In their recent article, Cisneros-Montemayor et al. (Reference Cisneros-Montemayor, Barnes-Mauthe, Al-Abdulrazzak, Navarro-Holm and Sumaila2013) compared the global economic value of shark ecotourism with shark fisheries, arguing for prioritization of shark conservation over exploitation. Although studies that appraise the economic value of living resources are valuable, we believe that the data presented by Cisneros-Montemayor et al. considerably underestimate and misrepresent the economic value of sharks. In addition, by juxtaposing the fishing industry against the tourism industry this study ignores the fact that both industries are of global economic importance and rely on healthy shark populations.
Although the methods section of Cisneros-Montemayor et al. is deficient in details (e.g. no description of interview structure or sample size, or extent of tourism expenditure except ‘partially attributable to watching’), it is apparent that the value of shark fishing has been substantially underestimated. For example, they report the current landed value of global shark fisheries at USD 630 million per year, based on 720,000 t of sharks being reported to FAO. However, FAO landing data are notoriously underreported for sharks (Clarke et al., Reference Clarke, McAllister, Milner-Gulland, Kirkwood, Michielsens and Agnew2006; Worm et al., Reference Worm, Davis, Kettemer, Ward-Paige, Chapman and Heithaus2013). Therefore, at a minimum, the value of 1.7 million t (Clarke et al., Reference Clarke, McAllister, Milner-Gulland, Kirkwood, Michielsens and Agnew2006) should have been used, which, after multiplying by USD 0.875 per kg of landed shark (from the above FAO ratio of value by tonnage), would bring the value to USD 1.5 billion. But even this number would still be an underestimate as it only includes sharks entering the fin trade and does not include export values or end-user products—for comparison, the valuation of tourism included everything from direct expenditures (e.g. dives) to associated accommodation, meals and flights (e.g. Clua et al., Reference Clua, Buray, Legendre, Mourier and Planes2011).
The article also contains significant errors and omissions. For example, the value of shark-watching in Fiji is reported to be USD 223,000 (Table 1, reportedly based on Brunnschweiler, Reference Brunnschweiler2010, which does not address economic value) instead of USD 42.2 million (Vianna et al., Reference Vianna, Meeuwig, Pannell, Sykes and Meekan2011). Cisneros-Montemayor et al. also excluded available shark catch data (e.g. Swamy, Reference Swamy1999; Gilman et al., Reference Gilman, Clarke, Brothers, Alfaro-Shigueto, Mandelman and Mangel2007).
In addition, the contrast of shark fishing with tourism can be misleading because different shark populations or species are generally targeted by the two sectors, and because landed sharks are not necessarily fished within a country's territorial waters. For example, the Spanish shark catch consists of a variety of shark species, mostly taken outside territorial waters (Hareide et al., Reference Hareide, Carlson, Clarke, Clarke, Ellis and Fordham2007), whereas shark tourism focuses primarily on angel sharks in the Canary Islands (Gallagher & Hammerschlag, Reference Gallagher and Hammerschlag2011). Cisneros-Montemayor et al. also conclude that shark-watching is more valuable than landings (their Table 1). However, the opposite conclusion could be made if the comparison included only the locations with available data for both shark fishing and watching sectors (their Table 1), where tourism is reported to generate a total of USD 190 million and fisheries USD 199 million per year (rather than the presented totals of USD 215 and 199 million, respectively). Half of these locations with values from both sectors had landed values that were 1.7 (Mexico) to 454 (UK) times the value of shark-watching expenditures.
The economic comparison that Cisneros-Montemayor et al. make between the global values of shark ecotourism and shark fishing should be treated cautiously. Many shark populations are depleted and if science-based and precautionary management is not implemented on a large scale both the shark tourism and fishing industries are at risk of being lost. Therefore, rather than contrasting the value of different sectors, we argue that it is more valuable to promote both sustainable fishing and tourism while advocating for rigorous scientific understanding and sustainable management of shark populations.
