Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-xbtfd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-20T01:17:08.037Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Gender inequality, the welfare state, disability, and distorted commodification of care in Turkey

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  15 January 2021

Reyhan Atasü-Topcuoğlu Open the ORCID record for Reyhan Atasü-Topcuoğlu [Opens in a new window]
Reyhan Atasü-Topcuoğlu*
Affiliation:
Hacettepe University, Ankara, 06800 Turkey, and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, 10099 Berlin, Germany, email: [email protected], [email protected].
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Reforming care regimes to cover the care deficit and enhancing the marketization of care to promote individualism and gender equality have been on the European agenda since the 1990s. However, both implementation and results have been path-dependent. This study first underlines some specificities in the Turkish case—namely, the limited welfare state, a large shadow economy, gender roles, patriarchal backlash, Islamization, and neoliberalism, all of which receive little treatment in the welfare state literature. It then analyzes how these specificities interact in the construction of the care regime in Turkey, conceptualizing the outcome as distorted commodification of care—namely, the continuing ambiguity of care services despite these activities producing precarity and positional suffering for caregivers and recipients. Finally, the study provides concrete examples from the less studied topic of long-term disability care. It presents a perspective on Turkey that foregrounds the connections between gendered care imagery and case-specific qualities of the commodification of care shaped by the long-standing shadow economy, the outsourcing of disability services to for-profit private companies, and the introduction of the cash-for-care policy. The study analyzes the outcomes of distorted commodification of care under these conditions in Turkey vis-à-vis visibility, valuation of work, working conditions, and gender inequality.

Type
Article
Information
New Perspectives on Turkey , Volume 66 , May 2022 , pp. 61 - 87
Check for updates
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

Author’s note: I am grateful for the rigorous reviews that significantly contributed to and improved the work.

References

Acar, Feride and Gülbanu, Altunok. “The ‘Politics of Intimate’ at the Intersection of Neo-Liberalism and Neo-Conservatism in Contemporary Turkey.” Women’s Studies International Forum 41 (2013): 14–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Acuner, Derya, Ayman, Zelal Bedriye, Büyüktaş, Pınar, Gençay, Hilal, Eroğlu, Damla, Seral, Gülşah, Şahin, Duygu, “Ekonomik Haklarımız Var!” Women for Women’s Human Rights—New Ways 2016. https://www.kadinininsanhaklari.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/EkonomikWeb-yeni.pdf.Google Scholar
Akkan, Başak. “The Politics of Care in Turkey: Sacred Familialism in a Changing Political Context.” Social Politics 25, no. 1 (2018): 72–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Al Makhamreh, Sahar S. “Exploring Experiences of Informal Carers of Mental Health: Developing Community Intervention in Social Work in Jordan.” International Social Work 61, no. 6 (2018): 1042–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Altuntaş, Betül and Reyhan, Atasü-Topcuoğlu. Engelli Bakımı: Sosyal Bakım ve Kadın Emeği. Ankara: Nika, 2016.Google Scholar
Altuntaş, Betül and Reyhan, Atasü-Topcuoğlu.. “Engelli Bakımı Alanında Bakım Emeği, Sosyal Bakım ve Kadın İstihdamı.” World Bank Working Paper no. 110376. Washington, DC: World Bank Group (2016). http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/561391479488663095/Engelli-bakimi-alaninda-bakim-emeği-sosyal-bakim-ve-kadin-istihdami.Google Scholar
