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Jesus the Christ1

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 February 2009

W. C. Van Unnik
W. C. Van Unnik
Affiliation:
Bilthoven, Holland
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Extract

On a warm, sunny afternoon— one which we so much missed this year in our part of the globe— I stood on the beach of our Dutch seacoast. There was a crowd so tightly packed that one could hardly discover the sand or the sea. The only thing one sees is the highly variegated species of man; the only thing one hears is the cacophony of sound produced by this crowd.

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Articles
Information
New Testament Studies , Volume 8 , Issue 2 , January 1962 , pp. 101 - 116
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1962

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References

page 102 note 1 Conzelmann, H., ‘Zur Methode des Leben-Jesu-Forschung’, Z. Theol. Kirche, LVI (1959),Google ScholarBeiheft, I (Tübingen, 1959), p. 7.Google Scholar

page 102 note 2 Matthiae, H. Ristow-K. (eds.), Der historische Jesus und der kerugmatische Christus (Berlin, 1960).Google Scholar

page 102 note 3 First published in Z. Theol. Kirche, LI (1954), 125–53;Google Scholar reprinted in Käsemann, E., Exegetisċhe Versuche und Besinnungen (Göttingen, 1960), 1, 187–214.Google Scholar

page 103 note 1 London, 1959; a German edition with the title: Kerugma und historischer Jesus (Zürich, 1960), is enlarged and brings the story of the debate up to date.Google Scholar

page 103 note 2 Robinson, J. M., Kerugma, pp. 39 ff.; Quest, pp. 26Google Scholar ff.: ‘Jesus of Nazareth as he actually was’ and ‘what can be known of Jesus of Nazareth by means of the scientific methods of the historian’. Ebeling, G., ‘Die Frage nach dem historischen Jesus und das Problem der Christologie’, Z. Theol. Kirthe, LVI (1959),Google ScholarBeiheft, I (Tübingen, 1959), p. 20: ‘Der wirkliche Jesus, der rein menschliche Jesus, der zeitgeschichtlich bedingte, rein historische Jesus und der zum historischen Bild objectivierte und sontit entwirklichte Jesus.’Google Scholar

page 103 note 3 In this connexion I should like to draw attention to the very searching examination of Bultmann's use of the term ‘Kerugma’ in the thesis of Jong, J. M. de, Kerugma, cen onderzoek naar de vooronderstellingen van de theologie van Rudolf Bultmann (Assen, 1958).Google Scholar

page 104 note 1 ‘Jesus or Christ?’, being the Hibbert Journal Supplement for 1909 (London, 1909).Google Scholar

page 104 note 2 In this connexion we may also refer to an even older discussion of the theme. In 1894 the well-known Old Testament scholar Valeton, J. J. P. Jr, read a paper: ‘De ‘Historische Jesus” en de “Christus der Kerk”’, published in his Getuigenissen (Nijmegen, 1907), pp. 1–26. He shows some influence of Martin Kaehler, but it is very striking to notice here remarkable anticipations of statements made by Bultmann. One wonders how the course of the New Testament studies would have been if these theses, for example about the non-biographical character of the gospels, had been accepted by the leading ‘Wissenschaftler’ of that time! The answer is of course impossible, but the reflexion may teach us as an interesting lesson.Google Scholar

page 105 note 1 It may be sufficient to refer to the material discussed in Bousset, W., Die Religion des Judentums im späthellenistischen Zeitalter2 (Tübingen, 1926), pp. 222 ff.;Google ScholarVolz, P., Die Eschatologie der jüdischen Gemeinde in neutestamentlicher Zeitalter2 (Tübingen, 1934), pp. 173 ff.Google Scholar; Mowinckel, S., He that Cometh, (Oxford, 1956).Google Scholar

page 105 note 2 Woude, A. S.van der, Die messianischen Vorstellungen der Gemeinde von Qumran (Assen, 1957)Google Scholar; Black, M., The Scrolls and Christian Origins (Edinburgh, 1961), pp. 45 if.Google Scholar

page 105 note 3 Cf., N. A. Dahl, ‘Die Messianität Jesu bei Paulus’, in Studia Paulina in honorem Johannis de Zwaan (Haarlem, 1953), pp. 83 ff.Google Scholar (cf., p. 88): ‘Paulus vertretet ein auffallend fortgeschrittenes Stadium in der Entwicklung, die dazu führte, daβ Xplotós aus einer Messiasbezeichnung zu einem zweiten Eigennamen Jesu wurde.’Google Scholar

page 106 note 1 See my paper ‘The Purpose of St. John's Gospel’, Studia Evangelica (Berlin, 1959), pp. 382 ff.:Google Scholar

page 106 note 2 Cullmann, O., Die Christologie des Neuen Testaments (Tübingen, 1958), pp. 111 ff.;Google ScholarTaylor, V., The Names of Jesus (London, 1953), pp. 10 ff.Google Scholar

page 106 note 3 Sevenster, G., De Christologie van het Nieuwe Testament2 (Amsterdam, 1948), pp. 73 f.Google Scholar

page 107 note 1 Manson, W., Jesus the Messiah (London, 1945), p. 8; cf. also p. 12: ‘The Christian tradition of Jesus as Messiah and Son of Man has in fact nothing except these titles in common with the Jewish national and apocalyptic visions of the coming Deliverer.’Google Scholar

page 107 note 2 Héring, J., Le Royaume de Dieu et sa Venue (Paris, 1937), pp. 50 ff., esp. p. 129.Google Scholar

