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The Medieval Glazed Pottery of Lazio*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 August 2013

David Whitehouse
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Extract

Medieval archaeology in the sense of a field study involving controlled excavation is in its infancy in Italy. Scarcely a dozen excavations have been carried out with the recovery of information about the middle ages as their primary objective and little attention has been paid to the material remains of everyday life. It is not surprising, therefore, that in the past the only medieval pottery to receive lasting attention has been the tin-glazed ware which was valued as the forerunner of renaissance maiolica. Nevertheless, in recent years programmes of surface collecting and selective excavation have been initiated in two areas with the specific purpose of studying the middle ages. The two areas are Lazio and Apulia. In Apulia the Society of Antiquaries sponsored a survey of the Tavoliere, or Foggia Plain, reports on which are in active preparation.

Type
Research Article
Information
Papers of the British School at Rome , Volume 35 , December 1967 , pp. 40 - 86
Copyright
Copyright © British School at Rome 1967

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References

1 For a preliminary note on the project, see Bradford, J. S. P., ‘The Apulia Expedition: an Interim Report,’ Antiquity, XXIV (1950), pp. 84–95CrossRefGoogle Scholar; and for the medieval material, D. B. Whitehouse, ‘Ceramiche e Vetri medioevali provenienti dal Castello di Lucera,’ Bollettino d'Arte (in the press).

2 The excavations at Santa Cornelia were directed by Mr. Charles Daniels, those at Porciano by Dr. Michael Mallett and those at Santa Rufina by Lady Wheeler. I am grateful to the excavators and to Mr. Ward-Perkins for placing at my disposal all the medieval pottery found during the Survey of South Etruria.

3 I am grateful to Dr. Hans Stiesdal for allowing me to study the finds from Belmonte, Pietrapertusa and Torre Busson; and to Drs. Eric Berggren and Carl Eric Östenberg for permission to describe the pottery from San Giovenale and Luni.

4 I have not been able to examine all the medieval pottery from Rome. This paper takes into account the material in the Vatican Museums, the Antiquario of the Roman Forum, the Museo del Palazzo di Venezia and the bacini in the museum at SS. Giovanni e Paolo. I am indebted to the late Guy Ferrari O.S.B. (Vatican Museums), Prof. G. Carretoni (Roman Forum) and the abbot of SS. Giovanni e Paolo for permission to study the pottery in their custody.

5 Walker, D. S., A Geography of Italy (London, Methuen, second ed., 1967), pp. 171–80Google Scholar.

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7 E. M. Jope, ‘Roman Lead-Glazed Pottery in Britain,’ Archaeological News Letter, May 1950, pp. 199–202.

8 Simonett, Christoph, Tessiner Gräberfelder (Basel, Monographien zur Ur- und Frühgeschichte der Schweiz, no. 3, 1941), p. 30 and pl. 17Google Scholar.

9 Grosso, G., ‘La ceramica altomedioevale e medioevale nei recenti scavi di Albigaunum,’ Rivista ingauna e intermelia, 13 (1958), p. 20Google Scholar.

10 Ballardini, Gaetano, L'Eredità ceramistica del Antico Mondo romano (Roma, Istituto Poligrafico dello Stato), 1964, p. 113 and fig. 152Google Scholar.

11 Ibid., This conclusion, implicit in the title, is argued throughout.

12 Stevenson, Robert B. K., ‘Medieval Lead Glazed Pottery: Links between East and West,’ Cahiers Archéologiques, VII (1954), pp. 89–94Google Scholar.

13 Dunning, G. C., ‘The Saxon Town at Thetford’, Archaeological Journal, 106 (1959), pp. 72–3Google Scholar; and Dunning, G. C., Hurst, J. G., Myres, J. N. L. and Tischler, F., ‘Anglo-Saxon Pottery. A symposium,’ Medieval Archaeology, III (1959), pp. 1–78CrossRefGoogle Scholar, particularly 37–42.

14 Jope, E. M. in Singer, Charles, Holmyard, E.J., Hall, A. R. and Williams, Trevor I., A History of Technology (Oxford), vol. 1, 1956, p. 300Google Scholar.

15 Stevenson in Brett, Gerald, Macaulay, W. J. and Stevenson, Robert B. K., The Great Palace of the Byzantine Emperors (First Report) (Oxford, 1947), p. 32Google Scholar and pl. 19, no. 41.

16 Deichmann, F. W., ‘Zur Datierung der Byzantinischen Reliefkeramik,’ Archäologischer Anzieger, 56 (1941)Google Scholar, columns 72–81.

17 Sarre, F. and Herzfeld, E., Archäoligische Reise im Euphrat- und Tigris-Gebiet (Berlin), vol. 4 (1920), pp. 10–3Google Scholar and figs. 388 and 389.

18 Stevenson, op. cit. in note 15, pp. 31-63.

19 Rice, D. Talbot, Byzantine Glazed Pottery (Oxford, 1930), pp. 19–21Google Scholar, Group A2.

20 For an example of ‘Coptic’ glazed pottery, see a jar in the Victoria and Albert Museum, London, decorated with brown, green and yellow stripes under a thin lead glaze (inv. no. C1412–1921), for which a date between the fifth and eighth centuries has been suggested.

21 Bass, George F., ‘Underwater Archaeology at Yassi Ada: A Byzantine Shipwreck,’ Archäologischer Anzeiger, 77 (1962)Google Scholar, columns 537–64.

22 Unpublished: Gela, Museo Archeologico.

23 Unpublished: Syracuse, Museo Archeologico.

24 Adamesteanu, D., ‘Nuovi Documenti paleocristiani nella Sicilia Centro-Meridionale,’ Bollettino d'Arte, xlviii (1963), pp. 259–74Google Scholar; but compare particularly the forms of a jar and a two-handled jug, both unpublished: Gela, Museo Archeologico.

25 Unpublished: Rossano, Museo Diocesano.

26 Whitehouse, D. B., ‘Medieval Painted Pottery in South and Central Italy,’ Medieval Archaeology, x (1966), pp. 30–44CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

27 Walters, H. B., Catalogue of the Roman Pottery in the Department of Antiquities, British Museum (London, 1908), p. 3Google Scholar, nos. K 16 and K 17. In my article on Forum Ware (see note 42) I mistakenly accepted these vessels as early medieval.

28 Ballardini, op. cit. in note 9, p. 136.

29 As above.

30 Bailey, D. M., ‘Lamps from Tharros in the British Museum,’ Annual of the British School at Athens, 57 (1962), pp. 35–45CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

31 For example, Charleston, op. cit. in note 6, pl. 28B.

32 Franco, A., ‘Una Postilla sulla Ceramica Salentina,’ Faenza, xxxviii (1952), pp. 79–91Google Scholar, particularly pl. XX, no. 3 (printed upside-down), and Vacca, Nicola, La Ceramica Salentina (Lecce, tip. Modernissima, 1954), p. 22Google Scholar and fig. 21. I am grateful to Dr. Vacca for information about the possible second vessel of this type.

33 Franco, op. cit. above, p. 83, and Vacca, op. cit. above, p. 22.

34 For example, Rackham, Bernard, Catalogue of Italian Maiolica, Victoria and Albert Museum (London, 1940)Google Scholar, nos. 436 (Deruta c. 1520) and 517 and 518 (both Gubbio, c. 1515–20).

35 Robinson, Henry S., The Athenian Agora. v. Pottery of the Roman Period. Chronology (Princeton, 1959)Google Scholar, passim.

36 Most of the material is unpublished. The largest collection of ‘Byzantine’ pottery in Sicily is at Syracuse, Museo Archeologico.

37 Hitti, Philip K., A History of the Arabs (London, 1937), pp. 213–5Google Scholar.

38 Lane, Arthur, Early Islamic Pottery (London, Faber and Faber, fifth impression, 1965), p. 9Google Scholar.

39 Lacam, Jean, ‘Vestiges de l'Occupation Arabe en Narbonnaise,’ Cahiers Archéologiques, viii (1957), pp. 93–115Google Scholar. For the most recent discussion of Islamic pottery in southern France, see Lacam, , Les Sarrazins dans le haut moyen age français (Paris, Maisonneuve et Larose, 1965)Google Scholar.

40 Morgan, Charles H. II, Corinth, xi. The Byzantine Pottery (Princeton, 1942), pp. 36–42 and 347Google Scholar.

41 von Bode, Wilhelm, Die Anfänge der Maiolika-kunst in Toscana (Berlin, 1911), p.5Google Scholar.

42 Whitehouse, D. B., ‘Forum Ware: A Distinctive Type of Early Medieval Glazed Pottery Roman Campagna,’ Medieval Archaeology, ix (1965), pp. 55–63CrossRefGoogle Scholar. The present paper leans heavily on this earlier article, but corrects a number of errors and adds new evidence for the chronology of Forum Ware.

