Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-lnqnp Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T03:43:06.810Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The use of fluvial archives in reconstructing landscape evolution: the value of sedimentary and morphostratigraphical evidence

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 March 2014

D.R. Bridgland  and
R. Westaway
D.R. Bridgland*
Affiliation:
Department of Geography, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
R. Westaway*
Affiliation:
MCT, The Open University, Abbots Hill, Gateshead NE8 3DF, UK; also at NIReS, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
*
Email: [email protected]
School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK.

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

Evidence-based interpretations of fluvial evolution, and especially of river-terrace formation, have advanced significantly in recent decades, with a notable contribution made by activities of the Fluvial Archives Group. Well-dated river-terrace sequences provide frameworks for the understanding of landscape evolution, since they record valley-floor levels that were higher in the past, attributable, from their patterns of occurrence, to regional uplift. The role of climate fluctuation during the Quaternary is also paramount, since this has been an important driver of the varied fluvial activity that has given rise to the staircases of terraces that characterise the temperate latitudes. This approach is contrasted with a more theoretical methodology for using rivers as recorders of landscape evolution, again with an emphasis on uplift, based on the concept of the formation of knickpoints at particular base levels and their migration upstream. Although different timescales can be explored by the two methods, the concept of headward-migrating knickpoints implies a mechanism for incision that is difficult to reconcile with the formation of the broadly parallel river terraces that are observed in many systems. Knickpoints can frequently be observed to coincide with gorge reaches, where river valleys are constricted as a result of resistant bedrock and/or the effects of localised active crustal deformation. This raises the possibility that knickpoints have generally formed in response to factors of local geology rather than migrating from downstream.

Keywords

climatic fluctuationknickpoint recessionQuaternaryriver terracesstream power lawuplift
Type
Research Article
Information
Netherlands Journal of Geosciences , Volume 91 , Issue 1-2 , September 2012 , pp. 5 - 24
Copyright
Copyright © Stichting Netherlands Journal of Geosciences 2012

References

Altınlı, Í.E. & Erentöz, C., 1961. Geological map of Turkey, 1: 500,000 scale, Erzurum sheet. General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration, Ankara, Turkey.Google Scholar
Amos, C.B. & Burbank, D.W., 2007. Channel width response to differential uplift. Journal of Geophysical Research 112: F02010, doi: 10.1029/2006JF000672.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Antoine, P., 1994. The Somme Valley terrace system (northern France); a model of river response to Quaternary climatic variations since 800000 BP. Terra Nova 6: 453–464.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Antoine, P., Lautridou, J.P. & Laurent, M., 2000. Long-term fluvial archives in NW France: response of the Seine and Somme Rivers to tectonic movements, climatic variations and sea level changes. Geomorphology 33: 183–207.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Antoine, P., Limondin Lozouet, N., Chaussé, C., Lautridou, J.-P., Pastre, J.-F., Auguste, P., Bahain, J.-J., Falguères, C. & Galehb, B., 2007. Pleistocene fluvial terraces from northern France (Seine, Yonne, Somme): synthesis, and new results from interglacial deposits. Quaternary Science Reviews 26: 2701–2723.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bieniawski, Z.T., 1974. Estimating the strength of rock materials. Journal of the South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy 74: 312–320.Google Scholar
Bishop, P., 2007. Long-term landscape evolution: linking tectonics and surface processes. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 32: 329–365.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blum, M.D. & Straffin, E.C., 2001. Fluvial responses to external forcing: examples from the French Massif Central, the Texas Coastal Plain (USA), the Sahara of Tunisia, and the Lower Mississippi Valley (USA). In: Maddy, D., Macklin, M.G. & Woodward, J. (eds): River Basin Sediment Systems: Archives of Environmental Change. Balkema (Rotterdam): 195–228.Google Scholar
Blum, M.D., Guccione, M.J., Wysocki, D. & Robnett, P.C., 2000. Late Pleistocene evolution of the southern Mississippi Valley, southern Missouri to Arkansas. Geological Society of America Bulletin 112: 221–235.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bourdier, F., 1968. Les caractéristiques pédologiques des glaciations quaternaires de la Bièvre-Valloire. Excursions Sous-Commission INQUA pour la stratigraphie du Quaternaire Européen, 9-10 05, 12 pp.Google Scholar
Bourdier, F. (ed.), 1974. Quaternaire et Paléolithique des Bassins de la Somme et de la Base-Seine. Bulletin de l'Association Française pour l'Étude du Quaternaire, vol. 40–41, 273 pp.Google Scholar
Brandon, A. & Sumbler, M.G., 1988. An Ipswichian fluvial deposit at Fulbeck, Lincolnshire and the chronology of the Trent terraces. Journal of Quaternary Science 3: 127–133.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brandon, A. & Sumbler, M.G., 1991. The Balderton Sand and Gravel: pre-Ipswichian cold stage fluvial deposits near Lincoln, England. Journal of Quaternary Science 6: 117–138.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bridgland, D.R., 1988. The Pleistocene fluvial stratigraphy and palaeogeography of Essex. Proceedings of the Geologists' Association 99: 219–314.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bridgland, D.R., 1994. Quaternary of the Thames. Geological Conservation Review Series 7, Chapman and Hall (London), 401 pp.Google Scholar
Bridgland, D.R., 2000. River terrace systems in north-west Europe: an archive of environmental change, uplift and early human occupation. Quaternary Science Reviews 19: 1293–1303.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bridgland, D.R., 2002. Fluvial deposition on periodically emergent shelves in the Quaternary: example records from the shelf around Britain. Quaternary International 92: 25–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bridgland, D.R., 2006. The Middle and Upper Pleistocene sequence in the Lower Thames: a record of Milankovitch climatic fluctuation and early human occupation of southern Britain. Proceedings of the Geologists' Association 117: 281–305.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bridgland, D.R., 2010. The record from British Quaternary river systems within the context of global fluvial archives. Journal of Quaternary Science 25: 433–446.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bridgland, D.R. & Allen, P., 1996. A revised model for terrace formation and its significance for the early Middle Pleistocene terrace aggradations of northeast Essex, England. In: Turner, C. (ed.): The early Middle Pleistocene in Europe. Balkema (Rotterdam): 121–134.Google Scholar
Bridgland, D.R. & D'Olier, B., 1995. The Pleistocene evolution of the Thames and Rhine drainage systems in the southern North Sea basin. In: Preece, R.C. (ed.): Island Britain, a Quaternary perspective. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, vol. 96: 27–45.Google Scholar
Bridgland, D.R. & Maddy, D., 1995. River Terraces as records of Quaternary Climate Oscillation. Programme with Abstracts. INQUA XIV (Berlin): p. 37.Google Scholar
Bridgland, D.R. & Maddy, D., 2002. Global correlation of long Quaternary fluvial sequences: a review of baseline knowledge and possible methods and criteria for establishing a database. Geologie en Mijnbouw/Netherlands Journal of Geosciences 81: 265–281.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bridgland, D.R. & Sirocko, F., 2002. Preface: Special Issue arising from the meeting in Mainz, Germany, of the Fluvial Archive Group. Geologie en Mijnbouw/Netherlands Journal of Geosciences 81: 263–264.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bridgland, D.R. & Westaway, R., 2008a Preservation patterns of Late Cenozoic fluvial deposits and their implications: results from IGCP 449. Quaternary International 189: 5–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bridgland, D.R. & Westaway, R., 2008b. Climatically controlled river terrace staircases: a worldwide Quaternary phenomenon. Geomorphology 98: 285–315.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bridgland, D.R., Demir, T., Seyrek, A., Pringle, M, Westaway, R, Beck, A.R., Rowbotham, G. & Yurtmen, S., 2007b. Dating Quaternary volcanism and incision by the River Tigris at Diyarbakir, SE Turkey. Journal of Quaternary Science 22: 387–393.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bridgland, D.R., Howard, A.J., White, M.J. & White, T.S., in press. The Quaternary of the Trent. Oxbow Books (Oxford).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bridgland, D., Keen, D. & Westaway, R., 2007a. Global correlation of Late Cenozoic fluvial deposits: a synthesis of data from IGCP 449. Quaternary Science Reviews 26: 2694–2700.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bridgland, D.R., Tandon, S.K. & Westaway, R., 2004. Global Correlation of Late Cenozoic Fluvial Deposits (IGCP 449). Proceedings of the Inaugural Meeting Prague, 04 21-24th 2001. Proceedings of the Geologists' Association 115: 97–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bridgland, D.R., Westaway, R., Abou Romieh, M., Daoud, M., Demir, T., Galiatsatos, N., Schreve, D.C., Seyrek, A., Shaw, A., White, T.S. & Whittaker, J., 2012. The River Orontes in Syria and Turkey: downstream variation of fluvial archives in different crustal blocks. Geomorphology 165–165: 25–49CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brocard, G.Y. & Van der Beek, P.A., 2006. Influence of incision rate, rock strength, and bedload supply on bedload river gradients and valley-flat widths: field-based evidence and calibrations from western Alpine rivers (southeast France). In: Willett, S.D., Hovius, N., Brandon, M.T. & Fisher, D.M. (eds): Tectonics, Climate and Landscape Evolution. Geological Society of America, Special Paper 398: 101–126.Google Scholar
Brookfield, M.E., 1998. The evolution of the great river systems of southern Asia during the Cenozoic India-Asia collision: rivers draining southwards. Geomorphology 22: 285–312.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brunnacker, K., Löscher, M., Tillmans, W. & Urban, B., 1982. Correlation of the Quaternary terrace sequence in the lower Rhine valley and northern Alpine foothills of central Europe. Quaternary Research 18: 152–173.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Büdel, J., 1977. Klima-Geomorphologie. Gebrüder Borntraeger (Berlin).Google Scholar
Büdel, J., 1982. Climatic Geomorphology. English translation by Fischer, L. & Busche, D.Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 443 pp.Google Scholar
Bull, W.B., 1991. Geomorphic Responses to Climatic Change. Oxford University Press (Oxford), 326 pp.Google Scholar
Bull, W.B. & Kneupfer, P.L.K., 1987. Adjustments by the Charwell River, New Zealand, to uplift and climatic changes. Geomorphology 1: 15–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burchfiel, B.C. & Erchie, Wang, 2003. Northwest-trending, middle Cenozoic, left-lateral faults in southern Yunnan, China, and their tectonic significance. Journal of Structural Geology 25: 781–792.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Busschers, F.S., Cohen, K.M., Vandenberghe, J., Van Balen, R.T., Kasse, C., Wallinga, J. & Weerts, H.J.T., 2011. Comments on ‘Causes, consequences and chronology of large-magnitude palaeoflows in Middle and Late Pleistocene river systems of northwest Europe’, by Rob Westaway and David R. Bridgland (2010). Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 36: 1836–1840.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Busschers, F.S., Kasse, C., Van Balen, R.T., Vandenberghe, J., Cohen, K.M., Weerts, H.J.T., Wallinga, J. & Cleveringa, P., 2007. Imprints of Late-Pleistocene climate change, sea-level change and glacio-hydro-isostacy on the sedimentary record of the Rhine-Meuse river system (southern North Sea Basin, the Netherlands). Quaternary Science Reviews 26: 3216–3248.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Busschers, F.S., Van Balen, R.T., Cohen, K.M., Kasse, C., Weerts, H.J.T., Wallinga, J. & Bunnik, F.P.M., 2008. Response of the Rhine-Meuse fluvial system to Saalian ice-sheet dynamics. Boreas 37: 377–398.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carey, A.E., Shuh-Ji, Kao, Hicks, D.M., Nezat, C.A. & Lyons, W.B., 2006. The geochemistry of rivers in tectonically active areas of Taiwan and New Zealand. In: Willett, S.D, Hovius, N., Brandon, M.T. & Fisher, D.M. (eds): Tectonics, Climate and Landscape Evolution. Geological Society of America Special Paper 398, Penrose Conference Series: 339–351.Google Scholar
Clark, M.K., Schoenbohm, L.M., Royden, L.H., Whipple, K.X., Burchfiel, B.C., Zhang, X., Tang, W., Wang, E. & Chen, L., 2004. Surface uplift, tectonics, and erosion of eastern Tibet from large-scale drainage patterns. Tectonics 23: TC1006, doi: 10.1029/2002TC001402, 20 pp.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cloetingh, S., 1988. Intraplate stresses: a new element in basin analysis. In: Kleinspehn, K.L. & Poala, C. (eds): New Perspectives in Basin Analysis. Springer (New York): 205–230.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cloetingh, S. & Burov, E., 2011. Lithospheric folding and sedimentary basin evolution: a review and analysis of formation mechanisms. Basin Research 23: 257–290.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohen, M.J., Henges-Jack, C. & Castillo-Moreno, G., 2001. A preliminary water balance for the Colorado River delta, 1992-1998. Journal of Arid Environments 49: 35–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cordier, S., Harmand, D., Frechen, M. & Beiner, M., 2006. Fluvial system response to Middle and Upper Pleistocene climate change in the Meurthe and Moselle valleys (Eastern Paris Basin and Rhenish Massif). Quaternary Science Reviews 25: 1460–1474.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cordier, S., Harmand, D., Lauer, T., Voinchet, P., Bahain, J.-J. & Frechen, M., 2012. Geochronological reconstruction of the Pleistocene evolution of the Sarre valley (France and Germany) using OSL and ESR dating techniques. Geomorphology 165–166: 91–106.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crosby, B.T. & Whipple, K.X., 2006. Knickpoint initiation and distribution within fluvial networks: 236 waterfalls in the Waipaoa River, North Island, New Zealand. Geomorphology 82: 16–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davis, W.M., 1899. The geographic cycle. Geographical Journal 14: 481–504.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Demir, T., Westaway, R., Bridgland, D., Pringle, M, Yurtmen, S., Beck, A. & Rowbotham, G., 2007a. Ar-Ar dating of late Cenozoic basaltic volcanism in northern Syria: Implications for the history of incision by the River Euphrates and uplift of the northern Arabian Platform. Tectonics 26: TC3012, doi: 10.1029/2006TC001959.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Demir, T., Westaway, R., Bridgland, D.R. & Seyrek, A., 2007b. Terrace staircases of the River Euphrates in southeast Turkey, northern Syria and western Iraq: evidence for regional surface uplift. Quaternary Science Reviews 26: 2844–2863.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Demir, T., Seyrek, A., Westaway, R., Bridgland, D.R. & Beck, A., 2008. Late Cenozoic surface uplift revealed by incision by the River Euphrates at Birecik, southeast Turkey. Quaternary International 186: 132–163.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Demir, T., Seyrek, A., Guillou, H., Scaillet, S., Westaway, R. & Bridgland, D., 2009. Preservation by basalt of a staircase of latest Pliocene terraces of the River Murat in eastern Turkey: evidence for rapid uplift of the eastern Anatolian Plateau. Global and Planetary Change 68: 254–269.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Demir, T., Seyrek, A., Westaway, R., Guillou, H., Scaillet, S., Beck, A. & Bridgland, D.R., 2012. Late Cenozoic regional uplift and localised crustal deformation within the northern Arabian Platform in southeast Turkey: investigation of the Euphrates terrace staircase using multidisciplinary techniques. Geomorphology: 165–165: 7–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
D'Olier, B., 1975. Some aspects of the late Pleistocene-Holocene drainage of the River Thames in the eastern part of the London Basin. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London A279: 269–277.Google Scholar
Dorsey, R.J., Fluette, A., McDougall, K., Housen, B.A., Janecke, S.U., Axen, G.J. & Shirvell, C.R., 2007. Chronology of Miocene-Pliocene deposits at Split Mountain Gorge, southern California: A record of regional tectonics and Colorado River evolution. Geology 35: 57–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gábris, G. & Nádor, A., 2007. Long-termfluvial archives in Hungary: response of the Danube and Tisza rivers to tectonic movements and climatic changes during the Quaternary: a review and new synthesis. Quaternary Science Reviews 26: 2758–2782.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gibbard, P.L., 1985. The Pleistocene history of the Middle Thames Valley. Cambridge University Press (Cambridge), 155 pp.Google Scholar
Gibbard, P.L. & Lewin, J., 2009. River incision and terrace formation in the Late Cenozoic of Europe. Tectonophysics 474: 41–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Green, C.P., McGregor, D.F.W., 1980. Quaternary evolution of the River Thames. In: Jones, D.K.C. (ed.): The Shaping of Southern England. Institute of British Geographers Special Publication, vol. 11. Academic Press (London): 177–202.Google Scholar
Green, C.P., McGregor, D.F.W., 1987. River terraces: a stratigraphical record of environmental change. In: Gardiner, V. (ed.): International Geomorphology 1986 Part 1. Wiley (Chichester): 977–987.Google Scholar
Gupta, S., Collier, J.S., Palmer-Felgate, A. & Potter, G., 2007. Catastrophic flooding origin of shelf valley systems in the English Channel. Nature 448: 342–345.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hack, J.T., 1957. Studies of longitudinal stream profiles in Virginia and Maryland. US Geological Survey Professional Paper 294-B: 45–97.Google Scholar
Hack, J.T., 1960. Interpretations of erosional topography in humid temperate regions. American Journal of Science 258-A: 80–97.Google Scholar
Hack, J.T., 1975. Dynamic equilibrium and landscape evolution. In: Melhorn, W.M. & Flemal, R.C. (eds): Theories of Landform Development. Publications in Geomorphology, State University of New York (Binghamton): 87–102.Google Scholar
Hancock, G.S. & Anderson, R.S., 2002. Numerical modeling of fluvial strathterrace formation in response to oscillating climate. Geological Society of America Bulletin 114: 1131–1142.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hanks, T.C. & Finkel, R.C., 2005. Early Pleistocene incision of the San Juan River, Utah, dated with 26Al and 10Be: Comment. Geology online forum 33: e78.Google Scholar
