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Netherlands state practice for the parliamentary year 1983–1984

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 July 2009

R. C. R. Siekmann
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Netherlands Yearbook of International Law , Volume 16 , December 1985 , pp. 319 - 426
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Copyright © T.M.C. Asser Press 1985

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References

1. Bijl. Hand. II 1983/84 — 17980 No. 7.

2. Trb. 1981 No. 51.

3. Reference here is made to F.J.F.M. Duynstee, Grondwetsherziening 1953 [The 1953 Revision of the Constitution], regarding Article 63, inter alia, p. 40.

4. Trb. 1952 No. 150.

5. Hand. I 1952/53 pp. 484 and 480.

6. Trb. 1968 No. 126.

7. Bijl.Hand. II 1977/78 — 15049 p. 9.

8. Reference here is made to Huart, F.J.A., Grondwetsherziening 1917 and 1922 [The 1917 and 1922 Revisions of the Constitution] (Arnhem 1925) p. 51.Google Scholar

9. Bijl.Hand. II 1947/48 — 774 No. 3 p. 3.

10. Stb. 1950 K 84.

11. Trb. 1951 No. 114.

12. Trb. 1954 No. 120.

13. Trb. 1963 No. 7.

14. Cf., points 20 and 21 of the Communique, Bijl.Hand. II 1957/58 — 4900 III No. 17.

15. Bijl.Hand. II — 5591 No. 2; Hand. II 1959/60 p. 1091 et seq.

16. Advisory Opinion of 23 December 1983, Bijl.Hand. II 1983/84 — 17980 A.

17. Cf., earlier volumes, 10 NYIL (1979) p. 360; 11 NYIL (1980) p. 221; 12 NYIL (1981) p. 222; 13 NYIL (1982) p. 222; 14 NYIL (1983) p. 307; 15 NYIL (1984) p. 323.

18. UN Doc. A/38/10 especially p. 29 et seq.

19. Article 12 reads:

“1. If a State enters into a commercial contract with a foreign natural or juridical person and by virtue of the applicable rules of private international law, differences relating to the commercial contract fall within the jurisdiction of a court of another State, the State is considered to have consented to the exercise of that jurisdiction in a proceeding arising out of that commercial contract, and accordingly cannot invoke immunity from jurisdiction in that proceeding.

2. Paragraph 1 does not apply:

(a) in the case of a commercial contract concluded between States or on a government-to-government basis;

(b) if the parties to the commercial contract have otherwise expressly agreed.”

Article 2(1)(g) reads:

“For the purposess of the present articles:

…

‘commercial contract’ means:

(i) any commercial contract or transaction for the sale or purchase of goods or the supply of services;

(ii) any contract for a loan or other transaction of a financial nature, including any obligation of guarantee in respect of any such loan or of indemnity in respect of any such transaction;

(iii) any other conract or transaction, whether of a commercial, industrial, trading or professional nature, but not including a contract of employment of persons.”

Article 3(2) reads:

“In determining whether a contract for the sale or purchase of goods or the supply of services is commercial, reference should be made primarily to the nature of the contract, but the purpose of the contract should also be taken into account if in the practice of that State that purpose is relevant to determining the non-commercial character of the contract.”

20. Trb. 1973 No. 43.

21. Verslag over de hervatte zevenendertigste zitting en de achtendertigste zitting van de Algemene Vergadering der Verenigde Naties [Report on the resumed 37th and the 38th session of the UN General Assembly], Publication of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs Vol. 133, pp. 469–470; summary in UN Doc. A/C.6/38/SR.48 pp. 11–12.

22. Trb. 1973 No. 43.

23. Trb. 1957 No. 203, finally Trb. 1961 No. 145.

24. Memorandum of 24 November 1983, Bijl. Hand. II 1983/84 — 17485 No. 9 pp. 2–3.

25. Cf., 15 NYIL (1984) p. 272.

26. See also p. 426, infra.

27. Reply of 24 January 1984, Hand. II 1983/84 pp. 773–774.

28. UN Doc. S/16077/Rev. 1.

29. De Veiligheidsraad in 1983 [The Security Council in 1983], Publication of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs Vol. 131, pp. 142–143.

30. Verslag etc., op.cit., n. 21, pp. 332–333.

31. Regulation of 25 March 1969, on the harmonization of certain social legislation to road transport, Official Journal No. L 77/49 of 29 March 1969.

