Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-v9fdk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-15T09:21:25.560Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Organic anions and potassium salts in nutrition and metabolism

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 December 2007

Christian Demigné ,
Houda Sabboh ,
Caroline Puel ,
Christian Rémésy  and
Véronique Coxam
Christian Demigné*
Affiliation:
Unité Maladies Métaboliques et Micronutriments, INRA de Clermont-Ferrand-Theix, CRNH d'Auvergne, 63122 St-Genés-Champanelle, France
Houda Sabboh
Affiliation:
Unité Maladies Métaboliques et Micronutriments, INRA de Clermont-Ferrand-Theix, CRNH d'Auvergne, 63122 St-Genés-Champanelle, France
Caroline Puel
Affiliation:
Unité Maladies Métaboliques et Micronutriments, INRA de Clermont-Ferrand-Theix, CRNH d'Auvergne, 63122 St-Genés-Champanelle, France
Christian Rémésy
Affiliation:
Unité Maladies Métaboliques et Micronutriments, INRA de Clermont-Ferrand-Theix, CRNH d'Auvergne, 63122 St-Genés-Champanelle, France
Véronique Coxam
Affiliation:
Unité Maladies Métaboliques et Micronutriments, INRA de Clermont-Ferrand-Theix, CRNH d'Auvergne, 63122 St-Genés-Champanelle, France
*
*Corresponding author: Dr Christian Demigné, fax +33 473 62 46 38, email [email protected]
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

The present review examines the importance of dietary organic anions in preventive nutrition. Organic anions are chiefly supplied by plant foods, as partially neutralised K salts such as potassium citrate, potassium malate and, to a lesser extent, oxalate or tartrate salts. Animal products may also supply K anions, essentially as phosphate, but also as lactate as a result of fermentative or maturation processes, but these K salts have little alkalinising significance. Citrate and malate anions are absorbed in the upper digestive tract, while a substantial proportion is probably metabolised in the splanchnic area. Whatever their site of metabolism, these anions finally yield KHCO3 which is used by the kidneys to neutralise fixed acidity. This acidity essentially reflects the oxidation of excess S amino acids to sulfate ions, which is mainly related to the dietary protein level. Failure to neutralise acidity leads to low-grade metabolic acidosis, with possible long-term deleterious effects on bone Ca status and on protein status. Furthermore, low-grade acidosis is liable to affect other metabolic processes, such as peroxidation of biological structures. These metabolic disturbances could be connected with the relatively high incidence of osteoporosis and muscle-protein wasting problems observed in ageing individuals in Europe and Northern America. Providing a sufficient supply of K organic anions through fruit and vegetable intake should be recommended, fostering the actual motivational campaigns ('five (or ten) per d') already launched to promote the intake of plant foods rich in complex carbohydrates and various micronutrients.

