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Medieval studies and the British School at Rome

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 August 2013

Chris Wickham
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Papers of the British School at Rome , Volume 69 , November 2001 , pp. 35 - 48
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Copyright © British School at Rome 2001

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References

1 Rushforth, G. McN., ‘S. Maria Antiqua’, Papers of the British School at Rome [hereafter, in the notes, PBSR] 1 (1902), 1–124CrossRefGoogle Scholar. I am grateful to Gill Clark for her help in preparing this article, and to her, Bryan Ward-Perkins and Tony Luttrell for reading the text.

2 Wiseman, T.P., A Short History of the British School at Rome (London, 1990), 4–8Google Scholar (I draw on this invaluable survey extensively in what follows); Hodges, R., Visions of Rome: Thomas Ashby, Archaeologist (London, 2000Google Scholar).

3 Jamison, E.M., ‘The Norman administration of Apulia and Capua, more especially under Roger II and William I’, PBSR 6 (1913), 211–481Google Scholar; ‘Notes on Santa Maria della Strada at Matrice, its history and sculpture’, PBSR 14 (1938), 32–97Google Scholar; ‘Documents from the Angevin Registers of Naples: Charles I’, PBSR 17 (1949), 87–180Google Scholar. The Festschrift makes up the whole of PBSR 24 (1956Google Scholar).

4 Barraclough, G., Public Notaries and the Papal Curia (London, 1934Google Scholar); Gray, N., ‘The paleography of Latin inscriptions in the eighth, ninth and tenth centuries in Italy’, PBSR 16 (1948), 38–162Google Scholar.

5 Bullough, D.A.'s articles begin with ‘The counties of the Regnum Italiae in the Carolingian period (774–888): a topographical study. I’, PBSR 23 (1955), 148–68Google Scholar, and include a major study of Pavia, ‘Urban change in early medieval Italy: the example of Pavia’, PBSR 34 (1966), 82–130Google Scholar; Luttrell, A.T.'s numerous articles begin with ‘Venice and the Knights Hospitallers of Rhodes in the fourteenth century’, PBSR 26 (1958), 195–212Google Scholar; Mallett, M.E.'s articles begin with ‘The sea consuls of Florence in the fifteenth century’, PBSR 27 (1959), 156–69Google Scholar; Clementi, D.'s articles begin with ‘An administrative document of 1190 from Apulia’, PBSR 24 (1956), 101–16Google Scholar.

6 Partner, P., The Papal State under Martin V (London, 1958Google Scholar, a School publication); Waley, D., The Papal State in the Thirteenth Century (London, 1961Google Scholar). Both also published in PBSR: Partner, P., ‘Notes on the lands of the Roman church in the early Middle Ages’, PBSR 34 (1966), 68–78Google Scholar; Waley, D., ‘Combined operations' in Sicily, AD 1060–78’, PBSR 22 (1954), 118–25Google Scholar.

7 John Larner, George Holmes and Kenneth Hyde never published in PBSR; Philip Jones only once, in the Jamison, Festschrift (‘Florentine families and Florentine diaries in the fourteenth century’, PBSR 24 (1956), 183–205Google Scholar). An idea of the extent, and limits, of the crossover between the Rome and the Florence traditions of British scholarship can be found in Rubinstein, N. (ed.), Florentine Studies (London, 1968Google Scholar), still an exciting book to read. Many of Jones's pupils were, however, subsequently Rome Scholars.

8 Vauchez, A., La sainteté en Occident aux derniers siécles du moyen âge (Rome, 1981Google Scholar); Toubert, P., Les structures du Latium médiéval: le Latium méridional et la Sabine du IXe siècles à la fin du XIIe siècle (Rome, 1973Google Scholar). A full list of the works of Toubert's pupils would unbalance this article.

