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The crime against humanity of persecution in the jurisprudence of the ICTY*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 July 2009

William J. Fenrick
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Type
Case Law Notes
Information
Netherlands Yearbook of International Law , Volume 32 , December 2001 , pp. 81 - 96
Copyright
Copyright © T.M.C. Asser Press 2001

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References

1. Bassiouni, M.C., Crimes Against Humanity in International Law, 2nd rev. edn. (The Hague, Kluwer Law International 1999) p. 62Google Scholar

2. Charter of the International Military Tribunal, Agreement for the Prosecution and Punishment of the Major War Criminals of the European Axis, 82 UNTS No. 251, pp. 280–311.

3. United Nations War Crimes Commission, History of the United Nations War Crimes Commission (1948) pp. 192–194.

4. See International Military Tribunal (Nurenberg) Trial of Major War Criminals before the International Military Tribunal: Nuremberg, 14 November 1945 - 1 October 1946, Vol. 1 (1947) pp. 254–255.Google Scholar

5. See Levie, H.S., Terrorism in War: the Law of War Crimes (Dobbs Ferry, Oceana 1993) p. 559Google Scholar

6. US v. Ohlendorf, Case No. 9 [hereinafter Einsatzgruppen case], reprinted in 4 Trials of War Criminals before the Nurenberg Military Tribunals under Council Law No. 10, October 1945 - April 1949 (1946–1948) 3, (1949) p. 499 [hereinafter NMT].

7. US v. Altstoetter, Case No. 3, reprinted in 3 NMT (1949) p. 974 [hereinafter The Justice case].

8. US v. Flick, Case No. 5, reprinted in 6 NMT 3 (1949) pp. 1212–1213 [hereinafter The Flick case].

9. US v. von Weizsaecker, Case No. 11, reprinted in 14 NMT (1949) p. 316 [hereinafter The Ministries case].

10. Art. 7 of Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court adopted on 17 July 1998, in Schabas, W.A., An Introduction to the International Criminal Court (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press 2000) pp. 170–171Google Scholar

11. Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide in Schindler, D. and Toman, J., eds., The Laws of Armed Conflict, 3rd edn. (Dordrecht, M. Nijhoff 1988) p. 231.Google Scholar

12. Art. 9 of the ICC Statute refers to elements of crimes. Schabas, op. cit. n. 10, at p. 175. Elements for ICC crimes are in Schabas, ibid., pp. 248–292.

13. Prosecutor v. Kunarac et al., Trial Judgment 22 February 2001, ICTY Case No. IT-96–23-T & IT-96–23/1-T.

14. Prosecutor v. Tadić, Trial Judgment 7 May 1999 (paras. 639–643) Appeals Judgment 15 July 1999 ICTY Case No. IT-94–1-T&A.

15. Ibid., at para. 638.

16. Ibid., at para. 644.

17. Ibid., at para. 646.

18. Ibid., at para. 648.

19. Prosecutor v. Blaskić, Trial Judgment, 3 March 2000 (para. 201) ICTY Case No. IT-95–14-T.

20. Prosecutor v. Jelisić, Trial Judgment, 14 Dec. 1999 (para. 57) ICTY Case No. IT-95–10-T.

21. Prosecutor v. Kupreskić et al, Trial Judgment, 14 January 2000 (para. 550) Appeals Judgment, 23 October 2001 ICTY Case No. IT-95–16-T.

22. Tadić Trial, supra n. 14, paras. 653 et seq., Kupreskić Trial, supra n. 21, paras. 551–555.

23. Blaskić, supra n. 19, para. 203.

24. Kupreskić, supra n. 21, para. 551.

25. Blaskić, supra n. 19, para. 625.

26. Ibid., para. 555.

27. Tadić Appeals Judgment, supra n. 14, para. 248.

28. Ibid., para. 272.

29. Blaskić, supra n. 19, para. 251.

30. Prosecutor v. Kordić and Čerkez, Trial Judgment, 26 February 2001, ICTY Case No. IT-95–14/2-T.

31. Prosecutor v. Kvocka et al., Trial Judgment, 2 November 2001, ICTY Case No. IT-98–30/1-T.

32. Prosecutor v. Krnojelac, Trial Judgment, 15 March 2002, ICTY Case No. IT-97–25-T.

33. Tadić Trial Judgment, supra n. 14, para. 713.

34. Ibid., para. 701. Crimes enumerated in Art. 5 can also be persecutory acts. The Tadić Trial Chamber did not come to this conclusion because it held that all Art. 5 offences had to be committed with a persecutory intent. This holding was reversed on appeal (para. 305).

35. Kordić, supra n. 30, paras. 209–210.

36. Tadić Trial Judgment, supra n. 14, paras. 650–652.

37. Tadić Appeals Judgment, supra n. 14, para. 305.

38. Prosecutor v. Kordić and Čerkez, Prosecution Appeal Brief, paras 2.1–2.34, 9 August 2001 ICTY Case No. IT-93–14/2-A.

39. Elements of Crimes for the ICC Statute, in Schabas, op. cit n. 10, at p. 258.