340.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yan, C, Yue, CL, Yuan, ZG, Lin, RQ, He, Y, Yin, CC, Xu, MJ, Song, HQ and Zhu, XQ (2010) Molecular and serological diagnosis of Toxoplasma gondii infection in experimentally infected chickens. Veterinary Parasitology 173, 179–183.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yang, N, Mu, MY, Li, HK and He, JB (2012 a) Epidemiological survey of toxoplasmosis in chickens from northeastern China. Proceedings of the 16th symposium of poultry epidemiology branch of Chinese animal husbandry and veterinary association. Beijing, p. 184 (in Chinese).Google Scholar
Yang, N, Mu, MY, Li, HK, Long, M and He, JB (2012 b) Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in slaughtered chickens, ducks, and geese in Shenyang, northeastern China. Parasites & Vectors 5, 237.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yin, ZW (2019) Serological investigation of four diseases in poultry in Jilin Province (Master's thesis). Jilin Agriculture University. 1–42 (in Chinese).Google Scholar
Ying, Y, Verma, SK, Kwok, OCH, Alibana, F, McLeod, R, Su, C, Dubey, JP and Pradhan, AK (2017) Prevalence and genetic characterization of Toxoplasma gondii in free-range chickens from grocery stores and farms in Maryland, Ohio and Massachusetts, USA. Parasitology Research 116, 1591–1595.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zhang, R, Thabet, A, Hiob, L, Zheng, W, Daugschies, A and Bangoura, B (2018) Mutual interactions of the apicomplexan parasites Toxoplasma gondii and Eimeria tenella with cultured poultry macrophages. Parasites & Vectors 11, 453.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zhao, GW, Shen, B, Xie, Q, Xu, LX, Yan, RF, Song, XK, Adam, HI and Li, XR (2012 a) Isolation and molecular characterization of Toxoplasma gondii from chickens in China. Journal of Integrative Agriculture 11, 1347–1353.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhao, G, Shen, B, Xie, Q, Xu, LX, Yan, RF, Song, XK, Hassan, IA and Li, XR (2012 b) Detection of Toxoplasma gondii in free-range chickens in China based on circulating antigens and antibodies. Veterinary Parasitology 185, 72–77.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zhu, J, Shen, MH, Chen, LE, Cao, XY, Sun, WM and Jin, YC (2015) Serological survey of Toxoplasma gondii infection in poultry in Songjiang District. Shanghai Journal of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine 6, 32–33 (in Chinese).Google Scholar
Zou, J, Huang, XX, Yin, GW, Ding, Y, Liu, XY, Wang, H, Chen, QJ and Suo, X (2011) Evaluation of Toxoplasma gondii as a live vaccine vector in susceptible and resistant hosts. Parasites & Vectors 4, 168.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zou, Y, Nie, LB, Zhang, NZ, Zou, FC, Zhu, XQ and Cong, W (2017) First genetic characterization of Toxoplasma gondii infection in poultry meat intended for human consumption in eastern China. Infection, Genetics and Evolution 55, 172–174.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Supplementary material: File

Dubey et al. supplementary material

Dubey et al. supplementary material 1

Download Dubey et al. supplementary material(File)
File 53.2 KB
Supplementary material: Image

Dubey et al. supplementary material

Dubey et al. supplementary material 2

Download Dubey et al. supplementary material(Image)
Image 9.5 MB