Keywords

Organic anionsPotassiumCalciumMetabolic acidosisOsteoporosis
Type
Research Article
Information
Nutrition Research Reviews , Volume 17 , Issue 2 , December 2004 , pp. 249 - 258
Copyright
Copyright © The Authors 2004

References

Abelow, BJ, Holford, TR & Insogna, KL (1992) Cross cultural association between dietary animal protein and hip fracture: a hypothesis. Calcified Tissue International 50, 14–18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Albihn, PB & Savage, GP (2001) The bioavailability of oxalate from Oca (Oxalis tuberosa). Journal of Urology 166, 420–422.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Appel, LJ, Moore, TJ, Obarzanek, E, Vollmer, WM, Svetkey, LP, Sacks, FM, Bray, GA, Vogt, TM, Cutler, JA, Windhauser, MM, Lin, PH & Karanja, N (1997) A clinical trial of the effects of dietary patterns on blood pressure. New England Journal of Medicine 336, 1117–1124.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Aprikian, O, Duclos, V, Guyot, S, Besson, C, Manach, C, Bernalier, A, Morand, C, Rémésy, C & Demigné, C (2003) Apple pectin and a polyphenol-rich apple concentrate are more effective together than separately on cecal fermentations and plasma lipids in rats. Journal of Nutrition 133, 1860–1865.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arnett, RJ & Sakhaee, K (1996) Modulation of the resorptive activity of rat osteoclasts by small changes in extracellular pH near the physiological range. Bone 18, 277–279.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Aruga, S, Wehrli, S, Kaissling, B, Moe, OW, Preisig, PA, Pajor, AM & Alpern, RJ (2000) Chronic metabolic acidosis increases Na DC-1 mRNA and protein abundance in rat kidney. Kidney International 58, 206–215.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barzel, US (1995) The skeleton as an ion exchange system: implications for the role of acid-base imbalance in the genesis of osteoporosis. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 10, 1431–1436.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barzel, US & Jowsey, J (1969) The effects of chronic acid and alkali administration on bone turnover in adult rats. Clinical Science 36, 517–524.Google Scholar
Barzel, US & Massey, LK (1998) Excess dietary protein can adversely affect bone. Journal of Nutrition 128, 1051–1053.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bonjour, JP, Schurch, MA & Rizzoli, R, (1997) Proteins and bone health. Pathological Biology 45, 57–59.Google ScholarPubMed
Brennan, S, Hering-Smith, K & Hamm, LL (1988) Effects of pH on citrate reabsorption in the proximal convoluted tubule. American Journal of Physiology 255, F301–F306.Google ScholarPubMed
Bushinsky, DA (1995) Stimulated osteoclastic and suppressed osteoblastic activity in metabolic but not respiratory acidosis. American Journal of Physiology 268, C80–C88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bushinsky, DA (2001) Acid-base imbalance and the skeleton. European Journal of Nutrition 40, 238–244.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chadwick, VS, Vince, A, Killingley, M, Wrong, OM (1978) The metabolism of tartrate in man and the rat. Clinical Science and Molecular Biology 54, 273–281.Google Scholar
Combaret, L, Taillandier, D & Attaix, D (2001) Nutritional and hormonal control of protein breakdown. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 37, S108–S111.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cummings, JH & Macfarlane, GT (1997) Role of intestinal bacteria in nutrient metabolism. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 21, 357–365.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
De Groot, AP, Lina, BAR, Hagenaars, AJM, Hollanders, VMH, Andringa, M & Feron, VJ (1995) Effects of a dietary load of acid or base on changes induced by lactose in rats. Food and Chemical Toxicology 33, 1–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Demigné, C, Rémésy, C & Morand, C, (1999) Short chain fatty acids. In Colonic Microbiota, Nutrition and Health, pp. 55–70 [Gibson, GR and Roberfroid, MB editors]. Dordrecht The Netherlands: Kluwer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Devine, A, Criddle, RA, Dick, IM, Kerr, DA & Prince, RL (1995) A longitudinal study of the effect of sodium and calcium intakes on regional bone density in postmenopausal women. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 62, 740–745.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Feskanich, D, Willett, WC, Stampfer, MJ & Colditz, GA (1996) Protein consumption and bone fractures in women. American Journal of Epidemiology 143, 472–479.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Frassetto, LA, Morris, RC & Sebastian, A (1996) Effect of age on blood acid-base composition in adult humans: role of age-related renal function decline. American Journal of Physiology 271, F1114–F1122.Google Scholar