9 The main discussions of medieval material in this period were Duncan, G., ‘Sutri (Sutrium) (Notes on Southern Etruria, 3)’, PBSR 26 (1958), 63–134, at pp. 121–31Google Scholar; Ward-Perkins, J.B., ‘Veii’, PBSR 29 (1961), at pp. 75–81Google Scholar; Kahane, A., Murray, L. Threipland and Ward-Perkins, J.B., ‘The Ager Veientanus, North and East of Veii’, PBSR 36 (1968), at pp. 161–79Google Scholar. The medieval material for about half the South Etruria survey area is collected in Wickham, C., ‘Historical and topographical notes on early mediaeval South Etruria (Part One)’, PBSR 46 (1978), 132–79Google Scholar; ‘Historical and topographical notes on early mediaeval South Etruria (Part Two)’, PBSR 47 (1979), 66–95Google Scholar; see further below, n. 13.

10 Stiesdahl, H., ‘Three deserted villages in the Roman Campagna’, Analecta Romana Instituti Danici 2 (1962), 63–100Google Scholar; Dabrowska, M., Leciejewicz, L., Tabaczynska, E. and Tabaczynski, S., ‘Castelseprio. Scavi diagnostici 1962–63’, Sibrium 14 (1978–1979), 1–137Google Scholar (the first interim came out in 1965); Leciejewicz, L., Tabaczynska, E. and Tabaczynski, S., Torcello. Scavi 1961–62 (Rome, 1977Google Scholar) (the first interims came out in 1962).

11 For example, Ward-Perkins, J.B., ‘Etruscan towns, Roman roads and medieval villages’, Geographical Journal 128 (1962), 389–405CrossRefGoogle Scholar; cf. Ward-Perkins, ‘Veii’ (above, n. 9), 77–9.

12 Christie, N. and Daniels, CM., ‘Santa Cornelia: the excavation of an early medieval papal estate and medieval monastery’, in Christie, N. (ed.), Three South Etrurian Churches: Santa Cornelia, Santa Rufina and San Liberato (London, 1991), 1–209Google Scholar. For Invillino, see now Bierbrauer, V. (ed.), Invillino-Ibligo in Friaul (Munich, 1987–1988Google Scholar) (the first interims came out in 1968).

13 Hayes, J.W., Late Roman Pottery (London, 1972Google Scholar); with Supplement to Late Roman Pottery (London, 1980Google Scholar). Potter never published his field survey, but see his general account, Potter, T.W., The Changing Landscape of South Etruria (London, 1979), 139–46Google Scholar for late Rome, 146–67 for the early Middle Ages; see also his ‘Recenti ricerche in Etruria meridionale’, Archeologia Medievale 2 (1975), 215–36Google Scholar, and his small but significant excavation published as ‘Excavations in the medieval centre of Mazzano Romano’, PBSR 40 (1972), 135–45Google Scholar: all of them have a more sophisticated use of ceramic evidence than had been normal in most of the South Etruria survey.

14 Whitehouse, D., ‘The medieval glazed pottery of Lazio’, PBSR 35 (1967), 40–86Google Scholar; Mallett, M. and Whitehouse, D., ‘Castel Porciano: an abandoned medieval village of the Roman campagna’, PBSR 35 (1967), 113–46Google Scholar; note also two excavations in Basilicata — Whitehouse, D., and Whitehouse, R., ‘Excavations at Anglona’, PBSR 37 (1969), 34–75Google Scholar; Whitehouse, D., ‘Excavations at Satriano: a deserted medieval settlement in Basilicata’, PBSR 38 (1970), 188–219Google Scholar. Gelichi, S., Introduzione all'archeologia medievale (Rome, 1998), 65Google Scholar, also stressed Whitehouse's work.

15 Quaderni Storici 24 (1973), 689–1016Google Scholar, contains what is in effect the acts of the Scarperia conference. Mannoni, T. and Blake, H., ‘L'archeologia medievale in Italia’, Quaderni Storici 24 (1973), 833–60, at pp. 858–60Google Scholar, contains a fairly complete list of the small number of medieval excavations that had been published up to then, excluding some cemeteries and churches, however.

16 Luttrell, A.T., Toker, F.K.B. and Adams, I., ‘An Umbrian abbey: San Paolo di Valdiponte’, PBSR 40 (1972), 146–95Google Scholar; Blagg, T.F.C., Blake, H. and Luttrell, A.T., ‘An Umbrian abbey: San Paolo di Valdiponte, part two’, PBSR 42 (1974), 98–178Google Scholar.