32. Bijl.Hand. II 1983/84 — 18341 No. 2 pp. 26–27.

33. Cf., earlier volumes, 10 NYIL (1979) p. 332; 12 NYIL (1981) p. 188; 13 NYIL (1982) p. 183; 14 NYIL (1983) p. 267; 15 NYIL (1984) p. 281.

34. Reply by the Minister for Foreign Affairs ad interim of 2 August 1984, Aanh.Hand. II 1983/84 No. 1048 pp. 2109–2110.

35. Statement of 21 February 1984, Bijl.Hand. I — 17901 etc. No. 110a pp. 1–2.

36. See 15 NYIL (1984) p. 285.

37. Bijl.Hand. II 1983/84 — 16947 (R 1181) No. 11 p. 3.

38. Stb. 1965 No. 40.

39. Reply of 25 July 1984, Aanh.Hand. II 1983/84 No. 1013 p. 2039.

40. Cf., earlier volumes, 14 NYIL (1983) p. 337, 15 NYIL (1984) p. 289.

41. Bijl.Hand. II 1983/84 — 18100 V No. 102 p. 4.

42. Cf., 11 NYIL (1980) pp. 209–210.

43. Trb. 1951 No. 131, 1967 No. 76.

44. Memorandum of 2 December 1983, Bijl.Hand. II 1983/84 — 17794 No. 5 p. 20.

45. Cf., earlier volumes, 9 NYIL (1978) p. 209; 12 NYIL (1981) p. 194; 13 NYIL (1982) p. 189.

46. Benelux Treaty on the execution of judicial decisions in criminal matters, 26 September 1968, Trb. 1969 No. 9; European Convention on the international validity of criminal judgments, 28 May 1970, Trb. 1971 No. 137; European Convention on the supervision of conditionally sentenced or conditionally released offenders, 30 November 1964, Trb. 1965 No. 55; Convention on the transfer of sentenced persons, 21 March 1983, Trb. 1983 No. 74.

47. Stb. 1967 No. 139.

48. Trb. 1965 No. 9.

49. Statement of 24 October 1983, Bijl. Hand. II 1983/84 — 18129 No. 3 pp. 39–40.

50. Trb. 1981 No. 69.

51. Convention for the suppression of unlawful seizure of aircraft, of 16 Decembr 1970, Trb. 1971 No. 50, and the Convention for the suppression of unlawful acts against the safety of civil aviation, of 23 September 1971, Trb. 1971 No. 218.

52. Trb. 1977 No. 63.

53. Trb. 1981 No. 53.

54. Trb. 1980 No. 166.

55. Cf., 6 NYIL (1975) p. 300.

56. Reference here is made to, e.g., Murphy, John F., “Protected Persons and Diplomatic Facilities”, in Alona E. Evans and John F. Murphy, Legal Aspects of International Terrorism (Lexington 1978) pp. 307–308Google Scholar; Dietrich, Oehler, Internationales Strafrecht (Carl Heymans Verlag 1973) p. 495.Google Scholar

57. Stb. 1973 No. 228.

58. Statement of 21 June 1984, Bijl.Hand. II 1983/84 — 18437 (R 1260) No. 3 pp. 6–10.

59. Stb. 1967 No. 139.

60. Statement of 21 June 1984, Bijl.Hand. II 1983/84 — 18437 (R 1260) No. 3 p. 14.

61. Trb. 1980 No. 166.

62. Stb. 1967 No. 139.

63. Article 7 par. 1 sub e point (ii) provides that the intentional commission of a threat to commit a theft or robbery of nuclear material in order to compel a natural or legal person, international organization or State to do or refrain from doing any act shall be made a punishable offence by each State Party under its national law.

64. The proposed reservation reads in full: “Since the offences contemplated in Article 7 paragraph 1 sub e point (ii) fail to fulfil the conditions under which they may, by themselves, lead to extradition, the Government of the Kingdom of the Netherlands reserves the right to exclude the offences contemplated in Article 7, paragraph 1 sub e point (ii) from the application of the first and second sections of Article 11.”

65. Trb. 1965 No. 9.

66. Memorandum of 21 June 1984, Bijl.Hand. II 1983/84 — 18435 (R 1259) No. 3 pp. 9–12.

67. Convention of 15 May 1972, Trb. 1973 No. 84; Treaty of 11 May 1974, Trb. 1974 No. 184.

68. Trb. 1965 No. 10 and 1962 No. 97.

69. Memorandum of 22 February 1984, Bijl.Hand. II 1983/84 — 15971 (R 1133) No. 14 p. 13.

70. See p. 46, supra.

71. Reference is here made to NJ 1978 No. 532; 1980 No. 158.

72. “The problem is that the requested State is also obliged to execute a conditional prisor sentence revoked by the requesting State in those cases where the requested State would not have decided on revocation, and that such an obligation arises after a decision in the requesting State against which the convicted person who was in the territory of the requested State had no opportunity to defend himself.”

73. Act of 9 September 1900, Stb. 468.

74. Statement of 24 October 1983, Bijl.Hand. II 1983/84 — 18128 (R 1238) No. 6 pp. 10–12.

75. See n. 46 supra.

76. Statement of 24 October 1983, Bijl.Hand. II 1983/84 — 18129 No.3, pp. 33, 36–37.

76a. Idem.

77. Cf., 11 NYIL (1980) p. 215 and 12 NYIL (1981) p. 200.

78. Bijl.Hand. II 1983/84 — 18100 XVI No. 150 pp. 4–5, 11.

78a. Ibid.

79. Trb. 1983 No. 86.

80. Trb. 1965 No. 9; 1962 No. 97; 1980 No. 111.

81. Stb. 1899 No. 15; 1897 No. 42.

82. Stb. 1967 No. 139.

83. Statement of 18 June 1984, Bijl.Hand. II 1983/84 — 18146 (R 1239) No. 6 pp. 1–2.

84. Full text by courtesy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs; summary in UN Doc. CCPR/SP/SR.7 pp. 8–9.

85. Stc. No. 24 of 2 February 1984 p. 1.

86. Jaarboek van het Departement van Buitenlandse Zaken 1971–1972 [Yearbook of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs 1971–1972] (The Hague 1972) Annex 17 p. 86.Google Scholar

87. Trb. 1962 Nos. 101 and 159.

88. Memorandum of 24 November 1983, Bijl.Hand. II 1983/84 — 16644 (R 1158) No. 9 p. 2.

89. See n. 38 supra.

90. See n. 87 supra; Article 7 provides that, subject to certain provisions, the sending State may freely appoint members of staff of the mission.

91. Statement of 25 September 1983, Aanh.Hand. II 1983/84 No. 27 p. 56.

92. Cf., 15 NYIL (1984) p. 305.

93. See n. 87 supra.

94. Memorandum of 24 November 1983, Bijl.Hand. II 1983/4 — 16644 (R 1158) No. 9 p. 3.

95. See n. 87 supra.

96. Statement of 23 February 1984, Hand. II 1983/84 pp. 3283–3284.

97. Trb. 1981 No. 69.

98. Trb. 1962 No. 101.

99. ICJ Reports (1980) p. 43 para. 92.

100. Trb. 1981 No. 53.

101. Statement of 21 June 1984, Bijl.Hand. II 1983/84 — 18437 (R 1260) No. 3 pp. 4–5.

102. UNGA Resolution 3166 (XXVIII) of 14 December 1973.

103. Reference is here made to Verslag over de achtentwintigste zitting van de Algemene Vergadering der Verenigde Naties [Report on the Twenty-Eighth Session of the UN General Assembly], Publication of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs No. 105 (The Hague 1974), p. 548Google Scholar; ses also, 9 NYIL (1978) p. 234 n. 144.

104. See p. 347 supra.

105. See n. 101 supra at p. 5–6.

106. Trb. 1962 No. 159; 1965 No. 40; Stb. I No. 224; J No. 67.

107. Exchange of notes of 4 March 1947, Stb. H No. 79.

108. Statement of 21 June 1984, Bijl.Hand. II 1983/84 — 18437 (R 1260) No. 3 pp. 11–13.

109. See n. 87 supra.

110. Bijl.Hand. II 1983/4 — 16683 No. 6.

111. Trb. 1969 No. 101. Article 2 provides that persons who are domiciled in the territory of a Contracting State are sued in the courts of that State, regardless their nationality.