Frassetto, LA, Morris, RC Jr & Sellmeyer, DE, Todd, K & Sebastian, A (2001) Diet, evolution and aging: the pathophysiologic effects of the post-agricultural inversion of the potassium-to-sodium and base-to-chloride ratios in the human diet. European Journal of Nutrition 40, 200–213.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Frassetto, LA, Todd, KM, Morris, RC & Sebastian, A (2000) Worldwide incidence of hip fracture in elderly women: relation to consumption of animal and vegetable foods. Journal of Gerontol 55, M585–M592.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ginty, F, Flynn, A & Cashman, K (1998) The effect of sodium intake on biochemical markers of bone metabolism in young women. British Journal of Nutrition 79, 343–350.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Green, J & Kleeman, R (1991) Role of bone in regulation of systemic acid-base balance. Kidney International 39, 9–26.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Green, J & Maor, G (2000) Effect of metabolic acidosis on the growth hormone/IGF-I endocrine axis in skeletal growth centers. Kidney International 57, 2258–2267.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Greendale, GA, Barrett-Connor, E, Edelstein, S, Ingles, S & Haile, R (1994) Dietary sodium and bone mineral density: results of a 16-year follow-up study. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 42, 1050–1052.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Greiber, S & Mitch, WE (1992) Mechanisms for protein catabolism in uremia: metabolic acidosis and activation of proteolytic pathways. Mineral and Electrolyte Metabolism 18, 233–236.Google ScholarPubMed
Grizard, J, Dardevet, J, Balage, M, Larbaud, D, Sinaud, S, Savary, I, Grzelkowska, K, Rochon, C, Tauveron, I & Obled, C (1999) Insulin action on skeletal muscle protein metabolism during catabolic states. Reproduction, Nutrition, Development 39, 61–74.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Guéguen, L & Pointillart, A (2000) The bioavailability of dietary calcium. Journal of the American College of Nutrition 19, 119S–136S.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hatch, M & Freel, RW (1995) Alterations in intestinal transport of oxalate in disease states. Scanning Microscopy 9, 1121–1126.Google ScholarPubMed
Häussinger, D (1997) Liver regulation of acid base balance. Mineral and Electrolyte Metabolism 23, 249–254.Google ScholarPubMed
Häussinger, D, Graf, D & Weiergräber, OH (2001) Glutamine and cell signaling in liver. Journal of Nutrition 131, Suppl., 2509S–2514S.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Häussinger, D, Stoll, B, Stehle, T & Gerok, W (1989) Hepatocyte heterogeneity in glutamate metabolism and bidirectional transport in perfused rat liver. European Journal of Biochemistry 185, 189–195.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hautmann, RE (1993) The stomach: a new powerful oxalate absorption site in man. Journal of Urology 149, 1401–1404.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Heaney, RP (2001) Protein intake and bone health: the influence of belief systems on the conduct of nutritional science. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 73, 5–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Heaney, RP & Recker, RR (1982) Effects of nitrogen, phosphorus, and caffeine on calcium balance in women. Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine 99, 46–55.Google ScholarPubMed
Hess, B, Michel, R, Takkinen, R, Ackermann, D & Jaeger, P (1994) Risk factors for low urinary citrate in calcium nephrolithiasis: low vegetable fibre intake and low urine volume to be added to the list. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 9, 642–649.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Heymsfield, SB, Allison, DB, Vasselli, JR, Pietrobelli, A, Greenfield, D & Nunez, C (1998) Garcinia cambodgia (hydroxycitric acid) as a potential antiobesity agent: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Medical Association 280, 1596–1600.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jones, G, Beard, T, Parameswaran, V, Greenaway, T & Von Witt, R (1997) A population-based study of the relationship between salt intake, bone resorption and bone mass. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 51, 561–565.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kriegger, NS, Sessler, NE & Bushinsky, DA (1992) Acidosis inhibits osteoblastic and stimulates osteoclastic activity in vitro. American Journal of Physiology 262, F442–F448.Google Scholar
Kunzelmann, K & Mall, M (2002) Electrolyte transport in the mammalian colon: mechanisms and implications for disease. Physiological Reviews 82, 245–289.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kwon, T-H, Fulton, C, Wang, W, Kurtz, I, Frokiear, J, Aalkjaer, C & Nielsen, S (2002) Chronic metabolic acidosis upregulates rat kidney Na-HCO 3 – cotransporters NBCn1 and NBC3 but not NBC1. American Journal of Physiology 282, F341–F351.Google Scholar
Leake, DS (1997) Does an acidic pH explain why low density lipoprotein is oxidised in atherosclerotic lesions? Atherosclerosis 129, 149–157.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lemann, J (1999) Relationship between urinary calcium and net acid excretion as determined by dietary protein and potassium: a review. Nephron 81, 18–25.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lemann, J, Gray, RW, Maierhofer, WJ & Cheung, HS (1986) The importance of renal net acid excretion as a determinant of fasting urinary calcium excretion. Kidney International 29, 743–746.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lennon, EJ, Lemann, J & Litzow, JR (1966) The effect of diet and stool composition on the net external acid balance of normal subjects. Journal of Clinical Investigation 45, 1601–1607.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lutz, J (1984) Calcium balance and acid-base status of women as affected by increased protein intake and by sodium bicarbonate ingestion. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 39, 281–288.Google ScholarPubMed
Massey, LK (2003) Dietary animal and plant protein and human bone health: a whole food approach. Journal of Nutrition 133, 862S–865S.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Massey, LK & Whiting, SJ (1996) Dietary salt, urinary calcium and bone loss. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 11, 731–736.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Matkovic, V, Ilich, JZ & Andon, MB (1995) Urinary calcium, sodium, and bone mass of young females. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 62, 417–425.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Melnick, JZ, Preisig, PA, Moe, OW, Srere, P & Alpern, RJ (1998) Renal cortical aconitase is regulated in hypo- and hypercitraturia. Kidney International 54, 160–165.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Morgan, J & Leake, DS (1995) Oxidation of low density lipoprotein by iron or copper at acidic pH. Journal of Lipid Research 36, 2504–2512.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Morris, RC, Schmidlin, O, Tanaka, M, Forman, A, Frassetto, L & Sebastian, A (2000) Differing effects of supplementary KCl and KHCO3: pathophysiological and clinical implication. Seminars in Nephrology 19, 487–493.Google Scholar
Mortensen, PB & Clausen, MR (1996) Short-chain fatty acids in the human colon: relation to gastrointestinal health and disease. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology 216, Suppl., 132–148.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moseley, RH, Jarose, S & Permoad, P (1992) Hepatic Na(+)-dicarboxylate cotransport: identification, characterization, and acinar localization. American Journal of Physiology 263, G871–G879.Google ScholarPubMed
New, SA (2002) The role of the skeleton in acid–base homeostasis. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 61, 151–164.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
New, SA, Bolton-Smith, C, Grubb, DA & Reid, DM (1997) Nutritional influences on bone mineral density: a cross-sectional study in premenopausal women. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 65, 1831–1839.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
New, SA, Robins, SP, Campbell, MK, Martin, JC, Garton, MJ, Bolton-Smith, C, Grubb, DA, Lee, SJ & Reid, DM (2000) Dietary influences on bone mass and bone metabolism: further evidence of a positive link between fruit and vegetable consumption and bone health? American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 71, 142–151.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nordin, BEC, Need, AG, Morris, HA & Horowitz, M (1993) The nature and significance of the relationship between urinary sodium and urinary calcium in women. Journal of Nutrition 123, 1615–1622.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nordin, BEC, Polley, KJ, Need, AG, Morris, HA & Marshall, D (1987) The problem of calcium requirement. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 45, 1295–1304.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Oh, MS (2000) New perspectives on acid-base balance. Seminars in Dialysis 13, 212–219.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pajor, AM (1999) Citrate transport by the kidney and intestine. Seminars in Nephrology 19, 195–200.Google ScholarPubMed
Pautard, FGE (1961) Calcium, phosphorus and the origins of back bones. New Science 260, 364–366.Google Scholar
Pickering, WP, Price, SR, Bircher, G, Marivonic, AC, Mitch, WE, Walls, J (2002) Nutrition in CAPD: serum bicarbonate and the ubiquitin-proteasome system in muscle. Kidney International 61, 1286–1292.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Remer, T. & (2000) Influence of diet on acid-base balance. Seminars in Dialysis 13, 221–226.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Remer, T, Manz, F (1995) Potential renal acid load of foods and its influence on urine pH. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 95, 791–797.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rodriguez-Bayona, B & Peragon, J (1998) Stimulation of rat-liver branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase activity by chronic metabolic acidosis. The International Journal of Biochemistry and Cell Biology 30, 529–534.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roughead, ZK, Johnson, LK, Lykken, GI & Hunt, JR (2003) Controlled high meat diets do not affect calcium retention or indices of bone status in healthy postmenopausal women. Journal of Nutrition 133, 1020–1026.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sakhaee, K, Williams, RH, Oh, MS, Paladino, P, Adams-Huet, B, Whitson, P & Pak, CY (1993) Alkali absorption and citrate excretion in calcium nephrolithiasis. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 8, 789–794.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Salovaara, S, Sandberg, AS & Andlid, T (2002) Organic acids influence iron uptake in the human epithelial cell line Caco-2. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 50, 6233–6238.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sebastian, A, Harris, ST, Ottaway, JH, Todd, KM & Morris, RC (1994) Improved mineral balance and skeletal metabolism in postmenopausal women treated with potassium bicarbonate. New England Journal of Medicine 330, 1776–1781.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sellin, JH (1999) SCFAs: the enigma of weak electrolyte transport in the colon. News in Physiology 14, 58–64.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sellmeyer, DE, Stone, KL, Sebastian, A & Cummings, SR (2001) A high ratio of dietary animal to vegetable protein increases the rate of bone loss and the risk of fracture in post-menopausal women. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 73, 118–122.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shortt, C & Flynn, A (1990) Sodium-calcium inter-relationships with specific reference to osteoporosis. Nutrition Research Reviews 3, 101–115.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Spencer, H, Kramer, L & Osis, D (1988) Do protein and phosphorus cause calcium loss? Journal of Nutrition 118, 657–660.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stoll, B, McNelly, S, Buscher, HP & Haussinger, D (1991) Functional hepatocyte heterogeneity in glutamate, aspartate and alpha-ketoglutarate uptake: a histoautoradiography study. Hepatology 13, 247–253.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tucker, KL, Hannan, MT, Chen, H, Cupples, LA, Wilson, PW & Kiel, DP (1999) Potassium, magnesium, and fruit and vegetable intakes are associated with greater bone mineral density in elderly men and women. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 69, 727–736.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wachman, A & Bernstein, DS (1968) Diet and osteoporosis. Lancet i, 958–959.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walaszek, Z, Szemraj, J, Narog, M, Adams, AK, Kilgore, J, Sherman, U & Hanausek, M (1997) Metabolism, uptake, and excretion of a D-glucaric acid salt and its potential use in cancer prevention. Cancer Detection and Prevention 21, 178–190.Google ScholarPubMed
Weaver, CM, Proulx, WR & Heaney, R (1999) Choices for achieving adequate dietary calcium with a vegetarian diet. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 70, Suppl., 543S–548S.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Welbourne, TC & Joshi, S (1990) Interorgan glutamine metabolism during acidosis. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 14, 77S–85S.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wiederkehr, M, Krapf, R (2001) Metabolic and endocrine effects of metabolic acidosis in humans. Swiss Medical Weekly 131, 127–132.Google ScholarPubMed
Wolffram, S, Unternahrer, R, Grenacher, B & Scharrer, E (1994) Transport of citrate across the brush border and basolateral membrane of rat small intestine. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 109, 39–52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yoshimi, N, Walaszek, Z, Mori, H, Hanausek, M, Szemraj, J & Slaga, TJ (2000) Inhibition of azoxymethane-induced rat colon carcinogenesis by potassium hydrogen D-glucarate. International Journal of Oncology 16, 43–48.Google ScholarPubMed
Zimmerli, B, O'Neill, B & Meier, PJ (1992) Identification of sodium-dependent and sodium-independent dicarboxylate transport systems in rat liver basolateral membrane vesicles. Pflugers Archiv 421, 329–335.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed