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Stratophenetic tracing of phylogeny using SIMCA pattern recognition technique: a case study of the late Neogene planktic foraminifera Globoconella clade

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 February 2016

Kuo-Yen Wei
Kuo-Yen Wei*
Affiliation:
Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511-8130
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Abstract

The Plio-Pleistocene planktic foraminiferal sequence of the Globorotalia (Globoconella) puncticulata-inflata clade in Deep Sea Drilling Project Site 588, dated at 4.36 Ma to 0.05 Ma, records the branching history of the G. inflata lineage from the ancestral G. puncticulata lineage. The gradational nature of the divergence and the enormous morphological variability inherent in the G. inflata lineage have elicited different views on taxonomy and phylogeny of this clade. A pattern recognition technique, soft independent modeling of class analog (SIMCA), was used as an objective quantitative stratophenetic methodology to reconstruct the phylogenetic history.

Typical specimens of two species, G. puncticulata and G. inflata, were identified from a stratigraphic level dated at 2.76 Ma. Principal component models were built to characterize the morphometric patterns of the two morphotypes using SIMCA. The Globoconella specimens of the next lower and higher adjacent stratigraphic levels were evaluated against the models and classified into one of the two morphotypes. The newly classified specimens were then used to build new models for further tracing of lineages in lower and upper sections, respectively. Progression of such training and classification procedures through stratigraphic intervals resulted in a reconstruction of the evolutionary patterns of the two lineages. Cladogenesis gave rise to the descendant lineage, G. inflata, at about 3.5 Ma. The two co-existing species, G. inflata and G. puncticulata, differ only in size and show similarity in most characters at the beginning of their divergence. Other characters began to diverge later, at various rates. The gradients between planktic and benthic foraminiferal δ18O values show a continuous increase during the late Pliocene. The succession from G. puncticulata to G. inflata during the same time correlates with the progressively increased vertical stratification in temperature of surface waters. Globorotalia puncticulata became extinct at 2.35 Ma when the temperature gradient further increased, corresponding to the onset of extensive glaciation in the Northern Hemisphere.

Type
Research Article
Information
Paleobiology , Volume 20 , Issue 1 , Winter 1994 , pp. 52 - 65
Copyright
Copyright © The Paleontological Society 

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