Plant endemism on the Arabian Peninsula is typically associated with tropical succulent genera (e.g. Aloe, Caralluma s.l. and Euphorbia) of dry habitats; a smaller number of endemics are restricted to mesophytic refugia. Douepea arabica (Hedge & Kit Tan) O.Appel & Al-Shehbaz (syn. Dolichorhynchus arabicus Hedge & Kit Tan), of the family Brassicaceae, is one of these rarer Arabian endemic species. Despite its rarity, the ecological and conservation status of D. arabica has not been previously studied. In Arabia basic distribution and abundance data are lacking for many endemic plant species, a situation that hinders conservation assessment and planning, ecological modelling and resource management (Hall & Miller, in press). Our goal is to begin to redress this situation by providing field data on one of the region’s rarest endemic species.
D. arabica was first collected by Sheila Collenette in 1979 from Jibal Qaraqir in north-west Saudi Arabia (Fig. 1, Plate 1) and is known from no other locality. When described by Hedge & Tan (Reference Hedge and Tan1987) Dolichorhynchus was regarded as an endemic genus, the only plant genus endemic to Saudi Arabia. Since then Appel & Shehbaz (Reference Appel and Al-Shehbaz2001) have placed this species in the genus Douepea, with one other species, Douepea tortuosa, which is principally restricted to the Punjab in Pakistan (Ali & Qaiser, Reference Ali and Qaiser1986). The genus Douepea thus has a unique floristic disjunction between Jibal Qaraqir in north-west Saudi Arabia and the Punjab region of Pakistan.
Fig. 1 The location of Jibal Qaraqir, the only known location of the endemic Douepea arabica, in north-west Saudi Arabia.
Plate 1 Douepea arabica and its habitat: (a) flower, (b) habit, (c) immature fruits, (d) in Wadi Ghamrah on Jibal Qaraqir (Fig. 1), (e) seedling and (f) wadi bed habitat of seedlings and mature individuals.
During a visit to the Jibal Qaraqir area for Saudi Arabia’s Important Plant Area Programme, in April–May 2008 (Al Abbasi et al., Reference Al-Abbasi, Al-Farhan, Al-Khulaidi, Hall, Llewellyn, Miller and Patzelt2010; Llewellyn et al., Reference Llewellyn, Hall, Miller, Abbasi, Al-Wetaid and Harbi2010), an informal survey of Wadi Qaraqir and the neighbouring Wadi Ghamrah was conducted to: determine the distribution of D. arabica, count mature individuals and seedlings, provide more accurate descriptions of the habitat and ecology of the species, and assess its conservation status and recommend measures for conservation action (Margules & Pressey, Reference Margules and Pressey2000). Notes on the original collections (Collenette, 9061, in the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh herbarium) of D. arabica from Wadi Qaraqir state that it was locally common at c. 600 m. Our surveys in this locality only recorded a single plant, at a similar altitude. A survey of the nearby and less accessible Wadi Ghamrah revealed nine mature plants at a single site in the wadi bed together with > 30 seedlings, also at c. 600 m. At this newly recorded locality D. arabica appeared to be actively regenerating in habitats similar to those of Wadi Qaraqir, i.e. near to seepages and springs; no plants were recorded on the drier slopes. One individual was found growing above a spring in the sandy soils of the wadi channel, among red sandstone rocks. Others were in the wadi channel, among boulders or in sand. As in Wadi Qaraqir the dominant vegetation of Wadi Ghamrah is Nerium oleander L. shrubland with large stands of Phragmites, Typha and Pennisetum divisum (J.F. Gmel.) Henrard. In the vicinity of Wadi Qaraqir and Wadi Ghamrah there are a number of narrow wadi valleys that also hold perennial springs and seepages, such as Wadi Amdan and Wadi Yanqad. As D. arabica is associated with wet habitats, it is possible that these wadis also hold significant populations.
D. arabica faces a number of threats. The seepages, pools and Nerium shrubland with which it is associated are gradually deteriorating as a result of expanding agricultural activities. New agricultural fields and wells are altering the stream course in Wadi Qaraqir, probably reducing the flow of groundwater. Evidence of the effect of local agriculture on the water table can be seen at the nearby town of Ad-Disah, where increased salinity has already been recorded (O. Llewellyn, pers. obs.).
Stochastic environmental events also pose a significant threat. D. arabica occurs predominantly in wadi valleys that are at risk from flash flooding. Although the species is probably adapted to such flooding, the reduction in the cover of the Nerium shrubland and the large stands of Phragmites and Typha is likely to increase the intensity of this stochastic threat. Anecdotal evidence suggests that a decade of clearing has opened up dense stands of Nerium–Phragmites–Typha that were once practically impenetrable (O. Llewellyn, pers. comm.). As D. arabica is closely associated with this vegetation, clearance for agriculture is a direct threat to D. arabica habitat.
