Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-m6dg7 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-04T18:20:51.526Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The impact of tsetse fly control campaigns on African wildlife

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 April 2009

Peter Matthiessen  and
Bob Douthwaite
Peter Matthiessen
Affiliation:
MAFF, Directorate of Fisheries Research, Fisheries Laboratory, Remembrance Avenue, Bumham-on-Crouch, Essex CMO 8HA, UK.
Bob Douthwaite
Affiliation:
Tropical Development and Research Institute, Overseas Development Administration, College House, Wrights Lane, London W8 5SJ, UK.
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

From its earliest years, the Society's journal has carried reports on the tsetse problem in Africa. Between the 1920s and 1960s, attempts to eradicate the flies from many parts of the country resulted in the slaughter of 1.3 million game animals and extensive bush clearance, which permanently destroyed wildlife habitat. By the early 1970s, the use of insecticides had largely replaced these drastic techniques, but this, in its turn, with the environmental side-effects, caused much concern amongst wildlife conservationists. The authors review the history of tsetse control and discuss the new, safer methods that have been developed, as well as others still under trial. It is clear, however, that tsetse eradication will continue to be controversial. The development of safer and environmentally acceptable techniques does not solve a more fundamental problem—the wise use of Africa's land. Clearing the land of tsetse can open the path to its ruin by unsustainable pastoral encroachment. It is of interest that in April 1985, the EEC governments forced the EEC Commission to modify its forthcoming programme of tsetse fly eradication in four countries by insisting that environmentally harmful methods using DDT should not be employed. The Commission was also forced to include a three-year project on area development planning—land-use considerations were originally not included in its proposals.

Type
Research Article
Information
Oryx , Volume 19 , Issue 4 , October 1985 , pp. 202 - 209
Copyright
Copyright © Fauna and Flora International 1985

References

Allsopp, R. 1978. The effects of dieldrin, sprayed by aerial application for tsetse control, on game animals, J. appl. Ecol. 15, 117–127.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allsopp, R. 1984. Control of tsetse flies (Diptera: Glossinidae) using insecticides: a review and future prospects. Bull. ent. Res. 74, 1–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andrade Silva, M.A. de and Marques da Silva, J. 1960. The tsetse fly (G. morsitans) eradication campaign in the Govuro district, Mozambique. Internet. Scientific Committee for Trypanosomiasis Research. 8th meeting, Jos. Nigeria, pp. 253–264. Committee for Technical Co-operation in Africa south of the Sahara. CCTA publ. no. 62, London.Google Scholar
Baldry, D.A.T., Everts, J., Roman, B., Boon von Ochssee, G.A. and Laveissiere, C. 1981. The experimental application of insecticides from a helicopter for the control of riverine populations of Glossina tachinoides in West Africa. VII. The effects of two spray-applications of OMS-570 (endosulfan) and of OMS-1998 (decamethrin) on G. tachinoides and non-target organisms in Upper Volta. Trop. Pest Manag. 27, 83–110.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Banage, W.B. 1979. Wildlife conservation and its problems in Zambia. In Proceedings of the National Seminar on Environment and Development (Eds Johnson, D. S. and Roder, W.). Zambia Geographical Association Occasional Study No. 10, 77–110. Zambia Geographical Association, Lusaka.Google Scholar
Bruce, D., Harvey, D., Hamerton, A.E., Davey, J.B. and Bruce, Lady. 1913. The trypanosomes found in the blood of wild animals in the sleeping sickness area. Rep. sleep. Sick. Commn. R. Soc. No. 15, 16 pp.Google Scholar
Child, G., Smith, P. and von Richter, W. 1970. Tsetse control hunting as a measure of large mammal population trends in the Okavango Delta, Botswana. Mammalia, 34, 34–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chorley, J.K. 1958. La lutte contre le mouche tse-tse en Rhodesie du Sud.Internal. Scientific Committee for Trypanosomiasis Research, 6th meeting, Salisbury 1956, pp. 123–137.Google Scholar
Clarke, J.E. 1964. Game elimination as a means of tsetse control with special reference to host preferences. Puku, 2, 67–75.Google Scholar
Cockbill, G.F. 1967. The history and significance of trypanosomiasis problems in Rhodesia. Proc. Trans. Rhod. Sci. Assoc. 52, 7–15.Google Scholar
Cockbill, G.F. 1979. The effect of ultra-low-volume aerial applications of endosulfan applied against Glossina (Diptera: Glossinidae) on populations of non-target organisms in savanna woodland in Zimbabwe-Rhodesia. Bull, ent. Res. 69, 645–655.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davies, J.E. 1980a. The Effects of Aerial Spraying with Decamethrin (NRDC 161) on Non-Target Tree-Canopy and Grassland Arthropods. Mimeo. Unpubl. report.Google Scholar
Davies, J.E. 1980b. The History of Tsetse Fly Control in Botswana, 165 pp. Tsetse Fly Control Department, Maun, Botswana.Google Scholar
Douthwaite, R.J. 1985. Environmental Aspects of Tsetse Fly Eradication in Somalia, 90 pp. Tropical Development and Research Institute, London.Google Scholar
Douthwaite, R.J., Fox, P.J., Matthiessen, P. and Russell-Smith, A. 1981. The environmental impact of aerosols of endosulfan applied for tsetse fly control in the Okavango Delta, Botswana. Final Report of the Endosulfan Monitoring Project, 141 pp. London, Overseas Development Administration.Google Scholar
Downing, B.H. and Russell, G.E.G. 1981. Phytogeographic and biotic relationships of a savanna in southern Africa: analysis of an Angiosperm checklist from Acacia woodland in Zululand. J. S. Afr. Bot. 47, 721–742.Google Scholar
Du Toit, R. 1954. Trypanosomiasis in Zululand and the control of tsetse flies by chemical means. Onderstepoort J. vet. Res. 26, 317–387.Google Scholar
Everts, J.W. (ed.) 1979. Side Effects of Aerial Insecticide Applications Against Tsetse Flies Near Bouafle, Ivory Coast 116 pp. Wageningen, Netherlands; Dept. of Toxicology, Agricultural University.Google Scholar
Everts, J.W., Frankenhuyzen, K. van, Roman, B., Cullen, J., Copplestone, J. and Koeman, J.H. 1983. Observations on side effects of endosulfan used to control tsetse in a settlement area in connection with a campaign against human sleeping sickness in Ivory Coast. Trop. Pest Manag. 29, 177–182.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ford, J. 1971. The Role of the Trypanosomiases in African Ecology, 568 pp. Clarendon Press, Oxford.Google Scholar
Ford, J., Nash, T.A.M. and Welch, J.R. 1970. Control by clearing of vegetation. In The African Trypanosomiases (ed. Mulligan, H. W.), 950 pp. George Allen & Unwin, London.Google Scholar
Glover, P.E. 1965. A Review of Recent Knowledge on the Relationship Between the Tsetse Fly and its Vertebrate Hosts. IUCN Publications, New Series No. 6. Morges, Switzerland.Google Scholar
Graham, P. 1964. Destruction of birds and other wildlife by Dieldrex spraying against tsetse fly in Bechuanaland. Amoldia (Rhod.), 1, 1–4.Google Scholar
Jahnke, H.E. 1976. Tsetse Flies and Livestock Development in East Africa. 180 pp. Weltforum Verlag. Munich.Google Scholar
Jordan, A.M. 1974. Recent developments in the ecology and methods of control of tsetse flies (Glossina spp.) (Dipt Glossinidae): a review. Bull. ent. Res. 63, 361–399.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jordan, A.M. 1979. Trypanosomiasis control and land use in Africa. Outlook in Agriculture, 10, 123–129.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koeman, J.H., Den Boer, W.M.J., Feith, A.F. deIongh, H.H., Spliethoff, P.C., Na'Isa, B.K. and Spielberger, U. 1978. Three years' observation on side effects of helicopter applications of insecticides used to exterminate Glossina species in Nigeria. Environ. Pollut. Ser. A, 15, 31–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koeman, J.H., Rijksen, H.D., Smies, M., Na'Isa, B.K. and Maclennan, K.J.R. 1971. Faunal changes in a swamp habitat in Nigeria sprayed with insecticide to exterminate Glossina. Neth. J. Zool. 21, 434–463.Google Scholar
Lovemore, D.F. 1961. The effects of anti-tsetse shooting operations on the game populations as observed in the Sebungwe district, Southern Rhodesia. Symposium on Conservation of Natural Resources in Modem African States. IUCN Publications, New Series No. 1, 232–234. Morges, Switzerland.Google Scholar
Magadza, C.H.D. 1978. Field observations on the environmental effect of large-scale aerial applications of endosulfan in the eradication of Glossina morsitans centralis Westw. in the Western Province of Zambia in 1968. Rhod. J. agric. Res. 16, 211–220.Google Scholar
Matthiessen, P. 1985. Contamination of wildlife with DDT insecticide residues in relation to tsetse fly control operations in Zimbabwe. Environ. Pollut. Series B, 10 (3).Google Scholar
Müller, P., Nagel, P. and Flacke, W. 1981. Ecological side effects of dieldrin application against tsetse flies in Adamaoua, Cameroon. Oecologia 50, 187–194.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mulligan, H.W. (ed.) 1970. The African Trypanosomiases, 950 pp. George Allen & Unwin, London.Google Scholar
Ormerod, W.E. 1976. Ecological effect of control of African trypanosomiasis. Science, 191, 815–821.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Potts, W.H. and Jackson, C.H.N. 1952. The Shinyanga game destruction experiment. Bull. ent. Res. 43, 365–374.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smies, M., Evers, R.H.J., Peijnenburg, F.H.M. and Koeman, J.H. 1980. Environmental aspects of field trials with pyrethroids to eradicate tsetse fly in Nigeria. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safety, 4, 114–128.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Swynnerton, C.F.M. 1925. An experiment in the control of tsetse flies at Shinyanga, Tanganyika Territory. Bull. ent. Res. 15, 313–337.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Takken, W., Balk, F., Jansen, R.C. and Koeman, J.H. 1978. The experimental application of insecticides from a helicopter for the control of riverine populations of Glossina tachinoides in West Africa. VI. Observations on side effects. Pest Articles & News Summaries, 24, 455–466.Google Scholar
Wilson, V.J. 1972. Observations on the effect of dieldrin on wildlife during tsetse fly Glossina morsitans control operations in eastern Zambia. Amoldia (Rhod), 5, 1–12.Google Scholar
Wilson, V.J. 1975. Game and tsetse fly in eastern Zambia. Occ. Pap. natn. Mus. Rhod. B5, 339–404.Google Scholar