Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gxg78 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-24T12:00:30.329Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Nutrition and Multiple Organ Failure

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 December 2007

Kent Lundholm ,
Anders Hyltander  and
Rolf Sandström
Kent Lundholm
Affiliation:
Department of Surgery, University of Göteborg, Sahlgrenska Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden
Anders Hyltander
Affiliation:
Department of Surgery, University of Göteborg, Sahlgrenska Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden
Rolf Sandström
Affiliation:
Department of Surgery, University of Göteborg, Sahlgrenska Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. As you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.
Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Research Article
Information
Nutrition Research Reviews , Volume 5 , Issue 1 , January 1992 , pp. 97 - 113
Copyright
Copyright © The Nutrition Society 1992

References

REFERENCES

Abbott, W. C., Echenique, M. M., Bistrian, B. R., Williams, S. & Blackburn, G. L. (1983). Nutritional care of the trauma patient. Surgery Gynecology and Obstetrics 157, 585–597.Google ScholarPubMed
Alexander, J. W., MacMillan, B. G., Stinnett, J. D., Ogle, C. K., Bozian, R. C., Fischer, J. E., Oakes, J. B., Morris, M. J. & Krummel, R. (1980). Beneficial effects of aggressive protein feeding in severely burned children. Annals of Surgery 192, 505–517.Google Scholar
Ambrose, N. S., Johnson, M., Burdon, D. W. & Keighley, M. R. B. (1984). Incidence of pathogenic bacteria from mesenteric lymph nodes and ileal serosa during Crohn's disease surgery. British Journal of Surgery 71, 623–625.Google Scholar
Antonacci, A., Cowles, C. & Reaves, L. (1984). The role of nutrition in immunologic function. Infection in Surgery 3, 590–597.Google Scholar
Arfvidsson, B., Zachrisson, H., Möller-Loswick, A.-C., Hyltander, A., Sandström, R. & Lundholm, K. (1991). Effect of systemic hyperinsulinemia on amino acid flux across human legs in postabsorptive state. American Journal of Physiology 260, E46–E52.Google Scholar
Askanazi, J., Carpentier, Y. A., Jeevanandam, M., Michelsen, C. B., Elwyn, D. H. & Kinney, J. M. (1981). Energy expenditure, nitrogen balance, and norepinephrine excretion after injury. Surgery 89, 478–484.Google Scholar
Bagley, J. S., Wan, J. M. F., Georgieff, M., Forse, R. A. & Blackburn, G. L. (1991). Cellular nutrition in support of early multiple organ failure. Chest 100, 182S–188S.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barber, A. E., Jones, W. G., Minei, J. P., Fahey, T. J., Moldawer, L. L., Rayburn, J. L., Fischer, E., Keogh, C. V., Shires, G. T. & Lowry, S. F. (1990). Harry M. Vars award. Glutamine or fiber supplementation of a defined formula diet: impact on bacterial translocation, tissue composition, and response to endotoxin. JPEN—Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 14, 335–343.Google Scholar
Bartlett, R. H., Dechert, R. E., Mault, J. R., Ferguson, S. K., Kaiser, A. M. & Erlandson, E. E. (1982). Measurement of metabolism in multiple organ failure. Surgery 92, 771–779.Google Scholar
Bartlett, R. H., Mault, J. R., Dechert, R. E., Palmer, J., Swartz, R. D. & Port, F. K. (1986). Continuous arteriovenous hemofiltration: improved survival in surgical acute renal failure? Surgery 100, 400–408.Google Scholar
Baue, A. E. (1991). Nutrition and metabolism in sepsis and multisystem organ failure. Surgical Clinics of North America 71, 549–565.Google Scholar
Bistrian, B. R., Blackburn, G. L., Vitale, J., Cochran, D. & Naylor, J. (1976). Prevalence of malnutrition in general medical patients. Journal of the American Medical Association 235, 1567–1570.Google Scholar
Black, P. R., Brooks, D. C., Bessey, P. Q., Wolfe, R. R. & Wilmore, D. W. (1982). Mechanisms of insulin resistance following injury. Annals of Surgery 196, 420–435.Google Scholar
Border, J. R., Hassett, J., LaDuca, J., Seibel, R., Steinberg, S., Mills, B., Losi, P. & Border, D. (1987). The gut origin septic states in blunt multiple trauma (ISS = 40) in the ICU. Annals of Surgery 206, 427–448.Google Scholar
Brooks, D. C., Bessey, P. Q., Black, P. R., Aoki, T. T. & Wilmore, D. W. (1986). Insulin stimulates branched chain amino acid uptake and diminishes nitrogen flux from skeletal muscle of injured patients. Journal of Surgical Research 40, 395–405.Google Scholar
Burke, D., Alverdy, J. C. & Aoys, E. (1989). Glutamine supplemented TPN improves gut immune function. Surgical Infection Society Meeting, Denver, CO. p. 12 (abstract).Google Scholar
Cerra, F. B. (1987). The hypermetabolism organ failure complex. World Journal of Surgery 11, 173–181.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cerra, F. B., McPherson, J. P., Konstantinides, F. N., Konstantinides, N. N. & Teasley, K. M. (1988). Enteral nutrition does not prevent multiple organ failure syndrome (MOFS) after sepsis. Surgery 104, 727–733.Google Scholar
Cerra, F. B., Mazuski, J., Teasley, K., Nuwer, N., Lysne, J., Shronts, E. & Konstantinides, F. (1983). Nitrogen retention in critically ill patients is proportional to the branched chain amino acid load. Critical Care Medicine 11, 775–778.Google Scholar
Cerra, F. B., West, M., Billiar, T. R., Holman, R. T. & Simmons, R. (1989). Hepatic dysfunction in multiple systems organ failure as a manifestation of altered cell–cell interaction. Second Vienna Shock Forum 563–573.Google Scholar
Chang, R. W. S., Lee, B. & Jacobs, S. (1989). Identifying ICU patients who would not benefit from total parenteral nutrition. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 13, 535–538.Google Scholar
Clowes, G. H. A., Randall, H. T. & Cha, C. J. (1980). Amino acid and energy metabolism in septic and traumatized patients. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 4, 195–205.Google Scholar
Dahn, M. S., Langer, P., Lobdell, K., Hans, B., Jacobs, L. A. & Mitchell, R. A. (1987). Splanchnic and total body oxygen consumption differences in septic and injured patients. Surgery 101, 69–80.Google ScholarPubMed
Daly, J. M., Reynolds, J., Thom, A., Kinsley, L., Dietrick-Gallagher, M., Shou, J. & Ruggieri, B. (1988). Immune and metabolic effects of arginine in the surgical patient. Annals of Surgery 208, 512–523.Google Scholar
Deitch, E. A. (1989). Simple intestinal obstruction causes bacterial translocation in man. Archives of Surgery 124, 699–701.Google Scholar
Deitch, E. A., Ma, W. J., Ma, L., Berg, R. D. & Specian, R. D. (1990). Protein malnutrition predisposes to inflammatory-induced gut-origin septic states. Annals of Surgery 211, 560–567.Google Scholar
Detsky, A. S., Baker, J. P., O'Rourke, K. & Goel, V. (1987). Perioperative parenteral nutrition: a meta-analysis. Annals of Internal Medicine 107, 195–203.Google Scholar
Driks, M. R., Craven, D. E., Celli, B. R., Manning, M., Burke, R. A., Garvin, G. M., Kunches, L. M., Farber, H. W., Wedel, S. A. & McCabe, W. R. (1987). Nosocomial pneumonia in intubated patients given sucralfate as compared with antacids or histamine type 2 blockers. The role of gastric colonization. New England Journal of Medicine 317, 1376–1382.Google Scholar
Felig, P. (1975). Amino acid metabolism in man. Annual Review of Biochemistry 44, 933–955.Google Scholar
Fine, J., Frank, E. D. & Ravin, H. A. (1959). The bacterial factor in traumatic shock. New England Journal of Medicine 260, 214–220.Google Scholar
Fong, Y. M., Tracey, K. J., Hesse, D. G., Albert, J. D., Barie, P. S. & Lowry, S. F. (1990). Influence of enterectomy on peripheral tissue glutamine efflux in critically ill patients. Surgery 107, 321–326.Google Scholar
