Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-mlc7c Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-16T07:29:39.209Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

A commercial vaccine for ovine toxoplasmosis

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 April 2009

D. Buxton
Affiliation:
Moredun Research Institute, 408 Gilmerton Road, Edinburgh EH17 7JH
E. A. Innes
Affiliation:
Moredun Research Institute, 408 Gilmerton Road, Edinburgh EH17 7JH

Summary

This paper describes the development of the first commercial vaccine for toxoplasmosis. The vaccine comprises live tachyzoites of the S48 ‘incomplete’ strain of Toxoplasma gondii and is deployed to control toxoplasma abortion in sheep. A discussion of protective immune mechanisms and recent studies on host responses to the vaccine is also included.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1995

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Beverley, J. K., Archer, J. F., Watson, W. A. & Fawcett, A. R. (1971). Trial of a killed vaccine in the prevention of ovine abortion due to toxoplasmosis. British Veterinary Journal 127, 529–35.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blewett, D. A., Buxton, D. & Bos, H. J. (1990). Incomplete life cycle in lambs of a vaccinal strain of T. gondii. Proceedings of the 7th International Congress of Parasitology, Bulletin de la Société Franfçise de Parasitologie 8 (Supplement No. 1), 454.Google Scholar
Buxton, D. (1991). Toxoplasmosis. In Diseases of Sheep, 2nd edn, (ed. Martin, W. B. & Aitken, I. D.) pp. 4958. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications.Google ScholarPubMed
Buxton, D. & Finlayson, J. (1986). Experimental infection of pregnant sheep with Toxoplasma gondii: pathological and immunological observations on the placenta and foetus. Journal of Comparative Pathology 96, 319–33.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Buxton, D., Donald, K. M. & Finlayson, J. (1987). Monensin and the control of experimental ovine toxoplasmosis: a systemic effect. Veterinary Record 120, 618–19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Buxton, D., Thomson, K. M. & Maley, S. (1993). Treatment of ovine toxoplasmosis with a combination of sulphamezathine and pyrimethamine. Veterinary Record 132, 409–11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Buxton, D., Blewett, D. A., Trees, A. J., McColgan, C. & Finlayson, J. (1988). Further studies in the use of monensin in the control of experimental ovine toxoplasmosis. Journal of Comparative Pathology 98, 225–36.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Buxton, D., Thomson, K. M., Maley, S., Wright, S. & Bos, H. J. (1991). Vaccination of sheep with a live incomplete strain (S48) of Toxoplasma gondii and their immunity to challenge when pregnant. Veterinary Record 129,. 8993.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Buxton, D., Thomson, K. M., Maley, S., Wright, S. & Bos, H. J. (1993). Experimental challenge of sheep 18 months after vaccination with a live (S48) Toxoplasma gondii vaccine. Veterinary Record 133, 310–12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Buxton, D., Thomson, K. M., Maley, S., Wastling, J. M., Innes, E. A., Panton, W. R. M. & Nicoll, S. (1994). Primary and secondary responses of the ovine lymph node to Toxoplasma gondii: cell output in efferent lymph and parasite detection. Journal of Comparative Pathology 111, 231–41.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chang, H. R., Grace, G. E. & Pechere, J. C. (1990). Role of TNF and IL-1 in infections with Toxoplasma gondii. Immunology 69, 33–7.Google ScholarPubMed
Denkers, E. Y., Sher, A. & Gazzinelli, R. T. (1993). CD8+ T-cell interactions with Toxoplasma gondii: implications for processing of antigen for class I restricted recognition. Research in Immunology 144, 51–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dubey, J. P. (1984). Experimental toxoplasmosis in sheep fed Toxoplasma gondii oocysts. International Goat and Sheep Research 2, 93104.Google Scholar
Dubey, J. P. & Beattie, C. P. (1988). Toxoplasmosis of Man and Animals. Boca Raton: CRC Press.Google Scholar
Dubey, J. P. & Sharma, S. P. (1980). Parasitaemia and tissue infection in sheep fed Toxoplasma gondii oocysts. Journal of Parasitology 66, 111–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Frenkel, J. K. (1990). Toxoplasmosis in human beings. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 196, 240–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gazzinelli, R. T., Denkers, E. Y. & Sher, A. (1993). Host resistance to Toxoplasma gondii: model for studying the selective induction of cell-mediated immunity by intracellular parasites. Infectious Agents and Disease 2, 139–49.Google ScholarPubMed