43 G. Boni, ‘Il Sacrario di Juturna,’ Notizie degli Scavi, 1901, pp. 41–144, particularly 97 ff.

44 Whitehouse, op. cit. in note 32, fig. 16, types 2a and 2c.

45 Rome, Antiquario del Foro Romano and Faenza, Museo Internazionale delle Ceramiche.

46 Ballardini, op. cit. in note 9, p. 143.

47 This site and those which follow were discovered by members of the British School at Rome. Many such sites lack modern names and are identified by six-figure map references taken from sheets published by the Istituto Geografico Militare.

48 I am grateful to Mr. Daniels for information on the site. For notes on Santa Cornelia and other domuscultae, see Ward-Perkins, John, PBSR, xxix (1961), p. 75 ff.Google Scholar; Peter Partner, ibid., xxxiv (1966), pp. 68–78; and Respighi, Anna Maria, Galeria (Roma, Istituto di Studi Romani), 1961, pp. 16–17Google Scholar.

49 Morgan, op. cit. in note 40, pp. 40 and 181, cat. no. 32 (fig. 28).

50 Dunning and others, op. cit. in note 13, pp. 37–42.

51 Wherever possible, medieval potters in Italy used alluvial clay for the finer vessels and iron-rich quarried clay for kitchenware, a practise described in the sixteenth century by Piccolpasso; see Rackham, Bernard and van de Put, Albert, Li Tre Libri del Arte del Vasaio (London, Victoria and Albert Museum, 1934), pp. 7–10Google Scholar.

52 Unpublished: Rome, Antiquario del Foro Romano.

53 Wallace-Hadrill, J. M., The Barbarian West (London, 1952), p. 76Google Scholar.

54 PBSR, xxxvi (1967), p. 143Google Scholar.

55 The medieval Aliano, 5 km. west of Gallese Grid Ref.: 818965.

56 Unpublished: Rome, Antiquario del Foro Romano.

57 Unpublished: Orvieto, Museo dell'Opera del Duomo.

58 Marçais, G., Les Poteries et Faiences de la Qal'a des Benî Hammâd (Constantine, 1913), pp. 9–12Google Scholar, and de Lucena, Luis Seco, ‘Las Ruinas de Medina-az-Zahra’, Faenza, xi (1923), pp. 9–15Google Scholar.

59 Green-glazed pottery was made in the same kilns as late eleventh and twelfth century ‘Siculo-Norman Ware’ at Agrigento and Syracuse; the material from these kilns is at Caltagirone, Museo Statale per la Ceramica.

60 Serafini, Alberto, Torri Campanarie di Roma e del Lazio, vol. 1 (Roma, 1927), p. 209Google Scholar, and Tavenor-Perry, J., ‘The Marble and Ceramic Decoration of the Roman Campanili’, Burlington Magazine, xi (April-September 1907), pp. 209–212Google Scholar.

61 Cesari, Luigi, ‘Campanili romanici in Roma,’ Faenza, xiv (1926), pp. 17–24Google Scholar, particularly 22, and Tavenor-Perry, op. cit. above, p. 212.

62 Prandi, Adriano, Il Complesso Monumentale della Basilica Celimontana dei SS. Giovanni e Paolo (Vaticano, 1953), p. 358Google Scholar.

63 Aletta, Nicola, Gaeta (Gaeta, 1931), p. 111Google Scholar.

64 Serafini, op. cit. in note 60, p. 236.

65 Ibid., pp. 201–204 and fig. 522 A.

66 Rittmann, A., Volcanoes and their Activity (New York, Interscience, 1962) p. 139Google Scholar. I am grateful to Mr. David Ridgeway for drawing my attention to this work.

67 A. E. Gunther, ‘Re-drawing the Coast Line of Southern Italy,’ Illustrated London News, 18 January 1964, pp. 86–9, maintains that the site of Paestum was submerged to a depth of 12 feet when the sea invaded the coastal plain in the middle ages. The latest documentary evidence for the occupation of Paestum is 1076, when Robert Guiscard sacked the town. Gunther suggests that Paestum was then abandoned and became gradually ‘surrounded by marsh, and so disappeared under vegetation’. However, the occurrence of thirteenth century coins and fragments of Proto-Maiolica (also in the site museum) suggests that the town remained habitable until at least c. 1280.

68 Perez, Guido Russo, ‘Ancora delle Ceramiche Siculo-Normanne,’ L'Arte, xliii (1940), pp. 119–27Google Scholar, particularly fig. 1.

69 Cesari, op. cit. in note 61, p. 17.

70 Fortnum, C. Drury, ‘Notes on the “Bacini,” or Dishes of Enamelled Earthenware, Introduced as Ornaments to the Architecture of Some of the Churches of Italy…,’ Archaeologia, xlii (1869), pp. 379–86Google Scholar.

71 Perez, Guido Russo, ‘Il Periodo delle Origini nella Ceramica Siciliana’, Faenza, xx (1932), pp. 84–103Google Scholar, particularly 90–96, and op. cit. in note 68.

72 Morgan, op. cit. in note 40, pp. 75–7.

73 Luzzatto, Gino, An Economic History of Italy. (London, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1961), p. 49Google Scholar.

74 The jug illustrated in pl. XXII came into the South Kensington collection in 1889. See also Wallis, Henry, Italian Ceramic Art (London, privately printed, 1907), pp. 8–13Google Scholar, figs. 4–6.

75 For example, Bellini, Mario and Conti, Giovanni, Maioliche del Rinascimento (Milano, Vallardi, 1964), pp. 43–4Google Scholar and plates 45–54.

76 The bowl is one of the bacini from the tower of SS. Giovanni e Paolo, see below, p. 65; the jar, now in the Vatican Museums, was originally kept in the Sancta Sanctorum of S. Giovanni in Laterano; see Wallis, Henry, Byzantine Ceramic Art (London, Quaritch, 1907), p. 10Google Scholar and pl. xxv, fig. 75.

77 Bellini and Conti, op. cit. in note 75, pl. A (right) on p. 47.

78 For North Italy, see Liverani, Giuseppe, ‘Un recente trovamento di ceramiche trecentesche a Faenza,’ Faenza, xlvi (1960), pp. 31–51Google Scholar; and for Apulia, Whitehouse, op. cit. in note 1.

79 For example, among pottery from the kilns at Agrigento see Antonino Ragona, ‘La ceramica della Sicilia arabo-noramanna,’ Rassegna dell' Istruzione Artistica, 1966, no. 2, pp. 11–26.

80 Unpublished vessel from Piazza Armerina, temporarily kept at Syracuse, Soprintendenza alle Antichità.

81 Most writers omit to note that much Siculo-Norman Ware is decorated in brown, green and yellow. For example, all the sherds I have seen of the type found at Caccuri (Gatanzaro) in Calabria (Catanuto, N., Faenza, xxiii (1965), pp. 35–46Google Scholar) have polychrome decoration.

82 Marçais, Georges, Les Faiences à Reflets Métalliques de la Grande Mosquée de Kairouan (Paris, 1928), p. 38Google Scholar.

83 A fragmentary dish, similar to the vessel mentioned in note 82, was found under the footings of S. Giovanni degli Eremiti, Palermo, which was begun in 1132; see Perez, op. cit. in note 68, pp. 21–6.

84 Tavenor-Perry, op. cit. in note 60.

85 Rocchi, A., La Badia di S. Maria di Grottaferrata (Roma, 1884), p. 60Google Scholar and Serafini, op. cit. in note 60, p. 190. In 1964 some of the circular tiles were kept in the abbey museum.

86 Giovenale, G. B., ‘Il Chiostro Medioevale di San Paolo Fuori le Mura,’ Bullettino della Commissione Archeologica Comunale di Roma, xlv (1918), pp. 125–67Google Scholar. I am grateful to Mr. Ward-Perkins for this reference

87 Through the kindness of the Director, Dr. N. F. Astbury, the British Ceramic Research Association analysed the glaze of three maiolica sherds from Orvieto. The quantity of tin oxide varied between 3 and 5 per cent. I am grateful to Dr. Mario Bizzari, Director of the Museo Faina at Orvieto, for providing the sherds.

88 Arthur Lane, op. cit. in note 38, p. 13.

89 For example, at Kairouan in Tunisia; see Marçais, op. cit. in note 83 passim; and for Spain, Seco de Lucena, op, cit. in note 58.

90 For Spain, see Marti, Manuel Gonzáles, Céramica del Levante Español: Siglos Medievales, vol. 1 (Madrid, 1944)Google Scholar; and for southern France, J. G. Hurst in ‘Kirkstall Abbey Excavations’, Proc. Thoresby Society, 1967.