Anderson, Elizabeth. Value in Ethics and Economics. Boston: Harvard University Press, 1993.Google Scholar
Atasü-Topcuoğlu, Reyhan. “Kadın Emeği Nasıl Değersizleşir? Enformel Alan ve Ataerkilliğin Eklemlenme Mekanizmaları: Bilinçli Saklama ve Saklayarak Değersizleştirme.” Praksis 20 (2009): 87–104.Google Scholar
Atasü-Topcuoğlu, Reyhan. “Feminizmin Refah Devleti ve Sosyal Politika Alanına Eleştiri ve Katkıları.” Amme İdaresi Dergisi 49, no. 4 (2016): 37–64.Google Scholar
Aybars, A. İdil, F. Umut Beşpınar, and H. Sibel Kalaycıoğlu. “Familialization of Care Arrangements in Turkey: Questioning the Social Inclusion of ‘the Invisible’.” Research and Policy on Turkey 3, no. 2 (2018): 115–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Başol, Oğuz, Sağlam, Yalçın, and Çakır, Nur. “Engelli ve Yaşlı Bakım Perosnelinin Tükenmişlik Seviyeleri ile Çalışma Yaşamı Kalitesi Algısı İlişkisi.” Toplum ve Sosyal Hizmet 29, no. 2 (2018): 71–97.Google Scholar
Benjamin, Orley. Gendering Israel’s Outsourcing. Cham: Palgrave, 2016.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bezmez, Dikmen and Sibel, Yardımcı. “In Search of Disability Rights: Citizenship and Turkish Disability Organizations.” Disability & Society 25, no. 5 (2010): 603–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blank, Rebecca M. “When Can Public Policy Makers Rely on Private Markets? The Effective Provision of Social Services.” The Economic Journal 110, no. 462 (2000): 34–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bourdieu, Pierre. “The Space of Points of View.” In The Weight of the World: Social Suffering in Contemporary Society. Edited by Bourdieu, Pierre et al. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1999.Google Scholar
Brennan, Deborah, Cass, Bettina, Himmelweit, Susan, and Szebehely, Marta. “The Marketisation of Care: Rationales and Consequences in Nordic and Liberal Care Regimes.” Journal of European Social Policy 22, no. 4 (2012): 377–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buğra, Ayşe. “Türkiye’nin Değişen Refah Rejimi: Neoliberalizm, Kültürel Muhafazakârlık ve Yeniden Tanımlanan Toplumsal Dayanışma.” In Türkiye’de Refah Devleti ve Kadın. Edited by Saniye Dedeoğlu and Adem Yavuz Elveren. İstanbul: İletişim, 2012, 47–70.Google Scholar
Buğra, Ayşe and Ayşen, Candaş. “Change and Continuity under an Eclectic Social Security Regime: The Case of Turkey.” Middle Eastern Studies 47, no. 3 (2011): 515–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buğra, Ayşe and Çağlar, Keyder. “The Turkish Welfare Regime in Transformation.” Journal of European Social Policy 16, no. 3 (2006): 211–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Can, Başak. “Caring for Solidarity? The Intimate Politics of Grandmother Childcare and Neoliberal Conservatism in Urban Turkey.” New Perspectives on Turkey 60, no. 1 (2019): 85–107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Candaş, Ayşen. “Birinci Oturum Moderatör Raporu.” In Başka Bir Aile Mümkün mü? Edited by Nihal Boztekin. İstanbul: Heinrich Böll Stiftung Derneği, 2014, 48–57.Google Scholar
Dedeoğlu, Saniye. “2000’li Yıllarda Türkiye’de Toplumsal Cinsiyet Eşitliği Politikaları: Muhafakarlığın ve Neoliberalizmin Gölgesinde mi?” In Himmet, Fıtrat, Piyasa. Edited by Meryem Koray and Aziz Çelik. İstanbul: İletişim, 2015, 259–77.Google Scholar
Dedeoğlu, Saniye and Melda, Yaman-Öztürk, eds. Kapitalizm, Atarkillik ve Kadın Emeği: Türkiye Örneği. Istanbul: SAV Yayınları, 2010.Google Scholar
DeJong, Gerben. “Independent Living: From Social Movement to Analytical Paradigm.” Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 60 (1979): 435–46.Google Scholar
Devlet İstatistik Enstitüsü/Özürlüler İdaresi Başkanlığı (DİE/ÖZİDA). Türkiye Özürlüler Araştırması. Ankara: ÖZİDA, 2002.Google Scholar
Dramalı, Alev, Fatma Demir, and Meryem Yavuz. “Evde Kronik Hastaya Bakım Veren Hasta Yakınlarının Karşılaştıkları Sorunlar.” In I. Ulusal Evde Bakım Kongresi Kitabı. Edited by Güler Cimete. İstanbul: Marmara Üniversitesi, 1998, 117.Google Scholar
Duffy, Mignon, Albelda Randy, and Clare Hammonds. “Counting Care Work: The Empirical and Policy Applications of Care Theory.” Social Problems 60, no. 2 (2013): 145–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ecevit, Yıldız. Türkiye’de Aile ve İş Yaşamının Uyumlaştırılması. Ankara: Çalışma Bakanlığı Yayını, 2007.Google Scholar
Ecevit, Yıldız. “Feminist Sosyal Politika Bağlamında, Türkiye’de Çocuk Bakımı ve Eğitimi’ne İki Paradigmadan Doğru Bakmak.” In Geçmişten Günümüze Türkiye’de Kadın Emeği. Edited by Gülay Toksöz and Ahmet Makal. Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi Yayınevi, 2012, 220–65.Google Scholar
Ekenci, Mert Tunga. “2012 Türkiye Sağlık Araştırması’nın Engelliliğe Ilişkin Yaygınlık Ölçümü Açısından Incelenmesi.” Sosyal Politika Çalışmaları Dergisi 35, no.2 (2015): 95–112.Google Scholar
Elson, Diane. “Recognize, Reduce, and Redistribute Unpaid Care Work: How to Close the Gender Gap.” New Labor Forum 26, no. 2 (May 2017): 52–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Erdoğan, Bilal. “Evde Bakım Hizmeti Alan Özürlü Bireye Sahip Ailelerin Sosyo-Ekonomik Durumlarının İncelenerek, Umutsuzluk ve Yaşam Doyum Düzeylerinin Belirlenmesi.” Master’s thesis, Selçuk University, 2013.Google Scholar
Erdoğdu, Seyhan and Gülay, Toksöz. The Visible Face of Women’s Invisible Labour: Domestic Workers in Turkey. ILO: Geneva, 2013.Google Scholar
Esping-Andersen, Gosta. The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism. Cambridge: Polity Press, 1990.Google Scholar
Ferrera, Maurizio. “The ‘Southern Model’ of Welfare in Social Europe.” Journal of European Social Policy 6, no. 1 (1996): 17–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Folbre, Nancy. “Reforming Care.” Politics and Society 36, no. 3 (2008): 373–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fraser, Nancy. “Capitalism’s Crisis of Care.” Dissent 63, no. 4 (2016): 39–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fuat, Ercan and Melda, Yaman-Öztürk. “1979 Krizinden 2001 Krizine Türkiye’de Sermaye Birikimi Süreci ve Yaşanan Dönüşümler.” Praksis 19 (2012): 55–93.Google Scholar
Gearing, Robin E., Schwalbe, Craig S., MacKenzie, Michael J., Brewer, Kathryne B., Ibrahim, Rawan W., Olimat, Hmoud S., Al-Makhamreh, Sahar S., Irfan Mian, and Alean Al-Krenawi. “Adaptation and Translation of Mental Health Interventions in Middle Eastern Arab Countries: A Systematic Review of Barriers to and Strategies for Effective Treatment Implementation.” International Journal of Social Psychiatry 59, no. 7 (2013): 671–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Genç, Yusuf. “Engellilerin Sosyal Sorunlari ve Beklentileri.” Sosyal Politika Çalışmaları Dergisi 35, no. 2 (2016): 65–92.Google Scholar
Golinowska, Stanisława, Hengstenberg, Peter, and Żukowski, Maciej, eds. Diversity and Commonality in European Social Policies. Warsaw: Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, 2009.Google Scholar
Gray, Benjamin, Robinson, Catherine, Seddon, Diane, and Roberts, Angela. “Patterns of Exclusion of Carers for People with Mental Health Problems—The Perspectives of Professionals.” Journal of Social Work Practice 24, no. 4 (2010): 475–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greener, Ian. “Markets in the Public Sector: When Do They Work, and What Do We Do When They Don’t?” Policy & Politics 36, no. 1 (2008): 93–108.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guada, Joseph, Brekke, John S., Floyd, Reta, and Barbour, Jack. “Assessing the Family Functioning of Inner-City African-American Families Living with Schizophrenia with the McMaster Family Assessment Device.” Social Work in Mental Health 8, no. 3 (2010): 238–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Güçlü, Nazmiye. “Engelliler.” In Türkiye’de Hak Temelli Sivil Toplum Örgütleri. Edited by Gökmen Özgür. Ankara: Odak Ofset Matbaacılık, 2019, 175–208.Google Scholar
Himmelweit, Susan. “Caring: The Need for an Economic Strategy.” Public Policy Research 12, no. 3 (2005): 168–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hochschild, Arlie Russell. The Managed Heart: Commercialization of Human Feeling. Berkley, CA: University of Berkley, 1983.Google Scholar
Hochschild, Arlie Russell.. “The Culture of Politics: Traditional, Post-modern, Cold-modern, and Warm-modern Ideals of Care,” Social Politics 2, no. 3 (1995): 331–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hochschild, Arlie Russell.. “Love and Gold.” In Global Woman: Nannies, Maids, and Sex Workers in the New Economy. Edited by Barbara Ehrenreich and Arlie Russell Hochschild. New York: Metropolitan/OWL, 2002, 15–30.Google Scholar
Hombrados-Mendieta, Isabel and Francisco, Cosano-Rivas. “Burnout, Workplace Support, Job Satisfaction and Life Satisfaction among Social Workers in Spain: A Structural Equation Model.” International Social Work 56, no. 2 (2013): 228–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hughes, Bill. “The Constitution of Impairment: Modernity and the Aesthetic of Oppression.” Disability & Society 14, no. 2 (1999): 155–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Husso, Marita and Helena, Hirvonen. “Gendered Agency and Emotions in the Field of Care Work.” Gender, Work & Organization 19, no. 1 (2012): 29–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
İnekçi, Rukiye. “Serebral Palsili Çocuğa Sahip Annelerin Annelik Algısı.” Master’s thesis, Hacettepe University, 2018.Google Scholar
International, Labour Office. Care Work and Care Jobs for the Future of Decent Work. Geneva: ILO, 2018.Google Scholar
Isaksen, Lise Widding. Global Care Work: Gender and Migration in Nordic Societies. Lund: Nordic Academic Press, 2010.Google Scholar
Kalaycıoğlu, Sibel and Helga, Rittersberger-Tılıç. Evlerimizdeki Gündelikçi Kadınlar: Cömert ‘Abla’ların Sadık ‘Hanım’ları. İstanbul: Su Yayınları, 2000.Google Scholar
Karahan, Ali Yavuz and Serkan, İslam. “Fiziksel Engelli Çocuk ve Yaşlı Hastalara Bakım Verme Yükü Üzerine Bir Karşılaştırma Çalışması.” Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences 3 (2014): 1–7.Google Scholar
Karataş, Kasım and Turhan, İçli. “Mevcut Engelli Örgütlenmesi Modelleri ve Yeni Model Arayışları.” Paper presented at Hak Temelli Mücadele ve Engelli Örgütlenmesi: Dünden Yarına Arayışlar Çalıştayı, Beşiktaş Belediyesi: İstanbul. January 2017.Google Scholar
Karataş, Zeki “Evde Bakım Hizmeti Sunan Aile Bireyi Bakıcıların Moral ve Manevi Değerlerinin Başaçıkmadaki Etkisi.” PhD dissertation, Rize University, 2011.Google Scholar
Kaya, Ayhan. “Islamisation of Turkey under the AKP Rule: Empowering Family, Faith and Charity.” South European Society and Politics 20, no. 1 (2015): 47–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
KEİG, “Haneiçi karşılıksız emek nedir?” 2015. http://www.keig.org/haneici-karsiliksiz-emek-nedir-nisan-2015/.Google Scholar
KEİG “Türkiye’de İnsanlar Zaman Yoksulu, Kadınlar Daha da Yoksul.” 2019. http://www.keig.org/turkiyede-insanlar-zaman-yoksulu-kadinlar-daha-da-yoksul/.Google Scholar
KEİG “Bakım Emeği Paneli Bilgi Notu.” 2019. http://www.keig.org/bakim-emegi-paneli-bilgi-notu/.Google Scholar
Kiremitçi, Muhammet and Nur, Kesen. “Özel Bakım Merkezinde Görev Yapan Sosyal Çalışmacıların Profili.” In Güncel Sosyal Hizmet Çalışmaları. Edited by Mehmet Kıroğlu and Hasan Hüseyin Tekin. Konya: Çizgi Kitabevi, 2019, 43–55.Google Scholar
Kittay, Eva Feder. “When Caring Is Just and Justice Is Caring: Justice and Mental Retardation.” In The Subject of Care: Feminist Perspectives on Dependency. Edited by Eva Feder Kittay and Ellen K. Feder. Oxford: Rowan and Littlefield Publishers, 2002, 257–76.Google Scholar
Koray, Meryem. Sosyal Politika. Ankara: İmge, 2005.Google Scholar
Koray, Meryem. “AKP Dönemi: Neo-Liberalizm, Neo-muhafazarlık, Neo-popülerizm Beşiğinde Sallanan Sosyal Devlet ve Sosyal Politika.” In Himmet, Fıtrat, Piyasa: AKP Döneminde Sosyal Politika. Edited by Meryem Koray and Aziz Çelik. İstanbul: İletişim, 2015, 11–54.Google Scholar
Kröger, Teppo. “Care Research and Disability Studies: Nothing in Common?” Critical Social Policy 29, no. 3 (2009): 398–420.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leitner, Sigrid. “Varieties of Familialism: The Caring Function of the Family in Comparative Perspective.” European Societies 5, no. 4 (2003): 353–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lethbridge, Jane. Changing Care Policies in Europe. London: Public Services International Research Unit, 2005.Google Scholar
Lindemann, Kate. “The Ethics of Receiving.” Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics 24, no. 6 (2003): 501–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lordoğlu, Kuvvet and Hakan, Koçak. “AKP Döneminde İstihdam, İşgücü ve İşsizlik.” In Himmet, Fıtrat, Piyasa. Edited by Koray Meryem ve Çelik Aziz. İstanbul: İletişim, 2015, 259–77.Google Scholar
Lynch, Kathleen. “Affective Equality: Who Cares?” Development 52, no. 3 (2009): 410–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mayrhuber, Christine. “Social Policy.” In The European Illusion. Edited by Elvira Gross. Vienna: Rosa Luxenburg Stiftung, 2018, 89–106.Google Scholar
McLaughlin, Janice. “Conceptualising Intensive Caring Activities: The Changing Lives of Families with Young Disabled Children.” Sociological Research Online 11, no. 1 (2006): 51–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meagher, Gabrielle and Marta, Szebehely. “Long-term Care in Sweden: Trends, Actors, and Consequences.” In Reforms in Long-term Care Policies in Europe. Edited by Ranci, Costanyo and Pavolini, Emmanuele. New York: Springer, 2013, 55–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Medina, Leandro and Friedrich, Schneider. “Shadow Economies around the World: What Did We Learn over the Last 20 Years?” IMF Working Paper, WP/18/17 (2018).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Memiş, Emel and Özge, İzdeş. “Türkiye’de Yaşlı Bakımı ve Kadın İstihdamı.” In Feminist Sosyal Politika. Edited by Çağla Ünlütürk Ulutaş. Ankara: NotaBene, 2018, 99–141.Google Scholar
Mies, Maria. Patriarchy and Accumulation on a World Scale: Women in the International Division of Labour. London: Zed Books, 1986.Ministry of Family, Labor and Social Services (MFLSS). Statistical Bulletin, May 2019. https://ailevecalisma.gov.tr/media/6598/bu-lten_mayıs2019_20190624-1.pdf.Google Scholar
Mies, Maria. Statistical Bulletin, March 2020. https://ailevecalisma.gov.tr/media/46090/bulten_en_200508.pdf.Google Scholar
Morris, Jenny, ed. Encounters with Strangers: Feminism and Disability. London: The Women’s Press, 1996.Google Scholar
Nelson, Cynthia. “Public and Private Politics: Women in the Middle Eastern World.” American Ethnologist 1, no. 3 (1974): 551–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nelson, Julie A. “Of Markets and Martyrs: Is It OK to Pay Well for Care?” Feminist Economics 5, no. 3 (1999): 43–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oakley, Ann. The Sociology of Housework. London: Robertson, 1974.Google Scholar
Orloff, Ann Shola. “Gender and the Social Rights of Citizenship: State Policies and Gender Relations in Comparative Perspective.” American Sociological Review 53, no. 3 (1993): 303–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Orloff, Ann Shola.. “Women’s Employment and Welfare Regimes: Globalization, Export Orientation and Social Policy in Europe and North America.” Social Policy and Development Program Paper, no. 12. Geneva: United Nations Research Institute for Social Development, 2002.Google Scholar
Özkaplan, Nurcan. “Duygusal Emek ve Kadın İşi/Erkek İşi.” Çalışma ve Toplum 2, no. 21 (2009): 15–23.Google Scholar
Özyeğin, Gül. Başkalarının Kiri: Kapıcılar, Gündelikçiler ve Kadınlık Halleri. İstanbul: İletişim, 2005.Google Scholar
Patemann, Carol. “The Patriarchal Welfare State: Women and Democracy.” Working Paper no. 7 (1987). http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~ces/publications/docs/pdfs/CES_WP7.pdf.Google Scholar
Pavolini, Emmanuele and Costanzo, Ranci. “Reforms in Long-term Care Policies in Europe: An Introduction.” In Reforms in Long-term Care Policies in Europe. Edited by Costanzo Ranci and Emmanuele Pavolini. New York: Springer, 2013, 3–22.Google Scholar
Pedroso, Paulo, Atasü-Topcuoğlu, Reyhan, Goldbach, Alexandra, Zabieta, Alfredas, and Rauch, Maria João. “A Turkish Model for Cooperation in Social Services.” Project report, Ankara, 2017.Google Scholar
Rittersberger-Tılıç, Helga and Sibel, Kalaycıoğlu. “Çocuk ve Yaşlı Bakıcıları: Enformel Sektördeki Kadınlar.” In Türkiye’de Refah Devleti ve Kadın. Edited by Saniye Dedeoğlu and Adem Yavuz Elveren. İstanbul: İletişim, 2012, 301–28.Google Scholar
Sainsbury, Diana. Gendering Welfare States. London: Sage, 1994.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Samav, Cantürk, Duygu. “Evde Engelli Bakım Ücreti Hizmetlerinin Sosyal Modeli Gerçekeştirmedeki Rolü.” PhD dissertation, Süleyman Demirel University, 2017.Google Scholar
Samav, Cantürk. “Ötelenmiş Hayatlar Engelliye Bakan Kadın Olmak.” Toplum ve Demokrasi 11, no. 24 (2017): 127–39.Google Scholar
Saraceno, Chiara. “Social Inequalities in Facing Old-Age Dependency: A Bi-Generational Perspective.” Journal of European Social Policy 20, no. 1 (2010): 32–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schwiter, Karin, Berndt, Christian, and Truong, Jasmine. “Neoliberal Austerity and the Marketisation of Elderly Care.” Social & Cultural Geography 19, no. 3 (2018): 379–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Seccombe, Wally. “Domestic Labour and the Working-Class Household.” In Hidden in the Household: Women’s Domestic Labour Under Capitalism. Edited by Fox, Bonnie. Toronto: The Women’s Press, 1980, 25–99. Google Scholar
Sheldon, Alison. “Personal and Perplexing: Feminist Disability Politics Evaluated.” Disability & Society 14, no. 5 (1999): 643–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Talas, Cahit. Toplumsal Ekonomi, Çalışma Ekonomisi. Ankara: İmge Kitabevi, 1997.Google Scholar
Toksöz, Gülay. “Transition from ‘Woman’ to ‘Family’: An Analysis of AKP Era Employment Policies from a Gender Perspective.” Journal für Entwicklungspolitik 32, no. 1/2 (2016): 64–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tronto, Joan C. “An Ethic of Care.” Generations: Journal of the American Society on Aging 22, no. 3 (1998): 15–20.Google Scholar
Trydegård, Gun-Britt. “Swedish Care Reforms in the 1990s.” Revue française des affaires sociales 4 (2003): 443–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tufan, İsmail, Yaman, Hakan, and Arun, Özgür. “Brief Note: Disability in Turkey.” International Social Work 50, no. 6 (2007): 839–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tuksal, Hidayet. Kadın Karşıtı Söylemin İslam Geleneğindeki İzdüşümleri. İstanbul: Otto, 2018.Google Scholar
Ungerson, Clare. “Social Politics and the Commodification of Care.” Social Politics 4, no. 3 (1997): 362–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ungerson, Clare. “Commodified Care Work in European Labour Markets.” European Societies 5, no. 4 (2003): 377–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar