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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 24 May 2012
E.T.A. Hoffmann's discussions of performance, largely ignored in the current literature, proclaim a key aspect of his aesthetics: performance should transport its listeners to that ‘other world’ of the music itself. To underline the point, Hoffmann resorts to elaborate metaphor, most strikingly in the essay on Beethoven's Piano Trios op. 70.
In seeking to understand this aspect of Hoffmann's aesthetics, I briefly situate his ideas in the context of early nineteenth-century aesthetics. However, his accounts of transcendent listening correlate with modern theories of absorbed attention and, more generally, inform current debates concerning the relationships between performance, listening, and the secondary discourses of musical exegesis. Does knowledge about music always or necessarily promote deep listening? In considering such questions, I turn to the philosophical accounts of audiencing in Gadamer and Adorno. Adorno in particular is aware of the limits of conceptualisation and the need to acknowledge the power of music to transcend what we can say about it.
There are many problems with Hoffmann's aesthetics, but I argue that these do not invalidate his central argument, which is also Adorno's: that the finest music is not a discourse wholly accessible to conceptualization, for the latter may at times detract from the deeper listening experience. I illustrate the point by considering the pre-war recording of Beethoven's op. 135 quartet by the Busch Quartet, arguing that this recording achieves its longevity not by complying with Beethoven's score but by adopting strategies that draw its listeners into its own magical arena.
1 Hoffmann's musical writings are collected and edited by David Charlton in E.T.A. Hoffmann's Musical Writings: Kreisleriana, The Poet and the Composer, Music Criticism, trans. Martyn Clarke (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989)Google Scholar. The essay entitled ‘Beethoven's Piano Trios’ was first published in the Allgemeine Musikalische Zeitung (AMZ) in March 1813, and is translated, with critical commentary, in Charlton, Hoffmann's Musical Writings, 300–325Google Scholar. The cited passage is on p. 324.
2 The essay on the Fifth Symphony, first published in AMZ in July 1810, is translated in Charlton, Hoffmann's Musical Writings, 235–251Google Scholar.
3 Gerhard Allroggen (‘Hoffmann, Ernst Theodor Amadeus’, in The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second ed., eds. Stanley Sadie and John Tyrell, London: Macmillan, 2001) assumes that readers of The New Grove will not be interested in Hoffmann's texts on performance: ‘After 1815, [Hoffmann] reviewed only performances for the Berlin newspapers’. For Daniel Chua's ‘deconstruction’ based mainly on the essay on the Fifth Symphony, see his Absolute Music and the Construction of Meaning (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999)Google Scholar, especially p. 178.
4 Robin Wallace, Beethoven's Critics: Aesthetic Dilemmas and Resolutions during the Composer's Lifetime (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1986): 23Google Scholar.
5 Charlton, Hoffmann's Musical Writings, 239Google Scholar.
6 ‘Review of Mozart's Don Giovanni, 20 September 1815, translated in Charlton Hoffmann's Musical Writings, 399.
7 Charlton, Hoffmann's Musical Writings, 390Google Scholar. Romberg is apparently playing one of his own concertos.
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9 Chantler, Abigail, E.T.A. Hoffmann's Musical Aesthetics (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2006)Google Scholar: 8 and 16. See also Carl Dahlhaus, Ludwig van Beethoven: Approaches to his Music, trans. Mary Whittall (Oxford: Clarendon, 1991)Google Scholar: 69 for discussion of Hoffmann's ‘dithyrambic’ style in the essay on the Fifth Symphony.
10 Hanslick, Eduard, Vom Musikalisch-Schönen: Ein Bertrag zur Revision der Aesthetik der Tonkunst (Leipzig: Rudolph Weigel, 1854)Google Scholar. English trans. Geoffrey Payzant from the eighth edition (1891) as On the Musically Beautiful (Indiana: Hackett Publishing Company, 1986): 28Google Scholar.
11 Immanuel Kant, The Critique of Judgment, trans. James Creed Meredith (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1952 [1790]): 175Google ScholarPubMed, ¶46. For further discussion see Charlton, Hoffmann's Musical Writings, 21.
12 Hoffmann argues that the symphonies of Haydn and Mozart are already ‘romantic’ ( Charlton, Hoffmann's Musical Writings, 237–8Google Scholar). For more extended discussion and historical context see Carl Dahlhaus, The Idea of Absolute Music [Die Idee der absolute Musik, 1978, translated Roger Lustig] (Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1989)Google Scholar, especially chapter 3.
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17 Carl Dahlhaus, Absolute Music, 85–6 and Chapter 2 passim. The term usefully signifies music that has no non-musical function beyond the strictly artistic, i.e. it is accompanying neither text, dance nor any other activity other than listening, neither is its purpose primarily to represent the extra-musical. Dahlhaus shows how the emergence of what we nowadays identify as the classical symphony exposed the shortcomings of representational aesthetics and pressed the question of how a music that could not be conceptually reduced to function or meaning might nonetheless be perceived as profound. This point is further developed by Andrew Bowie, who more systematically reviews the ways the ‘early romantic’ philosophers attempted to theorize the fundamental epistemological problem posed by instrumental music. See Bowie, Andrew, Music, Philosophy and Modernity (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007): 159–160 CrossRefGoogle Scholar; also Chantler, Hoffmann's Musical Aesthetics, 21Google Scholar.
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19 Charlton, Hoffmann's Musical Writings, 100Google Scholar. Hoffmann does not give the name of the pianist nor is there evidence of a violinist or cellist at the unidentified event.
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21 Cited in Bowie, Andrew, From Romanticism to Critical Theory: The Philosophy of German Literary Theory (London: Routledge, 1997): 112CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Bowie is translating from Schleiermacher's Ethik, 1990 [1812–13]: 116.
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23 Immanuel Kant, Critique of Judgment, 53 (Book 1, ¶8). Kant also emphasizes the freedom of the subject in arriving at aesthetic judgements. For discussion in the light of Kant's theorising of genius, see Charlton, Hoffmann's Musical Writings, 21Google Scholar.
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37 Csikszentmihalyi, Mihaly, Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experiences (New York: Harper, 1990): 64Google Scholar. This text is not uncontroversial among psychologists but is grounded on extensive empirical studies.
38 Hans-Georg Gadamer, Truth and Method, trans. Joel Weinsheimer and Donald G. Marshall (London: Continuum International Publishing, 1975)Google ScholarPubMed: 101ff.
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40 Recording of Beethoven's String Quartet op. 135, The Busch Quartet, first released by HMV (1933), reissued by Iron Needle on IN 1413.
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44 Beethoven: The Late String Quartets, Lindsay String Quartet, ASV CD DCS 403, Disc 4.
45 A recording of a 1938 Toscanini broadcast of the Lento assai from op. 135 is reproduced on ‘Toscanini: Beethoven's Ninth Symphony’, Music and Arts CD-1136 (1).
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