112. Statement of 23 February 1984, Hand. II 1983/84 pp. 3286–3287.

113. Trb. 1981 No. 69.

114. Article 12 reads in full: “The provisions of this Convention shall not affect the application of the Treaties on Asylum, in force at the date of the adoption of this Convention, as between the States which are parties to those Treaties; but a State Party to this Convention may not invoke those Treaties with respect to another State Party to this Convention which is not a party to those Treaties.” The proposed declaration reads in full: “In the view of the Government of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, Article 15 of the Convention, and in particular the second sentence of this Article, does not affect the applicability of Article 33 of the Convention of 28 July 1951 relating to the status of refugees”

115. Reference is made here to the Treaties of Montevideo, of 23 January 1889 and 4 August 1939, as well as the Conventions of Havanna (20 February 1928), Montevideo (26 December 1933, amending the Havanna Convention) and Caracas (28 March 1954).

116. Finally, Trb. 1979 Nos. 90 and 91.

117. Statement of 21 June 1984, Bijl.Hand. II 1983/84 — 18437 (R 1260) No. 3 pp. 10–11.

118. Trb. 1981 No. 53.

119. Statement of 21 June 1984, Bijl.Hand. II 1983/84 — 18438 (R 1261) No. 3 p. 9.

120. Trb. 1981 No. 126.

121. Trb. 1975 No. 123.

122. Approval shall not be required:

“(a) if the agreement is one with respect to which this has been laid down by law;

(b) if the agreement is exclusively concerned with the execution of an approved agreement, provided the Act regulating the approval does not contain any reservations in this respect;

(c) if the agreement does not impose considerable pecuniary obligations on the Kingdom and if it has been concluded for a period not exceeding one year;

(d) if in exceptional cases of a compelling nature it would be clearly detrimental to the interests of the Kingdom if the agreement were not to enter into force before it has been approved.”

123. An agreement as referred to under Article 62 paragraph 1 sub (d) “shall, however, be submitted to the approval of the States-General with out delay … If the States-General witholds its approval, the agreement shall be terminated as soon as shall be compatible with the provisions of the agreement. An agreement shall only be concluded subject to the reservation that it shall be terminated if the States-General withholds its approval, unless this is clearly detrimental to the interests of the Kingdom.”

124. Bijl.Hand. II — 15049 (R 1100) No. 1 p. 5.

125. Statement of 26 January 1982, Bijl.Hand. II 1983/84 — 17306 No. 1 pp. 20–23.

126. Bijl.Hand. II 1981/82 — 17306 B points 1–9.

127. Memorandum of 25 April 1984, Bijl.Hand. II 1983/84 — 17306 No. 9 pp. 2–4.

128. Trb. 1972 No. 51.

129. Hand. I 1980/81 pp. 219–220, 240–241.

130. See NYIL (1984) p. 318.

131. The exceptions are incorporated in Article 62 par. 1 of the Constitution according to the text of 1972 which is still in force by virtue of Additional Article XXI par. 1 sub b.

132. Bijl. Hand. II 1955/56 — 4133 (R 19) No. 4 p. 14.

133. Article 62 par. 1 sub d provides that approval shall not be required if in exceptional cases of a compelling nature it would be clearly detrimental to the interests of the Kingdom if the agreement were not to enter into force before it has been approved.

134. Memorandum of 6 July 1984. Bijl.Hand. I 1983/84 — 17798 (R 1227) No. 44a pp. 3–5.

135. Convention of 15 May 1972, Trb. 1973 No. 84; Treaty of 11 May 1974, Trb. 1974 No. 184.

136. Bijl.Hand. II 1981/82 — 15971 (R 1135) No. 10 pp. 14–15.

137. Memorandum of 22 February 1984, Bijl.Hand. II 1983/84 — 15971 (R 1133) No. 14 p. 12.

138. Trb. 1981 No. 69.

139. Stb. 1952 No. 408.

140. Stb. 1943 No. D 61 and 1947 No. H 233.

141. See p. 368 supra.

142. Memorandum of 21 June 1984, Bijl.Hand. II 1983/84 — 18439 No. 3 pp. 11–12.

143. Cf., 13 NYIL (1982) p. 227.

144. UN doc. A/38/10, especially p. 140 et seq.

145. Verslag etc., op.cit., n. 21 pp. 471–472.

146. Cf., 10 NYIL (1979) p. 379.

147. Trb. 1967 No. 31.

148. Bijl.Hand. II 1983/84 — 17306 No. 12 p. 4.

149. Full text reproduced by courtesy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

150. See n. 87 supra.

151. Statement of 23 February 1984, Hand. II 1983/84 p. 3284.

152. Cf., 13 NYIL (1982) p. 235.

153. UN Doc. A/38/10, especially p. 11 et seq.

154. Verslag etc. op.cit., n. 21 pp. 467–468; summary in UN Doc. A/C.6/38/SR. 48 pp. 9–11.

155. Protocols of 12 December 1977, Trb. 1978 Nos. 41 and 42.

156. Article 75 par. 7 reads in full:

“In order to avoid any doubt concerning the prosecution and trial of persons accused of war crimes or crimes against humanity, the following principles shall apply:

(a) persons who are accused of such crimes should be submitted for the purpose of prosecution and trial in accordance with the applicable rules of international law; and

(b) any such persons who do not benefit from more favourable treatment under the Conventions or this Protocol shall be accorded the treatment provided by this Article, whether or not the crimes of which they are accused constitute grave breaches of the Conventions or of this Protocol.”

157. Statement of 3 March 1984, Bijl.Hand. II 1983/84 — 18277 (R 1247) No. 3 p. 38.

158. Protocols of 12 December 1977, Trb. 1978 Nos. 41 and 42.

159. Protocol I is concerned with the protection of victims of international armed conflicts.

160. Statement of 3 March 1984, Bijl.Hand. II 1983/84 — 18277 (R 1247) No. 3 pp. 45–46.

161. Statement of 12 April 1984, Hand. II 1983/84 pp. 4449–4450.

162. Protocols of 12 December 1977, Trb. 1978 Nos. 41 and 42.

163. Protocol I is concerned with the protection of victims of international armed conflicts.

164. UNGA Resolution 3103 contains basic principles of the legal status of combatants struggling against colonial and alien domination and racist régimes.

165. Protocol II is concerned with the protection of victims of non-international armed conflicts.

166. The fifth and last preambular paragraph reads in full: “Reaffirming further that the provisions of the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949 and of this Protocol must be fully applied in all circumstances to all persons who are protected by those instruments, without any adverse distinction based on the nature or origin of the armed conflict or on the causes espoused by or attributed to the Parties to the conflict;”

167. Statement of 3 March 1984, Bijl. Hand. II 1983/84 — 18277 (R 1247) No. 3 p. 11.

168. Cf., 13 NYIL (1982) p. 252.

169. Stc. No. 56 of 19 March 1984, pp. 2, 6; also UN doc. CD/PV. 249 pp. 15–16.

170. UN Doc. CD/445.

171. See 13 NYIL (1982) p. 255.

172. Statement of 11 April 1984, Hand. II 1983/84 p. 4388.

173. Protocols of 12 December 1977, Trb. 1978 Nos. 41 and 42.

174. In a note reference is made to: Kalshoven, F., Belligerent Reprisals (Leiden 1971).Google Scholar

175. Statement of 3 March 1984, Bijl.Hand. II 1983/84 — 18277 (R 1247) No. 3 p. 40.

176. Protocols of 12 December 1977, Trb. 1978 Nos. 41 and 42.

177. Protocol I is concerned with the protection of victims of international armed conflicts.

178. Statement of 3 March 1984, Bijl.Hand. II 1983/84 — 18277 (R 1247) No. 3 p. 10.

179. Statement of 3 March 1984, Bijl. Hand. II 1983/84 — 18277 (R 1247) No. 3 p. 21.

180. Article 81 par. 4 sub b and c reads in full:

“Indiscriminate attacks are prohibited. Indiscriminate attacks are:

(b) those which employ a method or means of combat which cannot be directed at a specific military objective; or

(c) those which employ a method or means of combat the effects of which cannot be limited as required by this Protocol; and consequently, in each such case, are of a nature to strike military objectives and civilians or civilian objects without distinction.”

181. Statement of 3 March 1984, Bijl.Hand. II 1983/84 — 18277 (R 1247) No. 3 p. 26.

182. Statement of 3 March 1984, Bijl.Hand. II 1983/84 — 18277 (R 1247) No. 3 pp. 26–27.

183. According to Article 53 it is prohibited:

“(a) to commit any acts of hostility directed against historic monuments, works of art or places of worship which constitute the cultural or spiritual heritage of peoples;

(b) to use such objects in support of the military effort;

(c) to make such objects the object of reprisals.”

