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The Classical Topography of the Roman Campagna.—III. (The Via Latina).—Section I.

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 August 2013

T. Ashby
T. Ashby
Affiliation:
British School at Rome University of Oxford German Imperial Archaeological Institute
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Extract

The Via Latina forms the third portion of the description of the Classical Topography of the Roman Campagna, of which two parts have already appeared in these Papers (Via Collatina, Via Praenestina, and Via Labicana, i. 125 sqq.; Via Salaria, Via Nomentana, and Via Tiburtina, iii. 1 sqq.). The general remarks made in the introductions apply, in. the main, to the present portion also: and the preliminary matter may, therefore, be comparatively brief. It is fortunate that Professor Tomassetti has dealt fully with the mediaeval topography of the Via Latina in La Via Latina nel Medio Evo(Rome, 1886, reprinted from the Archivio della Società Romana di Storia Patria). This indispensable work contains also a very large amount of information as to the classical period, and it will be necessary to cite it constantly in these pages.

The Via Latina originated (cf. Papers, i. 128) during the gradual establishment of the Latin League in the form in which it appears as. completed about 370 B.C. The dates of the various military operations given by Livy as occurring in Algido must not, naturally, be pressed; we can only say generally that the pass of Algidus was a position of considerable importance in the warfare against the Aequi in 465–389 B.C., and that the road must have gone at least so far—possibly further, inasmuch as Signia is said to have been founded by Tarquinius Superbus, and a fresh colony sent there in 495 B.C. Nor can we fix the date of the transformation of the Via Latina into a permanent military highway.

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Research Article
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Papers of the British School at Rome , Volume 4 , 1907 , pp. 2 - 159
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Copyright © British School at Rome 1907

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References

Page 4 note 1 The passage runs thus:—

(Coriolanus) [from Cercei] in Latinam viam transversis tramitibus transgressurus Satricum Longulam Poluscam Coriolos Mugillam, haec Romanis oppida ademit. Inde Lavinium recepit, turn deinceps Corbionem Vitelliam Trebium Labicos Pedum cepit. postremum ad urbem a Pedo ducit, et ad fossas Cluilias V. ab urbe m. p. castris positis populatur inde agrum Romanorum.’

The topographical description is not accurately given: for Satricum, Longula, Polusca, Corioli and Mugilla are all to be sought on the W. and S.W. side of the Alban Hills—Satricum indeed has been fixed at the modern Conca 13 miles S. of Velletri by the discovery near it of the temple of Mater Matuta, mentioned by Livy (vii. 27; xxviii. 11)—see Notizie degli Scavi, 1896, 23, 69, 99, 167, 190; 1898, 166. Lavinium (Pratica) lay close to the sea coast, and the correction Lanuyium (modern Civita Lavinia) is almost necessary: but even that lies S.W. of the Via Appia: and we do not reach the neighbourhood of the Via Latina until the next group of towns mentioned, Corbio, Vitellia, Trebium, etc. (I should add that this footnote is my own.)

page 6 note 1 The inference drawn by Hülsen from this passage (Pauly-Wissowa s.v. Aequi i. 597), that Labici was also in their possession, seems to be without foundation. Indeed, a little before Livy (ib. 45) carefully distinguishes the people of Labici from the Aequi— novos hostes Labicanos consilia cum veteribus ittngere haztd incertis auctoribus Romam est allatitm.

page 6 note 2 An inscription (C.I.L. x. 5398) of one C. Octavius Appius Suetrius Sabinus (about 205 A.D.) speaks of him as curator viae Latinae novae. It is quite unknown what was this Via Latina nova, which makes its appearance at the beginning of the 3rd cent. A.D. Jordan, , Topographie, i. 1. 365Google Scholar, n. 37, suggests, hesitatingly, that it may be the road that issued from the Porta Metroni. Tomassetti on the other hand (p. 3, n. 3) considers that the original Via Latina came over, the Caelian hill and through the Porta Querquetulana ?( infra, 40). The decision is, however, a difficult one.

