Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t8hqh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-23T22:10:51.860Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Internationalization of Retailing in Turkey

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 July 2015

Extract

In the space of less than a decade, the metropolitan cities of Turkey have witnessed a dramatic and continuing change with the entry of international retailers into the Turkish retailing sector. This development was both sudden and surprising for a society in which retailing had always been dominated by small and independent domestic retailers. For years, the only structural change which had been anticipated by politicians and academics was an increasing role of public authorities in retail distribution, with the objective of eliminating middlemen and connecting producers more directly with consumers. In the late 1970s, there were doubts as to whether distribution should be left to the workings of the capitalist market. Even in the mid-1980s, people had only just started to learn how to pronounce the names of the largest international retailers. Then, in the late 1980s and early 1990s, foreign retail companies became involved in Turkish retailing.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © New Perspectives on Turkey 1997

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Baykai, O. and Gülmez, Y. 1979. “Büyük Perakendeci Kuruluşların Sorunları ve Gelişme Olanakları,” (The Problems and Development Opportunities of Large Scale Retailers), Ankara: unpublished Report.Google Scholar
Boratav, B.et al. 1996. “Dilemmas of Structural Adjustment and Environmental Policies Under Instability: Post-1980 Turkey,” World Development, 24 (2), 373393.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burt, S. 1991. “Trends in the Internationalization of Grocery Retailing: the European Experience,” International Review of Retail Distribution and Consumer Research, 2 (1), 487515.Google Scholar
Business Europe. 1995. “Issue Analysis: Marks and Spencer,” March 612, 7.Google Scholar
Capital Supplement 1996. “The Turkish Retail Sector,“ Capital, July, 4(7), 6667.Google Scholar
Castells, M. 1993. “The Informational Economy and the New International Division of Labor” in Carnoy, M.et al. (eds.). The New Global Economy in the Information Age. Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University.Google Scholar
Carnoy, M. 1993. “Multinationals in a Changing World Economy: Whither the Nation State?” in Carnoy, M.et al. (eds.). The New Global Economy in the Information Age. Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Corporate Intelligence on Retailing 1995. Retail Opportunities in Turkey. Great Britain: Corporate Intelligence Group.Google Scholar
Dawson, J. 1993. “The Internationalization of Retailing,” in Bromley, R.D.F. and Thomas, C.J. (eds.). Retail Change: Contemporary Issues. London: UCL Press.Google Scholar
Ekonomist. 1995. “Hiper ve Süpermarket Sayısı Bini Buldu” (The Total Number of Hyper and Super Markets Became One-thousand), November 19th, 1218.Google Scholar
Financial Times. 1994. “A Superficial Culture,” November 3rd.Google Scholar
Hollander, S. C. 1970. Multinational Retailing, MSU International Business and Economic Studies East Lansing: MSU.Google Scholar
Hürriyet. 1996. “Koç'tan Bakü'ye İlk Supermarket” (The first supermarket from Koç in Baku), February 2nd.Google Scholar
Kaynak, E. 1982. Marketing in the Third World. New York: Praeger.Google Scholar
Keyder, Ç. 1979. “The Political Economy of Turkish Democracy,” New Left Review, 115, 344.Google Scholar
Laulajainen, R. 1991. “Two Retailers Go Global: the Geographical Dimension,” International Review of Retail Distribution and Consumer Research, 1 (5), 607626.Google Scholar
Levitt, T. 1983. “The Globalization of Markets,” Harvard Business Review, 61(3), 92102.Google Scholar
McGoldrick, P. J. and Ho, S. S. L. 1992. “International Positioning: Japanese Department Stores in Hong Kong,” European Journal of Marketing, 26 (8/9), 6173.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ohmae, K. 1991. “Marketing in a Borderless World,” in Going Global: Succeeding in World Markets. Boston, Massachusetts: Harvard Business Review Press.Google Scholar
Öniş, Z. 1992. “Redemocratization and Economic Liberalization in Turkey: the Limits of State Autonomy,” Studies in International Development, 27 (2), 323.Google Scholar
Salmon, W. J. and Tordjman, A. 1989. “Internationalization of Retailing,” International Journal of Retailing, 4 (2), 316.Google Scholar
Sönmez, M. 1992. 1980'lerden 1990'lara Dışa Açılan Türkiye Kapitalizmi (Opening Up of Turkish Capitalism From the 1980s to the 1990s). Istanbul: Gerçek Yayınları.Google Scholar
Şenses, F. 1991. “Turkey's Stabilization and Structural Adjustment Program in Retrospect and Prospect,” The Developing Economies, 29 (3), 210234.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Toprak, Z. 1995. “Tüketim Örüntüleri ve Osmanlı Mağazaları,” (Consumption Patterns and the Ottoman Stores) Cogito: Dünya Büyük Bir Mağaza (World is a Big Store), 5 (Summer), 2528.Google Scholar
Treadgold, A. D. 1990. “The Developing Internationalization of Retailing,” Journal of Retail and Distribution Management, 18 (2), 411.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Undersecretariat of Treasury and Foreign Trade 1996a. Yabancı Sermaye Raporu, Nisan 1996 (Report on Foreign Capital, April 1996). 1996b. Yabancı Sermaye Raporu, 1993–1995 (Report on Foreign Capital, 1993–1995).Google Scholar
Waldman, C. 1978. Strategies of International Mass Retailers. New York: Praeger.Google Scholar
Waterbury, J. 1993. Exposed to Innumerable Delusions: Public Enterprise and State Power in Egypt, India, Mexico, and Turkey. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Williams, D. E. 1992. “Retailer Internationalization: an Empirical Inquiry,” European Journal of Marketing, 26 (8/9), 824.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nielsen, Zet. 1995. Avrupa ve Türkiye'de Perakende Ticaret Kılavuzu (A Guide to Retailing in Turkey and Europe), unpublished company report.Google Scholar