Gazzinelli, R. T., Hakim, F. T., Hieny, S., Shearer, G. M. & Sher, A. (1991). Synergistic role of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes in IFN-γ production and protective immunity induced by an attenuated Toxoplasma gondii vaccine. Journal of Immunology 146, 286–92.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Girdwood, R. W. A. (1989). ‘Protozoan’ infections in the immunocompromised patient – parasites and their diagnosis. Journal of Medical Microbiology 30, 316.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goddeeris, B. M., Morrison, W. I., Teale, A. J., Bensaid, A. & Baldwin, C. L. (1986). Bovine cytotoxic T cell clones specific for cells infected with the protozoan parasite Theileria parva: parasite strain specificity and class I major histocompatibility complex restriction. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 83, 5238–42.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hakim, F. T., Gazzinelli, R. T., Denkers, E., Hieny, S., Shearer, G. M. & Sher, A. (1991). CD8+ T cells from mice vaccinated against Toxoplasma gondii are cytotoxic for parasite-infected or antigen-pulsed host cells. Journal of Immunology 147, 2310–16.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Innes, E. A., Panton, W. R. M., Sanderson, A., Thomson, K. M., Wastling, J. M., Maley, S. & Buxton, D. (1995). Induction of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells responses in efferent lymph responding to Toxoplasma gondii infection: analysis of phenotype and function. Parasite Immunology, in press.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Johnson, A. M., McDonald, P. J. & Neoh, S. H. (1983). Monoclonal antibodies to Toxoplasma cell membrane surface antigens protect mice from toxoplasmosis. Journal of Protozoology 30, 351–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Joiner, K. A., Furham, S. A., Miettinen, H. M., Kasper, L. H. & Mellman, I. (1990). Toxoplasma gondii: fusion competence of parasitophorous vacuoles in Fc receptor transfected fibroblasts. Science 249, 641–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kasper, L. H. & Mineo, J. R. (1994). Attachment and invasion of host cells by Toxoplasma gondii. Parasitology Today 10, 184–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Khan, I. A., Ely, K. H. & Kasper, L. H. (1994). Antigen- specific CD8+ T cell clone protects against acute Toxoplasma gondii infection in mice. Journal of Immunology 152, 1856–60.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Krahenbuhl, J. L., Ruskin, J. & Remington, J. S. (1972). The use of killed vaccines in immunization against an intracellular parasite: Toxoplasma gondii. Journal of Immunology 108, 425–31.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kumar, S., Millar, L. H., Quakyi, I. A., Keister, R. A., Houghten, R. A., Maloy, W. L., Moss, N., Berzofsky, J. A. & Good, M. F. (1988). Cytotoxic T cells specific for the circumsporozoite protein of Plasmodium falciparum. Nature 334, 258–60.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McCabe, R. E., Luft, B. J. & Remington, J. S. (1984). Effect of murine interferon gamma on murine toxoplasmosis. Journal of Infectious Diseases 150, 961–2.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McColgan, C., Buxton, D. & Blewett, D. A. (1988). Titration of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts in non-pregnant sheep and the effects of subsequent challenge during pregnancy. Veterinary Record 123, 467–70.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McLeod, R., Frenkel, J. K., Estes, R. G., Mack, D. G., Eisenhauer, P. B. & Gibori, G. (1988). Subcutaneous and intestinal vaccination with tachyzoites of Toxoplasma gondii and acquisition of immunity to peroral and congenital Toxoplasma challenge. Journal of Immunology 140, 1632–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mullbacher, A. (1994). The long-term maintenance of cytotoxic T cell memory does not require persistence of antigen. Journal of Experimental Medicine 179, 317–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nathan, C. F., Murray, H. W., Wiebe, M. E. & Rubin, B. Y. (1983). Identification of interferon gamma, the lymphokine that activates human macrophage oxidative metabolism and anti-viral activity. Journal of Experimental Medicine 158, 670–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O'Connell, E., Wilkins, M. F. & Te Punga, W. A. (1988). Toxoplasmosis in sheep. II. The ability of a live vaccine to prevent lamb losses after an intravenous challenge with Toxoplasma gondii. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 36, 14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Oura, C. A. L., Innes, E. A., Wastling, J. M., Entrican, G. & Panton, W. R. M. (1993). The inhibitory effect of ovine recombinant interferon-gamma on intracellular replication of Toxoplasma gondii. Parasite Immunology 15, 535–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Overnes, G., Nesse, L. L., Waldeland, H., Lovgren, K. & Gudding, R. (1991). Immune response after immunization with an experimental Toxoplasma gondii ISCOM vaccine. Vaccine 9, 25–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pavia, C. G. (1986). Protection against experimental toxoplasmosis by adoptive immunotherapy. Journal of Immunology 137, 2985–90.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pfefferkorn, E. R., Eckel, M. & Rebhun, S. (1986). Interferon-γ suppresses the growth of Toxoplasma gondii in human fibroblasts through starvation for tryptophan. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 20, 215–24.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reid, H. W., Buxton, D., Gardiner, A. C., Pow, I., Finlayson, J. & Maclean, M. J. (1982). Immunosuppression in toxoplasmosis: studies of lambs and sheep infected with louping-ill virus. Journal of Comparative Pathology 92, 181–90.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Salami, M. Al, Simpson-Morgan, M. W. & Morris, B. (1985). Haemopoiesis and the development of immunological reactivity in the sheep foetus. In Immunology of Sheep (ed. Morris, B. & Miyasaka, M.), pp. 1936. Basle: Editiones (Roche).Google Scholar
Schreiber, R. D. & Feldman, H. A. (1980). Identification of the activator system for antibody to Toxoplasma as the classical complement pathway. Journal of Infectious Diseases 141, 366–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schwartzman, J., Gonias, S. & Pfefferkorn, E. (1990). Murine gamma-interferon fails to inhibit Toxoplasma gondii growth in murine fibroblasts. Infection and Immunity 50, 833–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spence, J. A., Mitchell, G. B. B., McNally, J. M., Blewett, D. A. & Wright, F. (1992). The vaccinal efficacy of the S48 strain ‘Toxovax’ of Toxoplasma gondii against natural field outbreaks of ovine toxoplasmosis. Abstracts of the VIth European Multicolloquium of Parasitology, The Hague p. 103.Google Scholar
Suzuki, Y. & Remington, J. S. (1988). Dual regulation of resistance against Toxoplasma gondii infection by Lyt-2+ and Lyt-l+, L3T4+ T cells in mice. Journal of Immunology 140, 3943–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Suzuki, Y. & Remington, J. S. (1990). The effect of anti-IFN-γ antibody on the protective effect of lyt-2+ immune T cells against toxoplasmosis in mice. Journal of Immunology 144, 1954–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Suzuki, Y., Conley, F. K. & Remington, J. S. (1989). Importance of endogenous IFN-γ for prevention of toxoplasmic encephalitis in mice. Journal of Immunology 143, 2045–50.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Uggla, A., Araujo, F. G., Lunden, A., Lovgren, K., Remington, J. S., & Morein, B. (1988). Immunizing effects in mice of two Toxoplasma gondii iscom preparations. Journal of Veterinary Medicine Series B 35, 311–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Waldeland, H. & Frenkel, J. K. (1983). Live and killed vaccines against toxoplasmosis in mice. Journal of Parasitology 69, 60–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wastling, J. M., Harkins, D. & Buxton, D. (1994). Western blot analysis of the ovine IgG response following vaccination with S48 Toxoplasma gondii (Toxovax). Research in Veterinary Science 57, 384–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wastling, J. M., Nicoll, S. & Buxton, D. (1993). Comparison of two gene amplification methods for the detection of Toxoplasma gondii in experimentally infected sheep. Journal of Medical Microbiology 38, 360–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wilkins, M. F. & O'Connell, E. (1992). Vaccination of sheep against Toxoplasma abortion. Surveillance 19, 20–3.Google Scholar
Wilkins, M. F., O'Connell, E. & Te Punga, W. A. (1987). Toxoplasmosis in sheep. I. Effect of a killed vaccine on lamb losses caused by experimental challenge with Toxoplasma gondii. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 35, 31–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wilkins, M. F., O'Connell, E. & Te Punga, W. A. (1988). Toxoplasmosis in sheep. III. Further evaluation of the ability of a live Toxoplasma gondii vaccine to prevent lamb losses and reduce congenital infection following experimental oral challenge. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 36, 86–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed