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Antioxidants in smokers

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  30 April 2021

Emanuela Astori ,
Maria L. Garavaglia ,
Graziano Colombo ,
Lucia Landoni ,
Nicola M. Portinaro ,
Aldo Milzani  and
Isabella Dalle-Donne Open the ORCID record for Isabella Dalle-Donne [Opens in a new window]
Emanuela Astori
Affiliation:
Department of Biosciences (Department of Excellence 2018-2022), Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 26, I-20133Milan, Italy
Maria L. Garavaglia
Affiliation:
Department of Biosciences (Department of Excellence 2018-2022), Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 26, I-20133Milan, Italy
Graziano Colombo
Affiliation:
Department of Biosciences (Department of Excellence 2018-2022), Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 26, I-20133Milan, Italy
Lucia Landoni
Affiliation:
Department of Biosciences (Department of Excellence 2018-2022), Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 26, I-20133Milan, Italy
Nicola M. Portinaro
Affiliation:
Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, I-20133Milano, Italy Orthopedic Paediatric and Neuro-Orthopedic Unit, Istituto Clinico Humanitas, IRCCS, I-20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy
Aldo Milzani
Affiliation:
Department of Biosciences (Department of Excellence 2018-2022), Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 26, I-20133Milan, Italy
Isabella Dalle-Donne*
Affiliation:
Department of Biosciences (Department of Excellence 2018-2022), Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 26, I-20133Milan, Italy
*
*Corresponding author: Isabella Dalle-Donne, Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 26, I-20133 Milan, Italy. Tel.: +39-0250314792; e-mail: [email protected]
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Abstract

Cigarette smoke (CS) is likely the most common preventable cause of human morbidity and mortality worldwide. Consequently, inexpensive interventional strategies for preventing CS-related diseases would positively impact health systems. Inhaled CS is a powerful inflammatory stimulus and produces a shift in the normal balance between antioxidants and oxidants, inducing oxidative stress in both the respiratory system and throughout the body. This enduring and systemic pro-oxidative state within the body is reflected by increased levels of oxidative stress and inflammation biomarkers seen in smokers. Smokers might benefit from consuming antioxidant supplements, or a diet rich in fruit and vegetables, which can reduce the CS-related oxidative stress. This review provides an overview of the plasma profile of antioxidants observable in smokers and examines the heterogeneous literature to elucidate and discuss the effectiveness of interventional strategies based on antioxidant supplements or an antioxidant-rich diet to improve the health of smokers. An antioxidant-rich diet can provide an easy-to-implement and cost-effective preventative strategy to reduce the risk of CS-related diseases, thus being one of the simplest ways for smokers to stay in good health for as long as possible. The health benefits attributable to the intake of antioxidants have been observed predominantly when these have been consumed within their natural food matrices in an optimal antioxidant-rich diet, while these preventive effects are rarely achieved with the intake of individual antioxidants, even at high doses.

Keywords

Cigarette smokeOxidative stressInflammationAntioxidant-rich dietSmoking-related diseasesPreventive strategies
Type
Review Article
Information
Nutrition Research Reviews , Volume 35 , Issue 1 , June 2022 , pp. 70 - 97
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Copyright
© The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of The Nutrition Society

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Footnotes

†

The recommended dietary (daily) allowance (RDA) is the average daily dietary intake level for vitamins (A, C and E), carotenoids and other antioxidants that is sufficient to meet the nutrient requirement of nearly all (97–98 %) healthy individuals in a particular life stage and sex group(113,114).

§

These authors contributed equally to this manuscript.

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