page 107 note 3 Bultmann, R., Theologie des Neuen Testaments (Tübingen, 1953), p. 26.Google Scholar

page 107 note 4 Bultmann, , loc. cit. pp. 27 ff.Google Scholar

page 107 note 5 Bultmann, R., Das Verhältnis der urchristlichen Christusbotschaft zum historischen Jesus2 (Heidelberg, 1961), p. 12.Google Scholar

page 109 note 1 Hegesippus, , ap. Eusebius, Hist. Eccl. III, 19 ff.Google Scholar

page 109 note 2 Craig, C. T., ‘The Problem of the Messiahship of Jesus’, in Booth, E. P. (ed.), New Testament Studies (New York, Nashville, 1942), pp. 95 ff.Google Scholar

page 109 note 3 Dahl, N. A., ‘Der gekreuzigte Messias’, Der historische Jesus und der kerugmatische Christus, pp. 149 ff.Google Scholar

page 109 note 4 This has already been pointed Out by various authors; see, for example, Stauffer, E., ‘Messias oder Menschensohn’, Novum Testamentnm, 1 (1956), 81. ff.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

page 109 note 5 See also the discussion on the reasons of the crucifixion and the title on the cross in Blinzler, J., Der Process Jesu3 (Regensburg, 1960).Google Scholar

page 110 note 1 I discussed these texts in: The Purpose of St John's Gospel; pp. 395 ff.;Google Scholar see also Acts iii. 18. I do not agree with Dahl, , loc cit. p. 160, that this is a ‘spätere Theologisierung’. This was simply forced upon the Christians as the main topic of discussion with the Jews. That Paul uses άπέθανέν in I Cor. xv. 3 is determined by the problem of that chapter where not the suffering of the Messiah, but his Resurrection is the main theme, for which the death is presupposition.Google Scholar

page 111 note 1 On Jesus' relation to political Messiahship see, among others, Loos, H. van der, Jesus, MessiasKoning (Assen, 1942).Google Scholar

page 111 note 2 I cannot go into a detailed discussion of the many questions connected with the trial of Jesus; it may be sufficient to refer to Blinzler's book.

page 111 note 3 der, Woude Van, loc. cit. pp. 173 f.Google Scholar

page 111 note 4 Black, M., loc. cit. p. 149.Google Scholar

page 112 note 1 Friedrich, G., ‘Beobachtungen zur messianischen Hohepriestererwartung in der Synoptikern’, Z. Theol. Kirche, LIII (1956), 265Google Scholar ff.; the objection derived from the Epistle to the Hebrews is mentioned by Friedrich, himself, p. 310.Google Scholar

page 112 note 2 Cf., F. Gils, Jésus prophète (Louvain, 1957) and the literature mentioned there.Google Scholar

page 112 note 3 See the full discussion of the material in connexion with the Qumran material by Van, der Woude, loc. cit. pp. 78 ff.Google Scholar

page 112 note 4 Josephus, , Ant. XX, 5, I par. 97; xx, 8, 6 par. 167;Google ScholarBell. Jud. II, 13, 4 par. 258.Google Scholar

page 112 note 5 See the discussion of the various opinions in Taylor, V., The Gospel according to St Mark (London, 1953), pp. 451 f.Google ScholarBornkamm, C., Jesus von Nazareth (Stuttgart, 1956), pp. 145 f. accepts it as an historical event.Google Scholar

page 112 note 6 That point is made by Héring, , loc. cit. p. 141.Google Scholar

page 113 note 1 Josephus, , Ant. VIII, 2, 5;Google ScholarSchürer, E., Geschichte des jüdischen Volkes im Zeitalter Jesu Christi4 (Leipzig, 1909), III, 413 ff.Google Scholar

page 113 note 2 Unnik, W. C. van, ‘“Dominus Vobiscum”, the Background of a Liturgical Formula’, in Higgins, A. J. B. (ed.), New Testament Essays in Memory of T. W. Manson (Manchester, 1959), pp. 270 ff.Google Scholar

page 114 note 1 Baer, H. von, Der heilige Geist in den Lukasschriflen (Stuttgart, 1926).Google Scholar

page 114 note 2 Cf., J. de Fraine, ‘Zalving’, Bijbels Woordenboek2 (Roermond, 1954–1957), col. 189.Google Scholar

page 114 note 3 I Kings xix. 16— ‘and Elisha… you shall anoint to be prophet in your place’, but that is not told in ν. 19, where it reads ‘Elijah passed by him and cast his mantle upon him’.

page 114 note 4 For the exegesis see Van, der Woude, loc. cit. pp. 16 if.Google Scholar

page 114 note 5 Cf. also Ps. Sal. XVIII, 7: ‘under the rod of chastening of the Lord's anointed in the fear of his God, in the spirit of wisdom and righteousness and strength’.Google Scholar

page 114 note 6 See Lampe, G. W. H., The Seal of the Spirit (London, 1951), pp. 1 ff.Google Scholar

page 114 note 7 Chevallier, M. A., L'Esprit et le Messie dons le bas Judaïsme et le Nouveau Testament (Paris, 1958).Google Scholar

page 115 note 1 See my The Purpose of St John's Gospel, p. 405.Google Scholar

page 115 note 2 Cf., my ‘“Dominus Vobiscum”’, pp. 287 f.Google Scholar

page 115 note 3 Cf., C. K. Barrett, The Holy Spirit and the Gospel Tradition (London, 1947), pp. 140 ff. and the literature mentioned there.Google Scholar