Friedman, L. M., Furberg, C. D. & DeMets, D. L. (1981). Sample size. In Fundamentals of Clinical Trials, pp. 69–88. London: J. Wright.Google Scholar
Fry, D. E., Pearlstein, R. L., Fulton, R. L. & Polk, H. C. (1980). Multiple system organ failure: Role of uncontrolled infection. Archives of Surgery 115, 136–140.Google Scholar
Gasparetto, A., Corbucci, G. G., De Blasi, R. A., Antonelli, M., Bagiella, E., D'Iddio, S. & Trevisani, C. (1991). Influence of acetyl-L-carnitine infusion on haemodynamic parameters and survival of circulatory-shock patients. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology Research 11, 83–92.Google Scholar
Gould, L., Ettinger, S., Carmichael, A., Lord, P. & Hofstra, P. (1970). The use of phentolamine in experimental hemorrhagic shock. Angiology 21, 330–335.Google Scholar
Greig, P. D., Elwyn, D. H., Askanazi, J. & Kinney, J. M. (1987). Parenteral nutrition in septic patients: effect of increasing nitrogen intake. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 46, 1040–1047.Google Scholar
Hunker, F. D., Bruton, C. W., Hunker, E. M., Durham, R. M. & Krumdieck, C. L. (1980). Metabolic and nutritional evaluation of patients supported with mechanical ventilation. Critical Care Medicine 8, 628–632.Google Scholar
Hunter, D. C., Jaksic, T., Lewis, D., Benotti, P. N., Blackburn, G. L. & Bistrian, B. R. (1988). Resting energy expenditure in the critically ill: estimations versus measurement. British Journal of Surgery 75, 875–878.Google Scholar
Hwanu, T. L., O'Dwyer, S. T., Smith, R. J. et al. (1986). Preservation of the small bowel mucosa using glutamine enriched parenteral nutrition. Surgical Forum 37, 56–58.Google Scholar
Jacobs, D. O., Evans, D. A., O'Dwyer, S. T. et al. (1988). Trophic effects of glutamine-enriched parenteral nutrition on colonic mucosa. JPEN—Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 12, Suppl. 1, 6.Google Scholar
Jarrett, F., Balish, E., Moylan, J. & Ellerbe, S. (1978). Clinical experience with prophylactic antibiotic bowel suppression in burn patients. Surgery 83, 523–527.Google Scholar
Jepson, M. M., Bates, P. C., Broadbent, P., Pell, J. M. & Millward, D. J. (1988). Relationship between glutamine concentration and protein synthesis in rat skeletal muscle. American Journal of Physiology 255, E166–E172.Google Scholar
Jordan, D. A., Miller, C. F., Kubos, K. L. & Rogers, M. C. (1987). Evaluation of sepsis in a critically ill surgical population. Critical Care Medicine 15, 897–904.Google Scholar
Keene, A. R. & Cullen, D. J. (1983). Therapeutic intervention scoring system: update. Critical Care Medicine 11, 1.Google Scholar
Knaus, W. A., Zimmerman, J. E., Wagner, D. P. et al. (1984). APACHE – Acute physiologic and chronic health evaluation: a physiologic based classification system. Critical Care Medicine 22, 167.Google Scholar
Ledingham, I. M., Alcock, S. R., Eastaway, A. T., McDonald, J. C., McKay, I. C. & Ramsay, G. (1988). Triple regimen of selective decontamination of the digestive tract, systemic cefotaxime, and microbiological surveillance for prevention of acquired infection in intensive care. Lancet i, 785–790.Google Scholar
Lundholm, K., Bennegård, K., Zachrisson, H., Lundgren, F., Edén, E. & Möller-Loswick, A.-C. (1987). Transport kinetics of amino acids across the resting human leg. Journal of Clinical Investigation 80, 763–771.Google Scholar
Lundholm, K., Edström, S., Ekman, L., Karlberg, I., Bylund, A.-C. & Scherstén, T. (1978). A comparative study of the influence of malignant tumor on host metabolism in mice and man. Evaluation of an experimental model. Cancer 42, 453–461.Google Scholar
Lundholm, K., Edström, S., Ekman, L., Karlberg, I., Walker, P. & Scherstén, T. (1981). Protein degradation in human skeletal muscle tissue: the effect of insulin, leucine, amino acids and ions. Clinical Science 60, 319–326.Google Scholar