17 The Tuscania publications include: Luttrell, A., ‘Two templar-hospitaller preceptories north of Tuscania’, PBSR 39 (1971), 90–124Google Scholar; Whitehouse, D., Andrews, D. and Ward-Perkins, J., ‘Excavation and survey at Tuscania, 1972: a preliminary report’, PBSR 40 (1972), 196–238Google Scholar; Barker, G.W.W., ‘The economy of medieval Tuscania: the archaeological evidence’, PBSR 41 (1973), 155–77Google Scholar; Pringle, D., ‘A group of medieval towers in Tuscania’, PBSR 42 (1974), 179–223Google Scholar; and Gianfrotta, A. and Potter, T.W., ‘Tuscany 1974 — Scavi sul Colle S. Pietro: una prima lettura’, Archeologia Medievale 7 (1980), 437–56Google Scholar.

18 Whitehouse, D., Barker, G., Reece, R. and Reese, D., ‘The Schola Praeconum I’, PBSR 50 (1982), 53–101Google Scholar; Whitehouse, D., Costantini, L., Guidobaldi, F., Passi, S., Pensabene, P., Pratt, S., Reece, R. and Reese, D., ‘The Schola Praeconum II’, PBSR 53 (1985), 163–210Google Scholar. The Farfa excavation report was delayed, but its publication is imminent.

19 Ward-Perkins, B., ‘Two Byzantine houses at Luni’, PBSR 49 (1981), 91–8Google Scholar; see also his field survey of the Ager Lunensis (in which, however, notably little medieval material could be located): (with Mills, N., Gadd, D. and Smith, C. Delano) ‘Luni and the Ager Lunensis: the rise and fall of a Roman town and its territory’, PBSR 54 (1986), 81–146Google Scholar. Bryan Ward-Perkins, who was simultaneously excavating at Ferrara and Bologna, maintained his close involvement in urban archaeology subsequently, with a thesis-book and two survey articles, one in PBSR: From Classical Antiquity to the Middle Ages (Oxford, 1984)Google Scholar; ‘The towns of northern Italy’, in RHodges, . and Hobley, B. (eds), The Rebirth of Towns in the West AD 700–1050 (London, 1988), 16–27Google Scholar; ‘Continuitists, catastrophists and the towns of post-Roman northern Italy’, PBSR 65 (1997), 157–76Google Scholar.

20 Hodges, R., Barker, G. and Wade, K., ‘Excavations at D8 5 (Santa Mari a in Civita): an early medieval hilltop settlement in Molise’, PBSR 48 (1980), 70–124Google Scholar; cf. der Veen, M. Van's botanical report (‘An early medieval hilltop settlement in Molise: the plant remains from D85’ ) in PBSR 53 (1985), 211–24Google Scholar. The survey is published as Barker, G., A Mediterranean Valley (London, 1995Google Scholar); Barker, G. (ed.), The Biferno Valley Survey (London, 1995Google Scholar).

21 Hodges, R. (ed.), San Vincenzo al Volturno 1. The 1980–86 Excavations Part I (London, 1993)Google Scholar; Hodges, R. (ed.), San Vincenzo al Volturno 2. The 1980–86 Excavations Part II(London, 1995Google Scholar); see further Hodges, R., Gibson, S. and Mitchell, J., ‘The making of a monastic city’, PBSR 65 (1997), 233–86Google Scholar. Spin-off articles, usually about minor sites in the San Vincenzo area, have appeared in PBSR: Hodges, R., Wickham, C., Nowakowski, J.A., Grierson, P., Patterson, H., Higgins, V. and Herring, P., ‘Excavations at Vacchereccia (Rocchetta Nuova): a later Roman and early medieval settlement in the Volturno Valley, Molise’, PBSR 52 (1984), 148–94Google Scholar; Stevenson, J., ‘Glass lamps from San Vincenzo al Volturno, Molise’, PBSR 56 (1988), 198–209Google Scholar; Hodges, R., Gibson, S. and Hanasz, A., ‘Campo la Fontana: a late eighth century triconch chapel and the Ponte Latrone at the entrance to the territory of San Vincenzo al Volturno’, PBSR 58 (1990), 273–98Google Scholar; Hodges, R., Buckley, R. and Sennis, A., ‘An early medieval building tradition? Apagliaio at Colli a Volturno’, PBSR 62 (1994), 311–20Google Scholar; Coutts, CM. and Hodges, R., ‘New excavations of the Crypt Church at San Vincenzo al Volturno in 1994’, PBSR 64 (1996), 283–6Google Scholar; Hodges, R. and Rovelli, A., ‘San Vincenzo al Volturno in the sixth century’, PBSR 66 (1998), 245–6Google Scholar; Hodges, R. and Mitchell, J., ‘A new interpretation of the ninth-century hilltop (Colle della Torre) at San Vincenzo al Volturno’, PBSR 68 (2000), 381–6Google Scholar. It must be noted that these are only one part of the numerous interims and interim syntheses that the site has generated.

22 Clark, G., ‘Stock economies in medieval Italy: a critical review of the archaeozoological evidence’, Archeologia Medievale 14 (1987), 7–26Google Scholar; ‘Animal s and animal product s in mediaeval Italy: a discussion of archaeological and historical methodology’, PBSR 57 (1989), 152–71Google Scholar — cf. also Clark, G.(with Costantini, L., Finnetti, A., Giorgi, J., Jones, A., Reese, D., Sutherland, S. and Whitehouse, D.), ‘The food refuse of an affluent urban household in the late fourteenth century: faunal and botanical remains from the Palazzo Vitelleschi, Tarquinia (Viterbo)’, PBSR 57 (1989), 200–321Google Scholar, an important collective monographi c account; (with Baker, P.) ‘Archaeozoological evidence for medieval Italy: a critical review of the present state of research’, Archeologia Medievale 20 (1993), 45–76Google Scholar; ‘Monastic economies? Aspects of production and consumption in early medieval central Italy’, Archeologia Medievale 24 (1997), 31–54Google Scholar; ‘The bare bones speak: the potential and problems of archaeozoology for reconstructing medieval daily life’, in Jaritz, G. (ed.), History of Medieval Life and the Sciences (Vienna, 2000), 63–82Google Scholar.

23 The most important interims for the excavation at Montarrenti, co-directed by Riccardo Francovich and Richard Hodges, are: Francovich, R., Hodges, R., Bartoloni, V., Roncaglia, G., Parenti, R., Barker, G., Coccia, S., Jones, D. and Sitzia, J., ‘Il progetto Montarrent i (SI). Relazione preliminare, 1985’, Archeologia Medievale 13 (1986), 257–320Google Scholar, which includes the field survey directed by Graeme Barker, and R. Francovich and R. Hodges, ‘Archeologia e storia del villaggio fortificato di Montarrenti (SI): un caso o un modello?’, Archeologia Medievale (1989), 15–38. John Moreland's Farfa survey interims (including the excavation of Casale San Donato) are: ‘Ricognizione nei dintorni di Farfa, 1985. Resoconto preliminare’, Archeologia Medievale 13 (1986), 333–42Google Scholar; ‘The Farfa survey: a second interim report’, Archeologia Medievale 14 (1987), 409–18Google Scholar; (with Pluciennik, M.) ‘Excavations at Casale San Donato, Castel Nuovo di Farfa (RI) 1990’, Archeologia Medievale 18 (1991), 477–90Google Scholar; (with Pluciennik, M., Richardson, M., Fleming, A., Stroud, G., Patterson, H. and Dunkley, J.) ‘Excavations at Casale San Donato, Castelnuovo di Farfa (RI), Lazio, 1992’, Archeologia Medievale 20 (1993), 185–228Google Scholar. Paul Beavitt and Neil Christie's Rascino Project (also known as the Cicolano Castles Project) interims are: ‘The Cicolano Castles Project: preliminary excavation report, 1991’, Archeologia Medievale 19 (1992), 491–505Google Scholar; ‘The Cicolano Castles Project: second interim report, 1992’, Archeologia Medievale 20 (1993), 419–51Google Scholar; ‘The Cicolano Castles Project: 1993 interim report’, Archeologia Medievale 21 (1994), 307–32Google Scholar — the initial multi-period publication was here in the PBSR: Barker, G. and Grant, A. (eds), ‘Ancient and modern pastoralism in central Italy: an interdisciplinary study in the Cicolano mountains’, PBSR 59 (1991), 15–88Google Scholar. Syntheses and positionpapers by the British in Archeologia Medievale include Hodges, R., ‘Method and theory in medieval archaeology’, Archeologia Medievale 9 (1982), 7–37Google Scholar; Barker, G., ‘L'archeologia del paesaggio italiano’, Archeologia Medievale 13 (1986), 7–30Google Scholar; Moreland, J., ‘Method and theory in medieval archaeology in the 1990s’, Archeologia Medievale 18 (1991), 7–42Google Scholar; Wickham, C., ‘Early medieval archaeology in Italy’, Archeologia Medievale 26 (1999), 7–20Google Scholar; see above, n. 22, for Clark. Note also that the north Italian tradition of British archaeology, including Blake, Peter Hudson and Martin Carver, tends to publish in Archeologia Medievale.

24 Potter, T.W. and King, A.C., Excavations at the Mola di Monte Gelato (London, 1997Google Scholar); Coccia, S. and Mattingly, D. (eds), ‘Settlement history, environment and human exploitation of an intermontane basin in the central Apennines: the Rieti survey, 1988–1991, part I’, PBSR 60 (1992), 213–90Google Scholar; Coccia, S. and Mattingly, D. (eds), ‘Settlement history, environment and human exploitation of an intermontane basin in the central Apennines: the Rieti survey, 1988–1991, part II. Land-use patterns and gazetteer’, PBSR 63 (1995), 105–58Google Scholar; Arthur, P., ‘Masseria Quattro Macine — a deserted medieval village and its territory in southern Apulia: an interim report on field survey, excavation and document analysis’, PBSR 64 (1996), 181–238Google Scholar; see also Albarella, U., Ceglia, V. and Roberts, P., ‘S. Giacomo degli Schiavoni (Molise): an early fifth century AD deposit of pottery and animal bones from central Adriatic Italy’, PBSR 61 (1993), 231–44Google Scholar; and a rare non-British (though partially School-sponsored) project, Fentress, E., Clay, T., Hobart, M. and Webb, M., ‘Late Roman and medieval Cosa I: the arx and the structure near the Eastern Height’, PBSR 59 (1991), 197–230Google Scholar.

25 Arthur, P., ‘Early medieval amphorae, the duchy of Naples and the food supply of Rome’, PBSR 61 (1993), 231–44Google Scholar; for Ward-Perkins and Clark, see above, nn. 19 and 22. The School also published Wickham, C., Land and Power (London, 1995)Google Scholar, a collection of survey articles.

26 Ghislaine Noyé's work, at Scribla and other Calabrian sites, and at Caprignano in the Sabina, stands out; Étienne Hubert's work in the city of Rome also.

27 See Arthur, P. and Patterson, H., ‘Ceramics and early medieval central and southern Italy: “a potted history’’, in Francovich, R. and Noyé, G. (eds), La storia dell'alto medioevo italiano (VI-X secolo) alia luce dell'archeologia (Florence, 1994), 409–41Google Scholar; Patterson, H. and Roberts, P., ‘New light on dark age Sabina’, in Saguì, L. (ed.), Ceramica in Italia: VI-VII secolo (Florence, 1998), 421–35Google Scholar; Arthur, P. and Patterson, H., ‘Local pottery in southern Puglia in the sixth and seventh centuries’, in Saguì, L. (ed.), Ceramica in Italia: VI-VII secolo (Florence, 1998), 511–30Google Scholar; these cite her previous publications, which include a high proportion of the pottery reports of recent British-excavated sites.

