Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-dlnhk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-30T15:40:35.459Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Timelines in Spectral Composition: A cognitive approach to musical creativity

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 August 2020

José L. Besada*
Affiliation:
Musicology Department, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain.
Cristóbal Pagán Cánovas*
Affiliation:
English Department, Universidad de Murcia, Spain.

Abstract

What takes place in the minds of composers when they struggle to incorporate a given temporal concept into a musical work? Spectral composers have produced detailed theoretical proposals about time in music, but how exactly those ideas influenced their musical practices remains an extremely challenging question. Graphical representations in their sketches provide invaluable clues. Through the analyses of Gérard Grisey’s and Kaija Saariaho’s manuscripts, we show how the theoretical frameworks for the basic cognitive operations of blending and anchoring, which underlie the construction of complex meanings, can shed light on the intricate musical uses of timelines by spectral composers. We combine the universal claims of this cognitive analysis with the diachronic perspective of a musicological study, teasing out the mental paths that these composers may have followed to create novel aesthetic proposals from their experience with graphic representations of sound, mainly spectrograms, and from techniques of electroacoustic studios. Thus we pave the way towards a common language for understanding time representation across electroacoustics and music in general, based on this mixed methodology. Through such shared tenets, the cognitive study of music can reciprocally contribute to burgeoning fields such as time representation, meaning construction and creativity.

Type
Articles
Copyright
© Cambridge University Press, 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Assayag, G. and Bloch, G. 1997. Quantification et création musicale. In Grabócz, M. (ed.) Les modèles dans l’art: Musique, peinture, cinéma. Strasbourg: Presses Universitaires de Strasbourg, 127–55.Google Scholar
Baillet, J. 2000. Gérard Grisey: Fondements d’une écriture. Paris: L’Itinéraire/L’Harmattan.Google Scholar
Barsalou, L. W. 2008. Grounded Cognition. Annual Review of Psychology 59(1): 617–45.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barsalou, L. W., Dutriaux, L. and Scheepers, C. 2018. Moving Beyond the Distinction between Concrete and Abstract Concepts. Philosophical Transactions B 37: 20170144.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Besada, J. L. 2019a. Different Trails: On the Multiple Genetic Roots Determining a Distributed Compositional Project. Tempo 73(290): 5672.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Besada, J. L. 2019b. Where Science-Based Music Comes From: Some Cognitive Remarks upon Contemporary Compositional Practices Inspired by Mathematical Concepts, Operations, and Objects. In Illiano, R. (ed.) Twentieth-Century Music and Mathematics. Turnhout: Brepols, 261–77.Google Scholar
Boden, M. A. 2009. Computer Models of Creativity. AI Magazine 30: 2334.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cheney, D. and Seyfarth, R. 1988. Assessment of Meaning and the Detection of Unreliable Signal by Vervet Monkeys. Animal Behaviour 36: 477–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coulson, S. and Pagán Cánovas, C. 2013. Understanding Timelines. Journal of Cognitive Semiotics 5(1–2): 198219.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deacon, T. W. 1998. The Symbolic Species: The Co-evolution of Language and the Brain. New York: W. W. Norton.Google Scholar
Dufourt, H. 2004. Gérard Grisey: La fonction constituante du temps. Musicaæ Scientiaæ 8(1_suppl): 4769.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Exarchos, D. 2018. The Skin of Spectral Time in Grisey’s Le Noir de l’Étoile . Twentieth-Century Music 15(1): 3155.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fauconnier, G. 2005. Compression and Emergent Structure. Language and Linguistics 6(4): 523–38.Google Scholar
Fauconnier, G. and Turner, M. 2002. The Way We Think: Conceptual Blending and the Mind’s Hidden Complexities. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Fauconnier, G. and Turner, M. 2008. Rethinking Metaphor. In Gibbs, R. W. (ed.) The Cambridge Handbook of Metaphor and Thought. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 5766.Google Scholar
Féron, F.-X. 2010a. Gérard Grisey: première section de Partiels (1975). Genesis 31: 7797. https://journals.openedition.org/genesis/352.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Féron, F.-X. 2010b. Sur les traces de la musique spectrale: Analyse génétique des modèles compositionnels dans Périodes (1974) de Gérard Grisey. Revue de Musicologie 96(2): 411–43.Google Scholar
Féron, F.-X. 2011. The Emergence of Spectra in Gérard Grisey’s Compositional Process: From Dérives (1973–74) to Les espaces acoustiques (1974–85). Contemporary Music Review 20(5): 343–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fineberg, J. 2000. Guide to the Basic Concepts and Techniques of Spectral Music. Contemporary Music Review 19(3): 81113.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grisey, G. 1982. La musique: le devenir des sons. Darmstädter Beitrage zur Neuen Musik 19: 1623.Google Scholar
Grisey, G. 1987. Tempus ex Machina: A Composer’s Reflections on Musical Time. Contemporary Music Review 2(1): 239275.Google Scholar
Grisey, G. 1991. Structuration des timbres dans la musique instrumentale. In Barrière, J.-B. (ed.) Le timbre, métaphore pour la composition. Paris: Christian Bourgois/Ircam-Centre Pompidou, 352–85.Google Scholar
Grisey, G. 2000. Did You Say Spectral? Contemporary Music Review 19(3): 13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hall, P. and Sallis, F. (eds.). 2004. A Handbook to Twentieth-Century Musical Sketches. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hutchins, E. 2005. Material Anchors for Conceptual Blends. Journal of Pragmatics 37: 1555–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kendall, G. 2010. Meaning in Electroacoustic Music and the Everyday Mind. Organised Sound 15(1): 6374.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koestler, A. 1964. The Act of Creation. New York: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Luminet, J.-P. 2011. Illuminations: Cosmos et esthétique. Paris: Odile Jacob.Google Scholar
Mandler, J. M. 2012. On the Spatial Foundations of the Conceptual System and Its Enrichment. Cognitive Science 36(3): 421–51.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mandler, J. M. and Pagán Cánovas, C. 2014. On Defining Image Schemas. Language and Cognition 6(4): 510–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Manfrin, L. and Piras, M. 2003. Spettromorfologia, durata e differenza: La presenza di Bergson nel pensiero musicale di Gérard Grisey. Rivista Italiana di Musicologia 38(1): 75117.Google Scholar
Marks, L. E. 1989 On Cross-modal Similarity: The Perceptual Structure of Pitch, Loudness, and Brightness. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 15(3): 586602.Google ScholarPubMed
McAdams, S. and Saariaho, K. 1985. Quality and Functions of Musical Timbre. Proceedings of the 1984 International Computer Music Conference. San Francisco: ICMA, 367–74.Google Scholar
Mithen, S., 1996. The Origin of Art: Natural Signs, Mental Modularity, and Visual Symbolism. In Maschner, H. D. M. (ed.) Darwinian Archaeologies. New York: Springer, 197217.Google Scholar
Mithen, S. 1999. The Prehistory of the Mind: The Cognitive Origins of Art, Religion and Science. London: Thames & Hudson.Google Scholar
O’Callaghan, J. 2015. Mimetic Instrumental Synthesis. Organised Sound 20(2): 231–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Orcalli, A. 1991. Gérard Grisey, ‘durée réelle’ e dilatazione del tempo musicale. Sonus 3(4): 3868.Google Scholar
Pagán Cánovas, C. and Turner, M. 2016. Generic Integration Templates for Fictive Communication. In Pascual, E. and Sandler, S. (eds.) The Conversation Frame: Forms and Functions of Fictive Interaction. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, Amsterdam, 4562.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pagán Cánovas, C. and Valenzuela, J. 2017. Timelines and Multimodal Constructions: Facing New Challenges. Linguistics Vanguard 3(s1): 20160087.Google Scholar
Pagán Cánovas, C., Valenzuela, J. and Santiago, J. 2015. Like the Machete the Snake: Integration of Topic and Vehicle in Poetry Comprehension Reveals Meaning Construction Processes. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts 9, 385–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pasler, J. 2004. Resituating the Spectral Revolution: French Antecedents and the Dialectic of Discontinuity and Continuity in Debussy’s Jeux . Musicaæ Scientiaæ 8(1_suppl): 125–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pousset, D. 1994. La transparence du signe. In Nieminen, R. (ed.) Kaija Saariaho (Les cahiers de l’Ircam 6). Paris: Ircam-Centre Pompidou, 2542.Google Scholar
Pousset, D. 2000. The Works of Kaija Saariaho, Philippe Hurel, and Marc-André Dalbavie–Stile Concertato, Stile Concitato, Stile Rappresentativo. Contemporary Music Review 19(3): 67110.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rofe, M. 2011. Capturing Time and Giving it Form: Nymphéa . In Howell, T., Hargreaves, J., and Rofe, M. (eds.) Kaija Saariaho: Visions, Narratives, Dialogues. Abingdon/New York: Ashgate, 81105.Google Scholar
Rosenberg, D. and Grafton, A. 2010. Cartographies of Time: A History of the Timeline. New York: Princeton Architectural Press.Google Scholar
Saariaho, K. 1985. Shaping a Compositional Network with Computer. Proceedings of the 1984 International Computer Music Conference. San Francisco: ICMA, 163–5.Google Scholar
Saariaho, K. 1987. Timbre and Harmony. Interpolation of Timbral Structures. Contemporary Music Review 2(1): 93113.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saariaho, K. 2000. Matter and Mind in Music. In Tuukkanen, P. et al. (ed.) Matter and Mind in Architecture. Helsinki: Alvar Aalto Foundation, 110–15.Google Scholar
Sijouva-Gunaratman, A. 2003. Miniatures and Tensions: Phenomenological Reverberations in and around Kaija Saariaho’s Lichtbogen (1985–86). Intersections 25(1–2): 4466.Google Scholar
Talmy, L. 2003. Toward a Cognitive Semantics, Volume 1: Concept Structuring Systems. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Turner, M. 2007. Conceptual Integration. In Geeraerts, D., and Cuyckens, Hubert (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Cognitive Linguistics. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 377–93.Google Scholar
Turner, M. 2014. The Origin of Ideas: Blending, Creativity, and the Human Spark. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Ulrich, R. and Maienborn, C. 2010. Left–right Coding of Past and Future in Language: The Mental Timeline During Sentence Processing. Cognition 117, 126–38.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weger, U. W. and Pratt, J. 2008. Time Flies Like an Arrow: Space-time Compatibility Effects Suggest the Use of a Mental Timeline. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review 15: 426–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zbikowski, L. 2019. Cognitive Extension and Musical Consciousness. In Herbert, R., Clarke, D. and Clarke, E. (ed.) Music and Consciousness 2: Worlds, Practices, Modalities. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 3454.CrossRefGoogle Scholar