184. Trb. 1955 No. 47.

185. Statement of 3 March 1984, Bijl.Hand. II 1983/84 — 18277 (R 1247) No. 3 pp. 27–28.

186. See p. 000 supra.

187. The proposed declaration reads in full: “It is the understanding of the Government of the Kingdom of the Netherlands that the word ‘feasible’ means that which is practicable or practically possible, taking into account all circumstances ruling at the time, including humanitarian and military considerations.”

188. Statement of 3 March 1984, Bijl. Hand. II 1983/84 — 18277 (R 1247) No. 3 p. 29.

189. Protocols of 12 December 1977, Trb. 1978 Nos. 41 and 42.

190. Protocol I is concerned with the protection of victims of international armed conflicts.

191. Article 45 is concerned with the protection of persons who have taken part in hostilities.

192. The proposed declaration reads in full: “It is the understanding of the Government of the Kingdom of the Netherlands that Article 47 in no way prejudices the application of Articles 45 and 75 of Protocol I to mercenaries as defined in this Article.”

193. Statement of 3 March 1984, Bijl.Hand. II 1983/84 — 18277 (R 1247) No. 3 p. 23.

194. Trb. 1981 No. 154.

195. Protocol II is concerned with prohibitions or restrictions on the use of mines, booby traps and other devices.

196. Article 2 par. 4 reads in full: “‘Military objective’ means, so far as objects are concerned, any object which by its nature, location, purpose or use makes an effective contribution to military action and whose total or partial destruction, capture or neutralization, in the circumstances ruling at the time, offers a definite military advantage;”

197. Article 2 par. 5 reads in full: “‘Civilian objects’ are all objects which are not military objectives as defined in paragraph 4”

198. Statement of 3 March 1984, Bijl.Hand. II 1983/84 — 18278 (R 1248) No. 3 pp. 13, 15.

199. Protocols of 12 December 1977, Trb. 1978 Nos. 41 and 42.

200. Protocol I is concerned with the protection of victims of international armed conflicts.

201. Statement of 3 March 1984, Bijl.Hand. II 1983/84 — 18277 (R 1247) No. 3 pp. 7–8.

202. See for these criteria, 13 NYIL (1982) p. 270.

203. Reply of 12 July 1984, Aanh.Hand. II 1983/84 No. 979 p. 1971.

204. Trb. 1983 No. 177.

205. Stb. 1969 No. 268.

206. Trb. 1966 No. 152, finally Trb. 1981 No. 191.

207. Bijl.Hand. II 1967/68 — 9633 No. 3.

208. Memorandum of 28 May 1984, Bijl.Hand. I 1983/84 — 18412 (R 1258) No. 1 pp. 2–3.

209. Trb. 1955 No. 124.

210. Statement of 7 November 1983, Aanh.Hand. II 1983/84 No. 157 pp. 327–328.

211. Cf., earlier volumes, 9 NYIL (1978) p. 242, 10 NYIL (1979) p. 401, 11 NYIL (1980) p. 252.

212. See 15 NYIL (1984) p. 385.

213. Bijl.Hand. II 1983/84 — 18350 No. 2 pp. 28–29.

214. Cf., 12 NYIL (1981) pp. 206, 207.

215. Statement of 10 August 1984, Bijl.Hand. II 1983/84 — 18350 No. 4 p. 31.

216. Agreement of 13 December 1983, Trb. 1984 No. 18; cf, 12 NYIL (1981) p. 256.

217. Memorandum of 23 March 1984, Bijl.Hand. II 1983/84 — 18301 No. 1 p. 3.

218. Trb. 1979 No. 154.

219. Trb. 1978 No. 73, 1980 No. 119, 1980 No. 143.

220. Statement of 2 April 1984, Bijl.Hand. II 1983/84 — 15957 No. 7 p. 5.

221. Trb. 1958 No. 145.

222. Bijl.Hand. II 1983/84 — 18464 No. 3 p. 1–2.

223. Stb. 1962 No. 295. Art. 2 provides that various kinds of restrictive measures with regard to the import and export of goods may be taken by Royal Decree if, in the opinion of the Government, such measures “are considered necessary in the interest of the national economy, the internal or external security of the country, or of the international legal order or if an international accord relating to that order so demands”. Under this enabling provision, inter alia, the Export Decree for Stategic Goods has been promulgated.

224. Stb. 1963 No. 128.

225. Bijl.Hand. II 1983/84 — 18207 No. 1, also in Stc. No. 249 of 22 December 1983 p. 1.