28 Gibson, S. and Ward-Perkins, B., ‘The surviving remains of the Leonine wall’, PBSR 47 (1979), 30–57Google Scholar; ‘The surviving remains of the Leonine wall. Part II: the Passetto’, PBSR 51 (1983), 222–39Google Scholar; Christie, N. and Gibson, S., ‘The city walls of Ravenna’, PBSR 56 (1988), 156–97Google Scholar; Coates-Stephens, R., ‘The walls and aqueducts of Rome in the early middle ages’, Journal of Roman Studies 88 (1998), 166–78Google Scholar; Coates-Stephens, R., ‘Housing in early medieval Rome, AD 500–1000’, PBSR 64 (1996), 239–60Google Scholar; Coates-Stephens, R., ‘Dark age architecture in Rome’, PBSR 65 (1997), 177–232Google Scholar.

29 Corbett, S., ‘The church of SS. Quirico e Giulitta in Rome’, PBSR 28 (1960), 33–50Google Scholar; Lloyd, J.E. Barclay, ‘Masonry techniques in medieval Rome c. 1080–1300’, PBSR 53 (1985), 225–77Google Scholar; see also McClendon, C.B., ‘The revival of opus sectile pavements in Rome and the vicinity in the Carolingian period’, PBSR 48 (1980), 157–65Google Scholar; de Blaauw, S., ‘A mediaeval portico at San Giovanni in Laterano: the basilica and its ancient conventual building’, PBSR 58 (1990), 299–316Google Scholar. Note that Barclay Lloyd has also published on frescoes: ‘The medieval murals in the Cistercian abbey of Santi Vincenzo e Anastasio ad Aquas Salvias at Tre Fontane, Rome, in their architectural settings’, PBSR 65 (1997), 287–348Google Scholar.

30 Smith, M.Q., ‘Anagni, an example of medieval typological decoration’, PBSR 33 (1965), 1–47Google Scholar; Gardner, J., ‘The Capocci tabernacle in S. Maria Maggiore’, PBSR 38 (1970), 220–30Google Scholar; Simon, R., ‘Altichiero versus Avanzo’, PBSR 45 (1977), 252–71Google Scholar; Bourdua, L., ‘De origine et progressu ordinis fratrum heremitarum: Guariento and the Eremitani in Padua’, PBSR 66 (1998), 177–92Google Scholar; and, moving outside the boundaries of this article, Welch, E., ‘Engendering Italian Renaissance art — a bibliographic review’, PBSR 68 (2000), 201–16Google Scholar.

31 Osborne, J., ‘The Roman catacombs in the Middle Ages’, PBSR 53 (1985), 278–328Google Scholar; ‘The atrium of S. Maria Antiqua, Rome: a history in art’, PBSR 55 (1987), 186–223Google Scholar; see further ‘The portrait of Pope Leo IV in San Clemente, Rome: a re-examination of the so-called “square” nimbus in medieval art’, PBSR 47 (1979), 58–66Google Scholar; ‘Early medieval wall-paintings in the catacomb of San Valentino, Rome’, PBSR 49 (1981), 82–90Google Scholar; ‘The tomb of Alfanus in S. Maria in Cosmedin, Rome, and its place in the tradition of Roman funerary monuments’, PBSR 51 (1983), 240–7Google Scholar; ‘A note on the medieval name of the so-called “Temple of Fortuna Virilis” at Rome’, PBSR 56 (1988), 210–12Google Scholar; ‘Textiles and their painted imitations in early medieval Rome’, PBSR 60 (1992), 309–52Google Scholar.

32 Mackie, G., ‘The Zeno chapel — a prayer for salvation’, PBSR 57 (1989), 172–99Google Scholar; ‘Abstract and vegetal design in the San Zeno chapel, Rome: the ornamental setting of an early medieval funerary programme’, PBSR 63 (1995), 159–82Google Scholar; Jessop, L., ‘Pictorial cycles of nonbiblical saints: the seventh- and eighth-century mural cycles in Rome and contexts for their use’, PBSR 67 (1999), 233–80Google Scholar.

33 For Abulafia, see below, n. 36; for Ward-Perkins, above, n. 19; Christie, N., ‘Byzantine Liguria: an imperial province against the Longobards, AD 568–643’, PBSR 58 (1990), 229–72Google Scholar; Clarke, P.D., ‘The interdict on San Gimignano, c. 1289–93; a clerical “strike” and its consequences’, PBSR 67 (1999), 281–302Google Scholar.