91 Note the high proportion of ‘Orvieto Ware’ illustrated in Bellini and Conti, op. cit. in note 75, pp. 45–54.

92 Liverani, Giuseppe, ‘Sulle origini della Maiolica Italiana,’ Faenza, XXV (1937), pp. 3–17Google Scholar.

93 Bellini and Conti, op. cit. in note 75, p. 43.

94 Rackham, Bernard, Italian Maiolica (London, Faber and Faber, 1952), p. 8Google Scholar and Islamic Pottery and Italian Maiolica, Illustrated Catalogue of a Private Collection (London, Faber and Faber, 1959), p. 64Google Scholar.

95 Liverani, Giuseppe, Five Centuries of Italian Maiolica (New York, Toronto and London, Magraw Hill, 1960), p. 15Google Scholar.

96 Liverani, op. cit. in note 93, pp. 12–3.

97 Ibid., p. 13.

98 Johns, C. N., ‘Medieval Slip Ware from Pilgrim's Castle, Atlit (1930–31),’ Quarterly of the Department of Antiquities of Palestine, III (1934), pp. 137–44Google Scholar.

99 Waagé, Frederick O., ‘Preliminary Report on the Medieval Pottery from Corinth. 1. The Prototype of the Archaic Italian Maiolica,’ Hesperia, iii (1934), pp. 129–39CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

100 Megaw, A. H. S., ‘Glazed Bowls in Byzantine Churches,’ Deltion tis Christianikis Archaiologikis Etaireias, Series 4, vol. 4 (1964), pp. 145–62Google Scholar.

101 Liverani, op. cit. in note 93.

102 Lane, Arthur, ‘Medieval Finds at Al Mina in North Syria,’ Archaeologia, 87 (1937), pp. 19–78CrossRefGoogle Scholar, particularly 54–8.

103 Bradford, op. cit. in note 1, p. 92.

104 Whitehouse, op. cit. in note 1.

105 Megaw, op. cit. in note 101, pp. 159–60, cat. nos. 8–18 and figs. 5 and 7.

106 Waagé, op. cit. in note 100, fig. 3, 1 and Morgan, op. cit. in not e 40, pl. xxxvi, b.

107 Johns, op. cit. in note 99, pl. lli, fig. 2 and ibid. V (1936), pp. 31–60, particularly pl. XXVII.

108 Lane, op. cit. in note 103, pl. XXVII.

109 Ingholt, Harald, ‘Rapport préliminaire sur sept Campagnes de Fouilles á Hama 1932–38,’ Arkaeologisk-Kunsthistoriske Meddelelser, iii (1940–1950)Google Scholar, part I (1940), p. 150 and pl. XLVII, 7.

110 Waagé, op. cit. in note 100, fig. 5, no. 2.

111 Lane, op. cit. in note 103, pl. XXVII, sherds labelled B.

112 Th. Mogabgar, ‘Excavations and Researches in Famagust a 1937–39,’ Report of the Department of Antiquities of Cyprus, 1937–39, pp. 181–90 and pl. XXXVI, 2.

113 For this information I am grateful to Prof. George T. Scanlon and the American Research Center in Egypt.

114 Ragona, Nino, ‘La ceramica del Periodo della Monarchia Aragonese in Sicilia,’ Faenza, i (1964), pp. 3–24Google Scholar. Faenza, xlii (1956), pp. 52–6Google Scholar, including pls. XX (b) and XXI.

115 Luzzato, op. cit. in note 73, p. 53.

116 Fortnum, op. cit. in note 70; Casini, Giorgio, ‘I Bacini di Santa Cecilia a Pisa’, Faenza, xxvi (1938), pp. 51–57Google Scholar; and Eros Biavati, ‘Bacini a Pisa. l. Chiesa di S. Stefano extra Moenia,’ ibid, xxxviii (1952), pp. 92–4.

117 Tongiorgi, C., ‘Pisa nella storia della Ceramica’ Faenza, i (1964), pp. 3–24Google Scholar.

118 Marçais, op. cit. in note 83, plates XIV, XVII and XVIII.

119 Another region in which fusion may have occurred is the Abruzzo, but insufficient material is available for us to define the characteristics of its medieval maiolica; see Polidori, Giancarlo, La Maiolica Abruzzese (Milano, Alfieri, 1949), p. 6Google Scholar, etc., with references.

120 Imbert, Alessandro, Ceramiche Orvietane dei Secoli XIII e XIV (Roma, Forzani; an edition limited to 200 copies, 1909)Google Scholar.

121 Waley, Daniel, Medieval Orvieto (Cambridge, 1952)Google Scholar.

122 Imbert, op. cit. in note 120, p. 9 and Arcangeli, Domenico and Perali, Pericle, Arte de' Vascellari di Orvieto (Orvieto, 1920), p. 31Google Scholar.

123 I am grateful to Mr. Peter Llewellyn for checking all but the first three of the references.

124 Archivio vescovile, cod. B, cap. 76 and Archivio capitolare, lista di tasse d'allodio.

125 Archivio capitolare, cod. S Costanzo, cap. 3.

126 Ibid., cap. 16.

127 Ibid., cap. 21.

128 Ibid., cap. 155.

129 Ibid., cap. 179.

130 Ibid., s.a. 1292.

131 Archivio comunale, Riformanze i, cap. 30.

132 I am grateful to the Director of the Museo dell'Opera del Duomo for permission to study the material in his custody. For vessels found at Orvieto but since dispersed, see Imbert, op. cit. in note 120. I have in my possession an album of photographs of pottery in the Museo dell'Opera del Duomo c. 1910, most of which is no longer in the collection. It includes vessels shown in plates XXIV and XXVa, now in the Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge.

133 Torres, Joachim Folchi, Noticia sobre la Céramica de Paterna (Barcelona, Publications de la Junta de Museus, 1921)Google Scholar.

134 Bellini and Conti, op. cit. in note 75, caption of pl. A on p. 46.

135 For a similar motive, see Guide to the Collections, Bayerisches Nationalmuseum (Munich, second (English) edition, 1967)Google Scholar; cover photograph showing wood carving, dated c. 1350, from Berchtesgaden. I am grateful to Mr. J. Palmer for this reference.

136 For bishops, see Liverani, op. cit. in note 96, pl. 4; for monk-like figures, Imbert, pl. XII, 45 and comment on p. 32; the photograph album mentioned in note 132 contains pictures of a pedestal jug decorated with a Virgin and Child standing in a gothic niche, The whereabouts of this important piece is unknown.

137 Tongiorgi, op. cit. in note 117, fig. 3.

138 Liverani, op. cit. in note 79, pl. XIII.

139 Siena, Museo dell'Opera del Duomo.

140 Stiesdal, Hans, ‘Three Deserted Medieval Villages in the Roman Campagna,’ Analecta Romana, ii (1962), pp. 63–100Google Scholar.

141 The wasters include Stiesdal, op. cit., above, fig. 22.

142 The sites are: Rome, Pietrapertusa, Porciano, Santa Cornelia, Santa Rufina, Monte Casoli (Grid Ref. TH731090), Torre di Fosso Fontanalonga (Grid Ref. 948602) and an unnamed site at Grid Ref. 902531.

143 For Viterbo, see Bellini and Conti, op. cit. in note 75, pl. A on p. 47. I am grateful to Sig. Giorgio Ricci of Tarquinia for information on the pottery from Santa Severa.

144 Cf. dishes from Lucera Castle illustrated in Whitehouse, op. cit. in note 1. For an early reference to this and other fragments from Grottaferrata, see Wallis, op. cit. in note 76, p. 10 and pl. XXXVI, figs. 76 and 77.

145 Atella, op. cit. in note 63, pp. 124–9; for the dedicatory inscription, see Monetti, Diego, Cenni Storici dell'Antica Citta di Gaetà (Gaeta, 1872), p. 49Google Scholar.

146 Unpublished: Rome, Antiquario del Foro Romano. p. 120.

147 The only undoubted example of Proto-Maiolica in north Lazio or south Umbria known to me is a fragmentary bowl in Orvieto, Museo dell' Opera del Duomo.

148 Gaetano Ballardini, La Maiolica Italiana dalle Origini alia Fine del Cinquecento (Firenze, Novissima Enciclopedia Monografica Italiana, 1938), pp. 20–5.

149 Seymour, Charles Jnr., Sculpture in Italy 1400–1450 (Harmondsworth, Penguin Books), 1966, p. 120Google Scholar.

150 Wallis, Henry, The Maiolica Pavement Tiles of the Fifteenth Century (London, 1902), p. xivGoogle Scholar.

151 Ibid., p. XXII. For other fifteenth-century tiles from Rome, see Valente, Antonietta, ‘La Collezione di Maioliche del Museo del Palazzo di Venezia,’ Le Arti xvii (1938–1939), pp. 510–13Google Scholar and pl. CLVIII, fig. 2.

152 London, Victoria and Albert Museum, inv. no. 399–1889.