An equally difficult problem is presented by a bas relief of a very late period, consisting of a personification of the road, a recumbent female figure holding a wheel (now built into the entrance of the Columbarium of Pomponius Hylas: Matz Duhn, 4101), above which is the inscription Viae Lalinae Gr. The meaning of the last two letters is obscure: Tomassetti, who (p. 5) gives an illustration of the relief, would make it depend on the rest of the inscription, the first line being, according to him, lost (there is no doubt that there was nothing more at the end of the inscription), but Hülsen, (C.I.L. viGoogle Scholar. 29811) follows Von Duhn, who maintains that the inscription is complete.

page 7 note 1 His contention that the junction between the two roads is wrongly given as being at Compitum Anagninum instead of ad Pictas is not necessarily correct for the time at which the Itinerary was compiled. As a fact the two roads are connected both at ad Pictas and ad Bivium: but it is only at Compitum Anagninum that they cease to have a separate existence. At ad Biviumindeed it seems clear that it is a branch from the Via Latina that falls into the Via Labicana, and not vice versa. ( Papers, i. 218.)

page 8 note 1 The antiquity of this road is denied by Mommsen (C.I.L. x. p. 699), but on insufficient grounds. In the map annexed to the volume the road itself is shown, with a milestone upon it (XCIII) not given in the Corpus. This is probably a mistake of Kiepert's (at least such is Prof. Hülsen's opinion). But there is evidence for its antiquity. Hoare( Classical Tour, 195), whom Mommsen does not quote, saw ‘only a few stones of the way between S. Felice and Mignano,’ while Chaupy, , Maison de Campagne ď Horace, iii. 479Google Scholar, speaks of it as almost unrecognizable between Cassino and Teano: a phrase which Mommsen (in my opinion wrongly) uses as an argument against its antiquity. I have not yet explored it myself: but I have seen, on the right of it, between the stations of Mignano and Tora Presenzano, and not far to the N.W. of the latter, what I took from the train to be without doubt the square concrete core of a tomb. The position of Rufrae upon it is another argument for its antiquity. On the older road by Ad Flexum three milestones (without numbers) have been seen at various times( C.I.L. cit. nos. 6902–6904): another of 127 B.C. (probably the 113th) has been copied between Venafrum and Teanum, three miles from the former, though not in situ, inasmuch as Venafrum was 104 miles from Rome; and also a much later one of the emperor Claudius Julianus( ibid. nos. 6905, 6906) six miles from Venafrum at the modern village of Sesto (the name is significant, alluding to the distance from Venafrum and probably preserving the old name). Other milestones, continuing the numeration from Rome by way of Venafrum (the 106th and 110th, another without a number, and perhaps the 119th) have been found on the road from Venafrum to Aesernia and Beneventum( C.I.L. ix. 5976–5979).

page 9 note 1 Monte Peschio, N. of Velletri (939 mètres—really 3081 feet).

page 9 note 2 The Italian staff map (1: 25,000) as revised in 1894, gives the height of Monte Cavo as 949 m. (3113·57 feet) and that of the Maschio delle Faete E.S.E. of it as 956 m. (3136·54 feel). [The same is the case on the 1:100,000 map.]

page 12 note 1 This will especially be the case in dealing with vol. xv. (brickstamps) where the previous readings are often corrupt or made only from fragments, so that to ‘run down’ a given stamp may be no light matter, if the author who has first published it has given it incorrectly.

page 14 note 1 The only obstacle to this identification is that on the drawing is the note ‘Porta S. Giovanni metri 2500’ —the real distance would be nearly 3500. On the other hand it is certainly to this, and not to the other, that certain parts of Lanciani's description apply—the extrados of the vault at the ground level, the existence of two chambers, the length, 18 mètres, and the width, 5, the construction in opus incertum. Lightholes seem to be present in the other and not in this: while in both there was intercommunication between the chambers. Cf. Historical Photographs, 548, 687, 688.

page 17 note 1 C.I.L. vi. 10376, 10802, 12049, 12061, 12127, 12700, 13018, 14149, 15036, 15501, 16203, 16558, 17003, 20802, 20976, 21457, 21462, 21466, 21701, 21906, 23270, 23752, 25327, 25640, I.G. xiv. 1810Google Scholar were also found here. Several of these are tablets from a columbarium.

page 19 note 1 That Doni saw some of the inscriptions in the Vigna Bosi (later Pamphili) about 1660 is no certain proof that they were actually found there: nor does Tomassetti give any evidence for placing it near the intersection of the Via Latina and Appia Nuova (p. 39 n.).