34 Loud, G.A., ‘A calendar of the diploma s of the Norman princes of Capua’, PBSR 49 (1981), 99–143Google Scholar; ‘Monarchy and monastery in the Mezzogiorno: the abbey of St Sophia, Benevento and the Staufen’, PBSR 59 (1991), 283–318Google Scholar; Takayama, H., ‘The great administrative officials of the Norman kingdom of Sicily’, PBSR 58 (1990), 317–36Google Scholar; Skinner, P., ‘Noble families in the duchy of Gaet a in the tenth century’, PBSR 60 (1992), 353–78Google Scholar; Skinner, P., ‘Urban communities in Naples, 900–1050’, PBSR 62 (1994), 279–300Google Scholar (cf. above, nn. 5 and 19, for Bullough and Ward-Perkins); Skinner, P., ‘Room for tension: urban life in Apulia in the eleventh and twelfth centuries’, PBSR 66 (1998), 159–76Google Scholar.

35 Luttrell's articles on the Mediterranean in PBSR are: ‘Venice and the Knights Hospitallers of Rhodes in the fourteenth century’, PBSR 26 (1958), 195–212Google Scholar; ‘The Latins of Argos and Nauplia: 1311–1394’, PBSR 34 (1966), 34–55Google Scholar; ‘The Benedictines and Malta: 1363–1371’, PBSR 50 (1982), 146–65Google Scholar. Abulafia's, still more numerous, are: ‘Corneto-Tarquinia and the Italian mercantile republics: the earliest evidence’, PBSR 42 (1974), 224–34Google Scholar; ‘Genoa and the security of the seas: the mission of Babilano Lomellino in 1350’, PBSR 45 (1977), 272–9Google Scholar; ‘Venice and the kingdom of Naples in the last years of Robert the Wise 1332–1343’, PBSR 48 (1980), 186–204Google Scholar; ‘Ancona, Byzantium and the Adriatic 1155–1173’, PBSR 52 (1984), 195–216Google Scholar; ‘The merchants of Messina: Levant trade and domestic economy’, PBSR 54 (1986), 196–212Google Scholar: they cover a wide variety of Italian ports. See also Bresc, H., ‘Documents on Frederick IV of Sicily's intervention in Malta: 1372’, PBSR 41 (1973), 180–200Google Scholar; and Brown, R., ‘The Sardinian condaghe of S. Michele di Salvenor in the sixteenth century’, PBSR 51 (1983), 248–57Google Scholar; ‘Monastic decline in Sardinia: S. Leonardo di Bosue (Sassari)’, PBSR 53 (1985), 329–41Google Scholar.

36 Luttrell, A.T. (ed.), Medieval Malta: Studies on Malta Before the Knights (London, 1975)Google Scholar; Luttrell, A., Approaches to Medieval Malta (London, 1975Google Scholar).

37 Barnish, S.J.B., ‘Taxation, land and barbarian settlement in the western empire’, PBSR 54 (1986), 170–95Google Scholar; Barnish, S.J.B., ‘Pigs, plebeians and potentes: Rome's economic hinterland c. 350–600 AD’, PBSR 55 (1987), 157–85Google Scholar; Barnish, S.J.B., ‘Transformation and survival in the western senatorial aristocracy, c. AD 400–700’, PBSR 56 (1988), 120–55Google Scholar; Brown, T.S., Gentlemen and Officers: Imperial Administration and Aristocratic Power in Roman Italy, 504–800 (London, 1984Google Scholar); Marazzi, F., ‘II conflitto fra Leone III Isaurico e il papato fra il 725 e il 733, e il “definitivo” inizio del medioevo a Roma: un'ipotesi in discussione’, PBSR 59 (1991), 231–58Google Scholar.

38 See, for recent important article collections, Paroli, L. and Delogu, P. (eds), La storia economica di Roma nell'alto medioevo alia luce dei recenti scavi archeologici (Florence, 1993Google Scholar), and the volumes of Francovich and Noyé and of Saguì, cited above, n. 27; the Sagui volume, a conference in honour of John Hayes, was partially sponsored by the School.