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The Confrontation Between the Lithuanian Catholic Church and the Soviet Regime

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2024

Vilma Narkutė
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Type
Original Articles
Information
New Blackfriars , Volume 87 , Issue 1011 , September 2006 , pp. 456 - 475
Copyright
© The Author 2006. Journal compilation © The Dominican Council/Blackwell Publishing Ltd 2006, 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford OX4 2DQ, UK and 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148, USA

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Footnotes

1

Blackwell/New Blackfriars Prize essay 2006

References

2 See Kavaliauskas, Vilius, Suokalbis[Plot] (Vilnius: Lituanus, 1989), p. 16Google Scholar.

3 Misiunas, Romuald J., Taagepera, Rein, eds., The Baltic States. Years of Dependence 1940–1980. Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania (London: C. Hurst & Co., 1983), p. 29Google Scholar. Since 1940 the USSR encompassed Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kirghizia, Moldavia, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, plus the newest members, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania.

4 See Misiunas, Taagepera, eds., The Baltic States, pp. 24, 29–30; Tininis, Vytautas, Sovietinė Lietuva ir jos veikėjai[Soviet Lithuania and Its Statesmen] (Vilnius: Enciklopedija, 1994), pp. 16–18Google Scholar.

5 See Beeson, Trevor, Discretion and Valour. Religious Conditions in Russia and Eastern Europe (Glasgow: Collins, Fontana Books 27, 1975), p. 114Google Scholar; Kolarz, Walter, Religion in the Soviet Union (London: Macmillan; New York: St. Martin's Press, 1961), p. 206Google Scholar; Kalme, Albert, Total Terror (New York: Appleton-Century, Inc., 1951), p. 179Google Scholar; Chélini, Jean, L'Église sous Pie XII. La tourmente (1939–1945) (Paris: Fayard, 1983), pp. 47–48Google Scholar.

6 See Chélini, L'Église, p. 125; Kaslas, Bronis, La Lithuanie et la Seconde Guerre Mondiale. Recueil des documents (Paris: G. P. Maisonneuve et Larose, 1981), p. 205Google Scholar. Stehle, Hansjakob, Eastern Politics of the Vatican, 1917–1979, trans. Smith, S. (Athens, Ohio, London: Ohio University Press, 1981), p. 202Google Scholar; Misiunas, Taagepera, eds., The Baltic States, pp. 37–38.

7 See Streikus, Arūnas, Soviet? valdžios antibažnytinė politika Lietuvoje (1944–1990)[The Anti-Church Policy of the Soviet Government in Lithuania, 1944–1990] (Vilnius: Lietuvos gyventoj? genocido ir rezistencijos tyrimo centras, 2002), p. 47Google Scholar; Kaslas, La Lithuanie, p. 205; ‘Communism's Struggle with Religion in Lithuania’, Lituanus, 9 no. 1 (1963) 2–17Google Scholar, p. 4; Chélini, L'Église, p. 158.

8 See Iwanow, Boris, ed., Religion in the USSR (Munich: Institute for the Study of the USSR, Series I, 59, 1960), p. 107Google Scholar; Chélini, L'Église, p. 158; Kaslas, La Lithuanie, pp. 151, 208.

9 See Vaišnora, Juozas, ‘Nepriklausomybės ir okupaciniais laikais [The Time of Independence and Occupation]’, in Lietuvi? enciklopedija[The Lithuanian Encyclopedia] (Vilnius: Lietuvos Enciklopedij? Redakcija, 15 (1990)) 146–151Google Scholar, pp. 146–148; Bružas, Arvydas, ‘1940-ieji metai [The 1940s]’, Katalik? Pasaulis[The Catholic World] 22 (1991) 20–21, p. 21Google Scholar; Iwanow, ed., Religion, pp. 105–106; Chélini, L'Église, p. 158; Kaslas, La Lithuanie, p. 208.

10 See Brizgys, Vincentas, Katalik? Bažnyčia Lietuvoje. Pirmoje rus? okupacijoje 1940–1941 M. Vokieči? okupacijoje 1941–1944 M.[The Catholic Church in Lithuania. The First Russian Occupation 1940–1941. The German Occupation 1941–1944] (Chicago: Draugo, 1977), pp. 15–37Google Scholar; excerpts from the letter in ‘Selected Documentary Material on the Lithuanian Resistance Movement against Totalitarianism 1940–1960’, Lituanus, 8, no. 1–2 (1962), 41–60, p. 57Google Scholar; Iwanow, ed., Religion, pp. 106–107.

11 See Kaslas, La Lithuanie, pp. 133, 143; Stehle, Eastern Politics, pp. 201–202; Maqua, Mireille, Rome – Moscou. L'ostpolitik du Vatican (Louvain-la-Neuve: Cabay, 1984), p. 56Google Scholar; Vaišnora, ‘Nepriklausomybės’, p. 148.

12 See Streikus, Soviet? valdžios, pp. 54–55.

13 See Kažemėkaitytė, Jolanta, ‘Lietuviškajam Vatikano radijui – 60 met?[The Lithuanian Vatican Radio at 60 Years Old]’, Ūkininko patarejas[Farmer's Guide], no. 140 (November 30, 2000) 5, p. 5Google Scholar; ‘Vatikano radijo kelionė per dešimtmečius [Vatican Radio through Decades]’, Tėviškės žinios[News of the Fatherland], no. 226, 20, p. 20Google Scholar.

14 See Streikus, Soviet? valdžios, pp. 50–54.

15 See Streikus, Soviet? valdžios, pp. 59–60; Vaišnora, ‘Nepriklausomybės’, p. 149; Iwanow, ed., Religion, p. 108; Edvardas Tuškenis, ‘Critical Dates and Events’, Lituanus 32, no. 4 (1986) 5–9, p. 6; Rudis, Gediminas, ed., Lietuvos gyventoj? trėmimai 1941,1945–1952 m. [The Deportation of Lithuanian Inhabitants 1941Google Scholar, 1945–1952] (Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedij? leidykla, 1994), pp. 14–20; Chélini, L'Église, p. 158; Kolarz, Religion, pp. 206–207.

16 See Misiunas, Taagepera, eds., The Baltic States, p. 41.

17 See Holmes, James D., Bickers, Bernard W., A Short History of the Catholic Church (Kent: Burns and Oates, 1992), p. 280Google Scholar; Halecki, Oscar, Pius XII (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1954), pp. 252, 259Google Scholar.

18 See Streikus, Soviet? valdžios, pp. 71–73; Halecki, Pius XII, pp. 266–267, 276, 335, 384; Vaitiekūnas, V., ‘Antrikristo šėlsmas okupuotoje Lietuvoje. Dialektinio materializmo kova su Dievu [The Riot of the Antichrist in Occupied Lithuania. The Fight of Dialectical Materialism with God]’, Aidai[Echoes] 5 (1956) 211–219Google Scholar, p. 212.

19 See Orbán, József G., Friedensbewegung Katholischer Priester in Ungarn, 1950–1956 (Budapest: METEM-Bücher, 12, 1996)Google Scholar, pp. 40–41, 234–239, 242–243; Michnik, Adam, L'Église et la gauche. Le Dialogue Polonais, trans. Slonimski, Agnès, Jelenski, Constantin (Paris: Seuil, 1979), pp. 215Google Scholar, 220, 224.

20 See Halecki, Pius XII, pp. 243–245, 247, 262; Holmes, Bickers, A Short History, p. 279; Joll, James, Europe since 1870. An International History (London: Penguin Books, 1990), pp. 440, 482Google Scholar.

21 See Halecki, Pius XII, pp. 251, 269–270; Beeson, Discretion and Valour, p. 114; Davies, Norman, Europe. A History (London: Pimlico, 1997), p. 1098Google Scholar; Streikus, Soviet? valdžios, p. 75.

