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FROM DEAD END TO CENTRAL CITY OF THE WORLD: (RE)LOCATING ROME ON RUSKIN'S MAP OF EUROPE

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 March 2021

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Abstract

The habit of observing and recording carefully, in words and in drawing, the works of God in nature and of man in art made travel essential to the process of continual rediscovery which characterizes the work of John Ruskin, causing him to repeatedly redraw his map of Europe. In 1840–1, the young man's Evangelical upbringing and antipathy for the classical inhibited his response to Rome, which remained peripheral to the monumental volumes of the mid-century. Shifting religious views and studies of ancient myth prepared the way for two revelatory visits to Rome in the early 1870s. In Oxford lectures, Ruskin read in Botticelli's frescoes in the Sistine Chapel syntheses of oppositions between schools of art, between the natural and the spiritual, Greek and Christian cultures, Catholic faith and Reforming energies. He also came to feel the ‘power of the place’ in holy places of early Christianity and in continuities of peasant life. Rome is therefore relocated as ‘the central city of the world’, but modern realities menaced this vision. What had been an impoverished backwater was undergoing massive redevelopment and industrialization as the capital of a newly unified state with international ambitions. From these changes, commented on in his monthly pamphlet, Fors Clavigera, Ruskin extracted severe lessons for Victorian Britain. This article is about the ways in which the two types of change interact.

L'abitudine ad osservare e registrare attentamente, attraverso parole e disegni, le opere di Dio nella natura e dell'uomo nell'arte, ha reso il viaggio essenziale al processo di continua riscoperta che caratterizza l'opera di John Ruskin, portandolo a ridisegnare più volte la sua mappa dell'Europa. Nel 1840–1, l'educazione evangelica ricevuta e l'antipatia per il classico furono le cause del suo scarso interesse per Roma, che rimase periferica nei volumi monumentali della metà del secolo. Le mutate posizioni religiose e gli studi prepararono la strada per due visite rivelatrici a Roma, all'inizio degli anni Settanta dell'Ottocento. Nelle lezioni di Oxford, Ruskin leggeva negli affreschi di Botticelli nella Cappella Sistina sintesi di opposizioni tra scuole d'arte, tra il naturale e lo spirituale, tra le culture greca e cristiana, tra fede cattolica ed energie riformatrici. Giunse anche a percepire il ‘potere del luogo’ nei luoghi sacri della prima cristianità e nelle continuità della vita contadina. Roma venne quindi ricollocata come ‘la città centrale del mondo’, ma le realtà moderne minacciavano questa visione. Quello che era stato una sorta di ‘luogo isolato impoverito’, stava subendo un massiccio nuovo sviluppo e una industrializzazione da capitale di uno stato appena unificato, con ambizioni internazionali. Da questi cambiamenti, commentati nel suo opuscolo mensile Fors Clavigera, Ruskin trasse acute lezioni per la Gran Bretagna di età vittoriana. Questo saggio riguarda i modi in cui i due tipi di cambiamento interagiscono.

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Articles
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Copyright © British School at Rome 2021

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Footnotes

1

I am grateful to Tim Hilton, James S. Dearden and Stephen Wildman for reading an early draft of this article. Many thanks also to the director, Stephen Milner, and staff of the British School at Rome, especially Harriet O'Neill, for inviting me to give the lecture on which this paper is based and making me so welcome at the School.

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