page 22 note 1 C.I.L. vi. 1631 (probably), 1907,8445 (in memory of a praepositus tabellariorum stationis vigesimae hereditatium), 11210, 13091 (on the cover of a sarcophagus which is now in the Villa Frattini near Palestrina: a fact which may throw some light on the provenance of some of the inscriptions preserved there which are given in C.I.L. xiv.: see Papers, i. 213), 13134, 13165, 13180, 13235 (a small sarcophagus), 13340, 14033, 14164,14449, 15368 (Vatican, Museo Chiaramonti 542 Ba), 15492, 16208, 16598, 16601, 16602, 16607 (these last four seem to belong to a tomb of the gens Critonia), 16666, 16720, 16780, 16843 (with a Greek epigram = I.G. xiv. 1537: cf. Bull. Inst. 1831, 74), 16846, 16982, 17618, 17724, 17922, 18049, 18272, 18778, 18957, 20414, 20456, 21047, 21350, 21793, 22479, 22750, 22752, 22963, 23250, 24595, 24717. 25323, 25487, 25670(?), 26935, 27513, 27615, 28344, 28345, 28573, 28884, 28898, 29152 (in memory of M. Ulpius Aug. lib. Charito: with it was found a Greek inscription recording that he was born at Sardis, and was a banker at Tarsus, I.G. xiv. 1915), 29447, 29590(?); I.G. xiv. 1658, 1707, 1924, 2019, 2027 (?), 2037, 2106.

page 22 note 2 Villam seems to be present in the MSS. but is omitted by Reifferscheid and other editors. Ad Martis as a name for the district between the Temple of Mars (just outside the Porta S. Sebastiano) and the Almo occurs several times in classical authors (Jordan-Hiilsen, Topographiei. 3. 214).

page 25 note 1 6826, 6829 = Matz-Duhn, Antike Bildwerke in Rome, 3899, 3905.

page 27 note 1 To the buildings found in this vineyard belong the following brickstamps: C.I.L. xv. 153, 159, 161, 163, 169, 190, 204, 386, 440, 537b, 541, 546, 564, 565l, 595b, 596c, 626, 707, 708a, 710b, 754a, 757, 795a, 816a, 824, 967, 970b, 1049, 1075a, 1138, 1201, 1261, 1322, 1325, 1327, 1350; 1528; 1569a, 1697, 2040. Unluckily no plans or detailed records of their discovery exist, so that they are of comparatively little use to us as evidence of date. On the Via Latina a few paving-stones may be seen in situ at this point, portions perhaps of the piece of pavement which Nibby, (Analisi, iii. 588Google Scholar) notes as the only piece actually visible in his day as far as Tusculum. As we shall see later, there are other pieces open to view at present.

page 27 note 2 C.I.L. vi. 14273, 14325, 14804, 14889, 15688, 16105, 16374, 18587, 20351, 22603, 24078, 24217, 25260, 25724, 27106, 27661, 28575.

page 28 note 1 The rest do not call for especial mention: they are C.I.L. vi. 10265, 10857, 12283, 12901, 14253, 14273, 14325, 14804, 14889, 14989, 15688, 16105, 16374, 17038, 17793. 18587, 19760, 20351, 21592, 22345, 22601, 22603, 23009, 24078, 24217, 24587, 24592, 24945, 25260, 25452, 25724, 27106, 27661, 27847, 28195, 28575, 28937, 29173, 29623, 29655, 30487, 34450, 34900. Also the brickstamps C.I.L. xv. 157 (13), 596 (7, 22) (Hadrian), 684 (Trajan), 759 (Commodus), 772 (2) (Septimius Severus). Of these 12283, 17038, 17793, 24587, 24592 were found in 1875 (Armellini, Cronachetta, 1875, 61); 22306, 22307, 22601, 23009, 24945, 25452, 29623, 30487, 34450, 34900, in 1883 ( ibid. 1883, 173), while 22345, 27847 are recorded to have been found in the Vigna Maggiorani, which is the name of another owner of the Vigna Virili.

page 32 note 1 Aonia Faceta, to whom this inscription is erected, put up an inscription to her daughter Aonia Fortunata, which was copied outside Porta Maggiore in the 16th cent. ( C.I.L. vi. 12089).

page 38 note 1 The rest are ibid. 8416, 10968, 12578, 14012, 14044, 14382, 14877, 14902, 15195, 15762, 17655 (?), 18593 (?), 18861, 19121, 21465, 21788, 24543, 25108, 26723, 27324, 27417, 28377, 29249, 29295, 30040, 30044, 30102, 30486.

page 40 note 1 As I have already said, I have abstained from speaking of the mediaeval period, already so well dealt with by Professor Tomassetti: but I may well here give a reference which I owe to the kindness of Mr. J. A. Twemlow, though I cannot further localize the place mentioned. In vol. 202 of the Papal Registers (Martin V. fol. lod) there is a mention of ‘nonnullas vineas “leuigne de la Torre de Janneuerso” vulgariter nuncupatas sitas extra muros Urbis prope portam Latinam, que quidem vinee iuris et proprietatis ecclesiae sancti Nicolai in Carcere Tulliano fuerant….’(7 Id. Dec. anno secundo—i.e. 7th Dec. 1419).

page 44 note 1 The road known as Vicolo S. Sebastiano, which runs from the Via Appia to the third kilomètre stone of the modern Via Ardeatina, i.e. about the third milestone of the ancient road, which here coincides with the modern (see Lanciani in Monumenti dei Lincei, xiii. 137) and is almost a prolongation of the Via Asinaria (whether it is actually a part of it or not) is certainly of ancient origin.

page 45 note 1 I only deal here with the roads which concern the present subject, and only the part of the map under discussion is here reproduced.

page 47 note 1 Really about 15.

page 47 note 2 It is doubtful whether this means the present village of Colonna or some ruins identified by Biondo with the Ad Columen mentioned by Livy (iii. 23. 6).

page 51 note 1 I adopt Fea's numbering of Vacca's memorie.

page 51 note 2 Lanciani, , Storia degli Scavi, ii. 86Google Scholar, conjectures that they passed to the Commune of Rome, and thence to the Capitol. For in 1576 we find the Conservators and other nobles ordered by the council to examine some statues offered for sale by Ottavio Caro, caporione della Regola, who may well have been a relative of Annibale. Nuvolara is not far from Brescia.

page 52 note 1 The portion of the length recovered is about 1·70: in Not. Scav. owing to a misprint it is given as 0·23.

page 61 note 1 Two of these were of the gens Fabia: several more belonging to this gens were among the inscriptions found in the villa (nos. 2–26). For no. 41 cf. supra, 33.

page 63 note 1 It is a question which has not yet been solved to what extent these ten Christian ‘cemeteries’ may have been originally interconnected.

page 65 note 1 It is interesting to note that a bird's-eye view of Rome of the 13th cent, (in Cod. Vat. 1960) shows the basilica as still existing (Rossi, De, Piante, tav. i. p. 84)Google Scholar.

page 65 note 2 An inscription copied there in the 16th cent, is given as in domo Dom. Capocci in septis e regione palatii Ducis Urbinatis( C.I.L. vi. 9544). Ligorio gives it as from the Via Latina.

page 67 note 1 This with the other fragments of sculpture found was presented to the municipal collections (Bull. Com. 1879, 242, nos. 11, 12; 243, nos. 8, 9; 245, nos. 2–4).

page 69 note 1 Tomassetti, 46 n. I, noted another piece of carved cornice near the casale, but not later than in 1885.

page 69 note 2 The list is as follows: C.I.L. xv. 155. 12 (Commodus); 159. 10 (Severus); 173. 2 (138 A.D.); 226. 8 (M. Aurelius); 323. 3 (Commodus or Severus); 404. 19 (Severus); 521 (Hadrian); 586. 3 (Hadrian); 595 b. 30 (Hadrian); 754b. 22 (M. Aurelius); 764. 11 (Commodus or Severus); 801. 6 (123 A.D.); 820. 1 (1st. cent.); 838. 4 (Antoninus Pius); 862. 9 (middle of 2nd cent.); 870 (Trajan); 1034. 2 (123 A.D.); 1100. 4 (90 A.D.); 1174a. 4, b. 8 (134 A.D.); 1212a. 7 (130A.D.); 1222 (middle of 2nd. cent.).

page 75 note 1 One of these is thus

The other (a fragment) has only the letters

without any trace of points.

page 75 note 2 Of the former I found six copies, of the latter, one complete one which confirms the reconstruction of Dressel.

page 76 note 1 The reference to nos. 27 and 28 should be to the map, Diss. I, tab. ii, not to tab. xvi. The first edition was published in 1693, but is somewhat rare. I therefore cite the second (1788).

page 76 note 2 This description seems to correspond more closely than any other known stamp with C.I.L. xv. 1025, Op. dol. ex pr. Dom. P. f. Lucillae ∣ Paetino et Apron. ∣ Cos., a stamp published by Marini from a copy in his possession, which, however, Dressel was unable to trace in the Vatican.

page 79 note 1 In Bull. cit. this last indication is left out: but in any case the correspondence with the site of which we are speaking is very close.

page 80 note 1 The excavations of 1882 were continued later on in the same year and led to the discovery, ‘between the Via Latina and the aqueduct of the Claudia’ (we are not told whether they were still carried on to the N.W. of the Casale, but it seems probable), of a large and magnificent building of opus reticulatum and brickwork, belonging from its construction to the 1st cent. A.D. It had pavements of mosaic in black and white with figures and geometrical designs: some of the rooms were bathrooms, with their walls lined with hot-water pipes. A fine polychrome mosaic, 0·59 mètre square, representing two partridges holding a garland in their beaks, a small headless equestrian statuette in marble 0·30 mètre high, a female head, the upper half of a statue of Marsyas, a statuette of a boy playing with a Silenus mask, two headless female statues, a fine bust of the young Marcus Aurelius, a double bearded herm, two heads of Janus, a portrait of a young man with beard and moustaches, a bust of a woman lacking the head, with cinerary urns and cippi without inscriptions, are enumerated as having been found. (Lanciani in Not. Scav. 1882, 271.) In a heap of debris to the N. W. of the Casale by the road I found the brickstamp C.I.I., xv. 583b (Hadrian).

page 84 note 1 Here I found the brickstamp C.I.L. xv. 265 (123 A.D.).

page 87 note 1 Hülsen suggests that the reference may also be to oil( C.I.L. in loc.).

page 91 note 1 This theory is founded upon Suetonius, Domit. 17, cadaver eius … Phyllis nutrix in suburbano suo Latina via funeravit. Riccy, Pago Lemonio, 80, after describing the villa of Sette Bassi adds that the villa of Phyllis must have been in this district; but there is no evidence whatever for its identification with Sette Bassi.

page 92 note 1 It is difficult to say to which of the two groups of ruins the name Roma Vecchia really belongs: and in any case there has been much diversity of practice in its application. At the present day the Villa of the Quintilii is sometimes called Roma Vecchia di Albano, and Sette Bassi, Roma Vecchia di Frascati.

page 98 note 1 By an oversight on my part, pl. VIII has been reproduced on a somewhat larger scale than pl. VII, but, as each plan has its own scale, no difficulty need arise.

page 99 note 1 The edges of the windows are here, and in all the plans, indicated by fine white lines.

page 100 note 1 The words ‘brick’ and ‘brickwork’ are used throughout my description for convenience, and must be read in the light of the explanation just given.

page 105 note 1 Here I found (loose) the brickstamp C.I.L. xv. 576b (period of Hadrian).

page 105 note 2 So Dressel in C.I.L. Lanciani assigns it to Faustina the elder. If Dressel is right it is a good deal later than any of the rest. Lanciani does not say exactly where he saw it, and I have not myself found it.

page 106 note 1 For the latter term, cf. Marx, Jahrb. des Inst. 1895, 136.

page 110 note 1 To the N. of it between the Acqua Marcia and the Acqua Felice, and rather closer to the latter, are the remains of a small square nymphaeum or fountain, entered from the S.E. side by steps: the interior is of brickwork, with a quarter round of cement in the angles, and the exterior of opus reticulatum with curved niches. To the S. of it, between it and the Acqua Felice, and to the S.W. of the abandoned railway line, are the remains of three buildings, in the remains of the southeasternmost of which I found various coloured marbles and a rectangular brickstamp (with hollow letters) of 123 A.D., of which I have, unfortunately, no more detailed record. Probably the date was the only part recognizable.

page 110 note 2 Lanciani notes that the brickstamp found by him was part of a repair, and could therefore give no evidence of date. I am not sure myself that the aqueduct should be dated so late as the end of the third century, though, as he says, it is open to us to suppose that a syphon was used before it was constructed, to supply the villa.

page 111 note 1 The brickstamps found at Sette Bassi by myself and others without particular note having been taken of the part of the villa in which they occurred are C.I.L. xv. 18 (110 A.D.), 79 (123 A.D.), 549a (123 A.D.), 630 (about 140 A.D.), 708a (138 A.D. ?), 934a. 3 (123 A.D.), 1075 a (100–125 A.D.).

page 114 note 1 Where precisely the site of this excavation is to be sought, is quite uncertain: the buildings of which we have just spoken show signs of having been excavated—but apparently at a more recent date, and perhaps we should rather refer to this site the description of the discovery of a villa in 1830 by Gioazzini, with baths, moderately good mosaic pavements, coloured marbles, bricks with stamps of 123 A.D., two small fluted columns, various fragments of sculpture, and inscriptions of the gens Calpurnia—the latter conjectured by Tomassetti 69 n. (who publishes this account from the Atti del Camerlengato, now preserved in the Archivio di Stato, iv. 782) to be perhaps C.I.L. vi. 14136, 14168, 14224, 14232a, all of which are now in the Lateran Museum, their provenance being unknown.

page 115 note 1 This statue is omitted by Bernoulli, who(Röm. Ikon. ii. 264Google Scholar n. 1) wrongly refers to the plate in Visconti, Op. Varie, iv. 34 (cf. p. 385 n. 193) as if it represented the same statue as Mus. Pio Clem. iii. 5( i.e. Galleria delle Statue no. 408), whereas it is really the Berlin statue, which was among those taken to Paris by Napoleon.

page 116 note 1 It lies on the extreme E. edge of Map I, so that only the figure 1 comes in.

page 117 note 1 The statuette of a Muse (?) in Ince Blundell Hall no. 19 (Michaelis, Anc. Marbles, 341) is said to have been found in the Marrana, but Michaelis expresses considerable doubt as to its genuineness.

page 120 note 1 It is stated vaguely in Amelung's catalogue that it was found ‘in the time of Pius VI.’

page 123 note 1 The weight of MS. authority is in favour of Cetronius ( cod. Pithoeanus has Cretonius in 1· 86, Cetonius in 1· 92). Centronius is found in 1· 86, according to Jahn (1851), in some late interpolated MSS., but Mr. C. E. Stuart informs me that he has also found it in Cod. Casanatensis, A. v. 27 (now no. 1729), which he believes to be a 13th century MS. of importance.

page 124 note 1 At point 152, to the E.S.E. again, and just to the W. of the Via Cavona, are remains of foundations in opus quadratum, possibly of a farm-house, with scanty brick debris.

page 125 note 1 Lanciani's map in Bull. Com. 1905, tav. viGoogle Scholar makes the tenth mile fall 230 mètres to the S.E. of the crossing of the Via Cavona. But his measurement is taken from the ‘bivio di S. Cesario,’ at which the Via Latina diverges from the Via Appia, and not, as mine is, from the Porta Capena of the Servian wall, which should surely be the starting point for the reckoning of the distance along the Via Latina, as the gates by which they respectively leave the Servian wall are for the other roads even under the Empire.

page 125 note 2 For this important ancient road, see Papers, i. 176, 236, 240, 242.

page 127 note 1 For this tomb see infra, 130.

page 129 note 1 This had been noted here by Maldura and Stevenson( C.I.L. in loc.: cf. ibid. xiv. 4093, 11a, where 1813 is given, by a misprint, for 1873, as the date at which Maldura copied it). Stevenson also noted here the brickstamps C.I.L. xv. 792. 2 (Faustina the younger) 1121a. 13 (1st century A.D.).

page 142 note 1 It was found by Henzen in the Museo Kircheiiano, having no doubt been discovered with 1644, and then carelessly separated from it.

page 143 note 1 The plan which he there says that he made has never, so far as I know, seen the light.

page 147 note 1 Here I saw two fragments of an epistyle of travertine: and to the W. are more foundations in concrete.

page 149 note 1 It is these remains that are referred to by Lanciani, loc. cit. 147, as discovered in May, 1880, in the course of the construction of the railway.

page 152 note 1 To which Valerius Messala the pipe belonged, is uncertain: Valerius Paulinus may be the consul suffectus of 107 A.D.