22 See Streikus, Soviet? valdžios, p. 73.

23 See Streikus, Soviet? valdžios, pp. 74–75; Halecki, Pius XII, pp. 250–251.

24 See Misiunas, Taagepera, eds., The Baltic States, p. 121.

25 See Tininis, Sovietinė Lietuva, pp. 68–69; Iwanow, ed., Religion, p. 110.

26 See Tininis, Sovietinė Lietuva, pp. 69–72.

27 See Tininis, Sovietinė Lietuva, p. 71; Vaišnora, ‘Nepriklausomybės’, p. 149; ‘Communism's Struggle with Religion in Lithuania’, p. 6.

28 See Regina Laukaitytė, ‘Lietuvos vienuolijos XX amžiuje [Lithuanian Monastic Orders in the 20th Century]’, Lietuvos Istorijos Institutas [Lithuanian Historical Institute] (2002). http://vienuolijos.iwebland.com (access June 25, 2004); Tininis, Sovietinė Lietuva, pp. 71–72.

29 See Arūnas Streikus, ‘Lietuvos Katalik? Bažnyčia 1940–1990 [The Lithuanian Catholic Church in 1940–1990]’, in Metraštis, Lietuvos Katalik? Mokslo Akademija[Annals of the Lithuanian Catholic Science Academy], Vol. XII (Vilnius: Katalik? Akademija, 1998), 39–65, pp. 46–47; Streikus, Soviet? valdžios, pp. 84, 88.

30 See Streikus, ‘Lietuvos Katalik?’, p. 47.

31 See Tininis, Sovietinė Lietuva, pp. 70–72, 169, 183; ‘Communism's Struggle with Religion in Lithuania’, pp. 4–5.

32 See Vaišnora, ‘Nepriklausomybės’, p. 149; Chadwick, Owen, The Christian Church in the Cold War (London: Penguin Books, 7, 1993), p. 107Google Scholar; Kolarz, Religion, p. 207; ‘Communism's Struggle with Religion in Lithuania’, p. 5; Tininis, Sovietinė Lietuva, pp. 70–71; Vidas Spengla, ‘Nesiderina su vyskupo sąžine ir luomu [It is not in Conformity with the Bishop's Clerical Conscience]’, Katalik? pasaulis[The Catholic World] 4 (1997) 10–12, pp. 10–12; Streikus, Soviet? valdžios, p. 64.

33 See Laukaitytė, ‘Lietuvos’.

34 See Laukaitytė, ‘Lietuvos’; Streikus, ‘Lietuvos Katalik?’, pp. 46–47.

35 See Laukaitytė, ‘Lietuvos’.

36 See Vaišnora, ‘Nepriklausomybės’, p. 150; Pšibilskis, Vygintas B., ‘“Byla” dėl Vilniaus arkikatedros: 1949–1956 [The Case of Vilnius' Arch-cathedral: 1949–1956]’, Kultūros Barai[Cultural Fields] 5 (1995) 66–72, pp. 66–72Google Scholar; Tininis, Sovietinė Lietuva, p. 72; ‘Communism's Struggle with Religion in Lithuania’, pp. 5–6.

37 See Tininis, Sovietinė Lietuva, pp. 72–73.

38 See Laukaitytė, ‘Lietuvos’.

39 See Girnius, Kęstutis K., ‘Apie Katalikybės ir tautiškumo ryšius Lietuvoje [Relations between Catholicism and Nationalism in Lithuania]’, Aidai[Echoes] 3 (1983) 161–172, p. 164.Google Scholar

40 See Lane, Christel, Christian Religion in the Soviet Union (London: Allen and Unwin, 1978), pp. 208, 215–216Google Scholar; Girnius, ‘Apie Katalikybės’, pp. 161–162; Hiden, John, Salmon, Patrick, The Baltic Nations and Europe. Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania in the Twentieth Century (London, New York: Longman, 1994), p. 135Google Scholar; Tininis, Sovietinė Lietuva, p. 68.

41 See Lane, Christian Religion, p. 208.