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Added astroglia promote greater synapse density and higher activity in neuronal networks

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 April 2007

Michael D. Boehler ,
Bruce C. Wheeler  and
Gregory J. Brewer
Michael D. Boehler
Affiliation:
Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield IL, USA
Bruce C. Wheeler
Affiliation:
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Beckman Institute and Department of Bioengineering, Urbana IL, USA
Gregory J. Brewer*
Affiliation:
Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield IL, USA Department of Neurology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield IL, USA
*
Correspondence should be addressed to Gregory J. Brewer, PO Box 19626, Springfield IL 62794-9626, USA phone: +1 217 545 5230 fax: +1 217 545 3227 email: [email protected]
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Abstract

Astroglia are known to potentiate individual synapses, but their contribution to networks is unclear. Here we examined the effect of adding either astroglia or media conditioned by astroglia on entire networks of rat hippocampal neurons cultured on microelectrode arrays. Added astroglia increased spontaneous spike rates nearly two-fold and glutamate-stimulated spiking by six-fold, with desensitization eliminated for bath addition of 25 μM glutamate. Astrocyte-conditioned medium partly mimicked the effects of added astroglia. Bursting behavior was largely unaffected by added astroglia except with added glutamate. Addition of the GABAA receptor antagonist bicuculline also increased spike rates but with more subtle differences between networks without or with added astroglia. This indicates that networks without added astroglia were inhibited greatly. In all conditions, the log–log distribution of spike rates fit well to linear distributions over three orders of magnitude. Networks with added astroglia shifted consistently toward higher spike rates. Immunostaining for GFAP revealed a linear increase with added astroglia, which also increased neuronal survival. The increased spike rates with added astroglia correlated with a 1.7-fold increase in immunoreactive synaptophysin puncta, and increases of six-fold for GABAAβ, two-fold for NMDA-R1 and two-fold for Glu-R1 puncta, with receptor clustering that indicated synaptic scaling. Together, these results indicate that added astroglia increase the density of synapses and receptors, and facilitate higher spike rates for many elements in the network. These effects are reproduced by glia-conditioned media, with the exception of glutamate-mediated transmission.

Keywords

multielectrode arraysynaptogenesisneuron–glia cell cultureserum-free culturesynaptic scaling
Type
Research Article
Information
Neuron Glia Biology , Volume 3 , Issue 2 , May 2007 , pp. 127 - 140
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2007

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