MacLennan, P. A., Brown, R. A. & Rennie, M. J. (1987). A positive relationship between protein synthetic rate and intracellular glutamine concentration in perfused rat skeletal muscle. FEBS Letters 215, 187–191.Google Scholar
Marshall, J. C. (1991). The ecology and immunology of the gastrointestinal tract in health and critical illness. Journal of Hospital Infection 19, 7–17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marshall, J. C., Christou, N. V., Horn, R. & Meakins, J. (1987). The microbiology of multiple organ failure: the proximal gastrointestinal tract as an occult reservoir of pathogens. Program, Surgical Infection Society Philadelphia, PA.Google Scholar
Marshall, J. C., Christou, N. V., Horn, R. & Meakins, J. L. (1988). The microbiology of multiple organ failure. The proximal gastrointestinal tract as an occult reservoir of pathogens. Archives of Surgery 123, 309–315.Google Scholar
Mochizuki, H., Trocki, O., Dominioni, L., Brackett, K. A., Joffe, S. N. & Alexander, J. W. (1984). Mechanism of prevention of postburn hypermetabolism and catabolism by early enteral feeding. Annals of Surgery 200, 297–310.Google Scholar
Möller-Loswick, A.-C., Zachrisson, H., Bennegård, K., Sandström, R. & Lundholm, K. (1991). Insufficient effect of total parenteral nutrition to improve protein balance in peripheral tissues of surgical patients. JPEN—Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 15, 669–675.Google Scholar
Moore, E. E. & Jones, T. N. (1986). Benefits of immediate jejunostomy feeding after major abdominal trauma – a prospective, randomized study. Journal of Trauma 26, 874–881.Google Scholar
Müller, J. M., Brenner, U., Dienst, C. & Pichlmaier, H. (1982). Preoperative parenteral feeding in patients with gastrointestinal carcinoma. Lancet i, 68–71.Google Scholar
Mutirangura, P., Stonebridge, P. A., Clason, A. E., McClure, J. H., Wildsmith, J. A., Nolan, B., Ruckley, C. V. & Jenkins, A. McL. (1989). Ten-year review of non-ruptured aortic aneurysms. British Journal of Surgery 76, 1251–1254.Google Scholar
Nacht, C. A., Christin, L., Temler, E., Chioléro, R., Jéquier, E. & Acheson, K. J. (1987). Thermic effect of food: possible implication of parasympathetic nervous system. American Journal of Physiology 253, E481–E488.Google Scholar
Newsholme, E. A. (1990). Metabolic control logic applied to glutamine flux between muscle and the immune system. Clinical Nutrition 9, 113–114.Google Scholar
Offenbartl, K. & Bengmark, S. (1990). Intraabdominal infections and gut origin sepsis. World Journal of Surgery 14, 191–195.Google Scholar
Pain, J. A. & Bailey, M. E. (1986). Experimental and clinical study of lactulose in obstructive Jaundice. British Journal of Surgery 73, 775–778.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Palmer, R. M. J., Ashton, D. S. & Moncada, S. (1988). Vascular endothelial cells synthesize nitric oxide from L-arginine. Nature 333, 664–666.Google Scholar
Phelps, S. J., Brown, R. O., Helms, R. A., Christensen, M. L., Kudsk, K. & Cochran, E. B. (1991). Toxicities of parenteral nutrition in the critically ill patient. Critical Care Clinics 7, 725–753.Google Scholar
Pine, R. W., Wertz, M. J., Lennard, E. S., Dellinger, E. P., Carrico, C. J. & Minshew, B. H. (1983). Determinants of organ malfunction or death in patients with intra-abdominal sepsis: a discriminant analysis. Archives of Surgery 118, 242–249.Google Scholar
Pittiruti, M., Siegel, J. H., Sganga, G., Coleman, B., Wiles, C. E., Belzberg, H., Wedel, S. & Placko, R. (1985). Increased dependence of leucine in posttraumatic sepsis: leucine/tyrosine clearance ratio as an indicator of hepatic impairment in septic multiple organ failure syndrome. Surgery 98, 378–387.Google Scholar
Pomposelli, J. J., Mascioli, E. A., Bistrian, R. B., Lopes, S. M. & Blackburn, G. L. (1989). Attenuation of the febrile response in guinea-pigs by fish oil enriched diets. JPEN—Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 13, 136–140.Google Scholar
Quinn, T. & Askanazi, J. (1987). Nutrition and cardiac disease. Critical Care Clinics 3, 167–184.Google Scholar
Roberts, M. A., Barney, M. H., Trott, M. A., Montez, A. J., Stephens, V. M. & Lee, D. B. N. (1989). ‘Machineless’ nutritional hemodialysis. ASAIO Transactions 35, 270–273.Google Scholar
Rothschild, M., Oratz, M. & Schreiber, S. S. (1975). Regulation of albumin metabolism. Annual Review of Medicine 26, 91–104.Google Scholar
Rush, B. F., Sori, A. J., Murphy, T. F., Smith, S., Flanagan, J. J. & Machiedo, G. W. (1988). Endotoxemia and bacteremia during hemorrhagic shock. The link between trauma and sepsis? Annals of Surgery 207, 549–554.Google Scholar
Saba, T. M., Blumenstock, F. A., Scovill, W. A. & Bernard, H. (1978). Cryoprecipitate reversal of opsonic α2-surface binding glycoprotein deficiency in septic surgical and trauma patients. Science 201, 622–624.Google Scholar
Saba, T. M., Dillon, B. C. & Lanser, M. E. (1983). Fibronectin and phagocytic host defense: relationship to nutritional support. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 7, 62–68.Google Scholar
Sandberg, L. B., Owens, A. J., VanReken, D. E., Horowitz, B., Fredell, J. E., Takyi, Y., Troko, D. M., Horowitz, M. S. & Hanson, A. P. (1990). Improvement in plasma protein concentrations with fibronectin treatment in severe malnutrition. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 52, 651–656.Google Scholar
Sandstedt, S., Lennmarken, C., Symreng, T., Vinnars, E. & Larsson, J. (1985). The effect of pre-operative total parenteral nutrition on energy-rich phosphates, electrolytes and free amino acids in skeletal muscle of malnourished patients with gastric carcinoma. British Journal of Surgery 72, 920–924.Google Scholar
Sganga, G., Siegel, J. H., Brown, G., Coleman, B., Wiles, C. E., Belzberg, H., Wedel, S. & Placko, R. (1985). Reprioritization of hepatic plasma protein release in trauma and sepsis. Archives of Surgery 120, 187–199.Google Scholar
Shaw-Delanty, S. N., Elwyn, D. H., Askanazi, J., Iles, M., Schwarz, Y. & Kinney, J. M. (1990). Resting energy expenditure in injured, septic, and malnourished adult patients on intravenous diets. Clinical Nutrition 9, 305–312.Google Scholar
Sjölin, J., Stjernström, H., Friman, G., Larsson, J. & Wahren, J. (1990). Total and net muscle protein breakdown in infection determined by amino acid effluxes. American Journal of Physiology 258, E856–E863.Google Scholar
Skeie, B., Kvetan, V., Gil, K. M., Rothkopf, M. M., Newsholme, E. A. & Askanazi, J. (1990). Branch-chain amino acids: their metabolism and clinical utility. Critical Care Medicine 18, 549–571.Google Scholar
Smith, R. J. & Wilmore, D. W. (1990). Glutamine nutrition and requirements. JPEN—Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 14, Suppl. 4, 94S–99S.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sobrado, J., Moldawer, L. L., Pomposelli, J. J., Mascioli, E. A., Babayan, V. K., Bistrian, B. R. & Blackburn, G. L. (1985). Lipid emulsions and reticuloendothelial system function in healthy and burned guinea pigs. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 42, 855–863.Google Scholar
Souba, W. W., Klimberg, V. S., Hautamaki, R. D., Mendenhall, W. H., Bova, F. C., Howard, R. J., Bland, K. I. & Copeland, E. M. (1990). Oral glutamine reduces bacterial translocation following abdominal radiation. Journal of Surgical Research 48, 1–5.Google Scholar
Souba, W. W., Smith, R. J. & Wilmore, D. W. (1985). Glutamine metabolism by the intestinal tract. JPEN—Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 9, 608–617.Google Scholar
Stehle, P., Zander, J., Mertes, N., Albers, S., Puchstein, C. H., Lawin, P. & Fürst, P. (1989). Effect of parenteral glutamine peptide supplements on muscle glutamine loss and nitrogen balance after major surgery. Lancet i, 231–233.Google Scholar
Steinmetz, O. K. & Meakins, J. L. (1991). Care of the gut in the surgical intensive care unit: fact or fashion? Canadian Journal of Surgery 34, 207–215.Google Scholar
Sturm, H. A., Lewis, F. R., Trentz, O. et al. (1979). Cardiopulmonary parameters and prognosis after severe multiple trauma. Journal of Trauma 19, 305–318.Google Scholar
Tancrede, C. H. & Andremont, A. O. (1985). Bacterial translocation and gram negative bacteremia in patients with hematological malignancies. Journal of Infections Diseases 152, 99–103.Google Scholar
Teo, T. C., Demichele, S. J., Selleck, K. M., Babayan, V. K., Blackburn, G. L. & Bistrian, B. R. (1989). Administration of structured lipid composed of MCT and fish oil reduces net protein catabolism in enterally fed burned rats. Annals of Surgery 210, 100–107.Google Scholar
Ternell, M., Edström, S. & Lundholm, K. (1983). Transcriptional and translational activity in relation to oxygen consumption in isolated liver cells from sarcoma-bearing mice. Cancer Biochemistry and Biophysics 6, 213–219.Google Scholar
Ternell, M., Zachrisson, H. & Lundholm, K. (1988). RNA polymerase activity and protein synthesis in mouse tumor-host liver compared to benign para-neoplastic reactions. International Journal of Cancer 42, 464–469.Google Scholar
Trocki, O., Mochizuki, H., Dominioni, L. & Alexander, J. W. (1986). Intact protein versus free amino acids in the nutritional support of thermally injured animals. JPEN—Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 10, 139–145.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
VA Total Parenteral Nutrition Cooperative Study Group (1991). Perioperative total parenteral nutrition in surgical patients. New England Journal of Medicine 325, 525–532.Google Scholar
Van Saene, H. F. K., Stoutenbeek, C. P., Miranda, D. R. & Zandstra, D. F. (1983). A novel approach to infection control in the intensive care unit. Acta Anaesthesiologica Belgica 34, 193–208.Google Scholar
Vincent, P., Colombel, J. F. & Lescut, D. (1988). Bacterial translocation in patients with colorectal cancer. Journal of Infectious Diseases 158, 1395–1396.Google Scholar
von Meyenfeldt, M. F., Soeters, P. B., Vente, J. P., van Berlo, C. L., Rouflart, M. M., de Jong, K. P., van der Linden, C. J. & Gouma, D. J. (1990). Effect of branched chain amino acid enrichment of total parenteral nutrition on nitrogen sparing and clinical outcome of sepsis and trauma: a prospective randomized double blind trial. British Journal of Surgery 77, 924–929.Google Scholar
Wan, J. M. & Grimble, R. F. (1987). Effect of dietary linoleate content on the metabolic response of rats to Escherichia coli endotoxin. Clinical Science 72, 383–385.Google Scholar
Weiss, L., Danielson, B. G., Wikström, B., Hedstrand, U. & Wahlberg, J. (1989). Continuous arteriovenous hemofiltration in the treatment of 100 critically ill patients with acute renal failure: report on clinical outcome and nutritional aspects. Clinical Nephrology 31, 184–189.Google Scholar
Wennberg, A., Hyltander, A., Sjöberg, Å., Arfvidsson, B., Sandström, R., Wickström, I. & Lundholm, K. (1992). Prevalence of carnitine depletion in critically ill patients with undernutrition. Metabolism 41, 165–171.Google Scholar
Wusteman, M. & Elia, M. (1991). Effect of glutamine infusions on glutamine concentration and protein synthetic rate in rat muscle. JPEN—Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 15, 521–525.Google Scholar
Xian-jun, M., Tao, Y., Ping, Z. & Ping, W. (1988). Experimental study on the effects of adrenergic blockade to multiple organ failure. Chinese Medical Journal 101, 209–212.Google Scholar