Destruction and deterioration of the dominant vegetation has also occurred as a result of a newly built road through Wadi Qaraqir that links Jibal Qaraqir to Tabuk (Llewellyn et al., Reference Llewellyn, Hall, Miller, Abbasi, Al-Wetaid and Harbi2010). Previous studies in the Arabian region indicated that road construction (increased opportunities for grazing, agriculture and tourism) threatens the existence of endemic and rare species such as D. arabica (Hall et al., Reference Hall, Al-Khulaidi, Miller, Scholte and Al-Qadasi2008). As D. arabica is only recorded from the wadi floor and is unlikely to extend far up the wadi sides it is particularly vulnerable to anthropogenic disturbances such as road building and agriculture.
We determined the degree of threat to the persistence of D. arabica using the IUCN Red List criteria (IUCN, 2001), assessing the species as Critically Endangered based on criteria B1ab(ii, iii, v)+2ab(ii, iii, v); D. The species is currently found in two connected wadi systems that are treated as a single location because they are both threatened by the same factors. Even if expanded to include potential localities nearby, this covers an area of c. 85 km2 (extent of occurrence; B1). Within these wadi systems, the Nerium shrubland habitat with which D. arabica is closely associated currently covers < 10 km2 (area of occupancy; B2). This habitat is presently declining in both extent and quality, leading us to infer that the area of occupancy and the number of mature individuals of Douepea are also decreasing. As the most recent surveys recorded only 10 mature individuals, it is reasonable to assume that there are < 50 extant mature individuals (D).
Jibal Qaraqir has been proposed as a protected area under Saudi Arabian law but this is still awaiting legislative action. To ensure the persistence of this species we recommend that the Saudi Wildlife Commission develops an appropriate conservation strategy, with a number of specific actions:
(1) Limit and, if possible, reverse the impact of agriculture in Wadi Qaraqir and Wadi Ghamrah. Decreasing agricultural activity will reduce use of water resources in Jibal Qaraqir and reduce pressures on the Nerium shrubland with which D. arabica is associated.
(2) Reduce pressures on land and local resources by providing local people with viable alternatives to cultivating the land in these wadi systems (Llewellyn et al., Reference Llewellyn, Hall, Miller, Abbasi, Al-Wetaid and Harbi2010). One solution is to provide local communities with other agricultural lands. Socio-economic research is required to determine the viability of such action. Alternatively, following the success of conservation-based income generation in neighbouring Jordan (Irani & Johnson, Reference Irani and Johnson2000), provision of income for local people through conservation-related ecotourism employment, such as guides and rangers for the Saudi Wildlife Commission, may be a possibility but again socio-economic research is required to examine this.
(3) Legislate to prevent the construction of further roads in the area at least until the full range and abundance of D. arabica are known and environmental impact assessments have been undertaken.
(4) Collect seeds from the wild populations for deposition in local and international seed banks as part of an ex situ conservation programme.
(5) Conduct horticultural/conservation studies on seed germination, establishment and growth conditions of D. arabica. The results of these studies could be used as part of an in situ restoration programme for D. arabica in areas that have been affected by agriculture and road construction.
(6) Investigate the impact of reduced vegetation cover on flood intensity and the feasibility of restoring Nerium shrubland vegetation or erecting artificial barriers to reduce flood intensity in the wadi valleys.
These recommendations will be presented formally as part of a technical report on D. arabica. We plan to conduct further studies in Jibal Qaraqir in 2011 to survey wadis adjacent to Wadi Ghamrah and collect seed of D. arabica. A further aim of this visit will be to discuss the implementation of a conservation strategy for D. arabica.
Biographical sketches
Matthew Hall is conducting research in Saudi Arabia and Yemen for the Important Plant Area Programme on the Arabian Peninsula. He is involved in protected area planning projects in Arabia and North Africa and is interested in the philosophy of conservation. Tony Miller is currently co-editing the Flora of the Arabian Peninsula and Socotra. For more than 30 years he has been involved in conservation and inventory work in Arabia and is leading floristic research in the Important Plant Area Programme of Saudi Arabia. Othman Llewellyn is involved in establishing a network of protected areas in Saudi Arabia. Tarik M. Abbasi is interested in phytogeographical research and restoration ecology. Rabah J. Al-Harbi is interested in the ecology of Juniperus woodlands. Abdullah H. Al-Wetaid is leading a project to restore mangrove habitats in Saudi Arabia. Khalaf F. Al-Shammari has a particular interest in geographical information systems and protected area planning.