Hartley, R.A., Roberts, G.G., White, N. & Richardson, C., 2011. Transient convective uplift of an ancient buried landscape. Nature Geoscience 4: 562–565.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hayakawa, Y. & Matsukura, Y., 2003. Recession rates of waterfalls in Boso Peninsula, Japan, and a predictive equation. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 28: 675–684.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hayakawa, Y.S., Yokoyama, S. & Matsukura, Y., 2008. Erosion rates of waterfalls in post-volcanic fluvial systems around Aso volcano, southwestern Japan. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 33: 801–812.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Helgren, D.M., 1978. Acheulian settlement along the lower Vaal River, South Africa. Journal of Archaeological Science 5: 39–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hey, R.D., 1979. Causal and functional relations in fluvial geomorphology. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 4: 179–182.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Howard, A.D., 1980. Thresholds in river regimes. In: Coates, D.R. & Vitek, J.D. (eds): Thresholds in Geomorphology. Allen & Unwin (Concord) Massachusetts: 227–258.Google Scholar
Ionides, M.G., 1937. The Regime of the Rivers Euphrates and Tigris. E. & FN Spon (London).Google Scholar
Japsen, P., Green, P.F., Bonow, J.M., Rasmussen, E.S., Chalmers, J.A. &, Kjennerud, T., 2010. Episodic uplift and exhumation along North Atlantic passive margins: implications for hydrocarbon prospectivity. In: Vining, B., Pickering, S.C. (eds): Petroleum Geology: From Mature Basins to New Frontiers – Proceedings of the 7th Petroleum Geology Conference. The Geological Society (London): 979–1004.Google Scholar
Karner, D.B. & Marra, F., 1998. Correlation of fluviodeltaic aggradational sections with glacial climate history: a revision of the Pleistocene stratigraphy of Rome. Geological Society of America Bulletin 110: 748–758.2.3.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kasse, C., Vandenberghe, J. & Bohncke, S., 1995. Climatic change and fluvial dynamics of the Maas during the Late Weichselian and Early Holocene. In: Frenzel, B., Vandenberghe, J., Kasse, C., Bohncke, S. & Gläser, B. (eds): European river activity and climatic change during the Lateglacial and early Holocene, Paläoklimaforschung 14: 123–150.Google Scholar
Kasse, C., Bohncke, S.J.P., Vandenberghe, J. & Gabris, G., 2010. Fluvial style changes during the last glacial-interglacial transition in the middle Tisza valley (Hungary). Proceedings of the Geologists' Association 121: 180–194.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kettner, A.J., Gomez, B. & Syvitski, J.P.M., 2007. Modeling suspended sediment discharge from the Waipaoa River system, New Zealand: the last 3000 years. Water Resources Research 43: W07411, doi: 10.1029/2006WR005570, 15 pp.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kirby, E. & Whipple, K., 2001. Quantifying differential rock-uplift rates via stream profile analysis. Geology 29: 415–418.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ping, Kong, Fink, D., Chunguang, Na & Wei, Xiao, 2010. Dip-slip rate determined by cosmogenic surface dating on a Holocene scarp of the Daju fault, Yunnan, China. Tectonophysics 493: 106–112.Google Scholar
Ping, Kong, Granger, D.E., Fu-Yuan, Wu, Caffee, M.W., Ya-Jun, Wang, Xi-Tao, Zhao, & Yong, Zheng, 2009a. Cosmogenic nuclide burial ages and provenance of the Xigeda paleo-lake: Implications for evolution of the Middle Yangtze River. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 278: 131–141.Google Scholar
Ping, Kong., Chunguang, Na, Fink, D., Xi-Tao, Zhao, & Wei, Xiao, 2009b. Moraine dam related to late Quaternary glaciation in the Yulong Mountains, southwest China, and impacts on the Jinsha River. Quaternary Science Reviews 28: 3224–3235.Google Scholar
Ping, Kong, Yong, Zheng, & Caffee, M.W., 2012. Provenance and time constraints on the formation of the first bend of the Yangtze River. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 13: Q06017, doi: 10.1029/2012GC004140, 15 pp.Google Scholar
Lague, D. & Davy, P., 2003. Constraints on the long-term colluvial erosion law by analyzing slope-area relationships at various tectonic uplift rates in the Siwaliks Hills (Nepal). Journal of Geophysical Research 108(B2): 2129, doi: 10.1029/2002JB001893.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lazear, G.D., Karlstrom, K.E., Aslan, A. & Schmandt, B., 2010. Denudational flexural isostasy of the Colorado Plateau: Implications for incision rates and tectonic uplift. In: CREvolution 2 – Origin and Evolution of the Colorado River System II. Workshop 24-26 05 2010. Available online: https://sites.google.com/site/crevolution2/home/abstracts.Google Scholar
Leopold, L.B. & Bull, W.B., 1979. Base level, aggradation, and grade. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 123: 168–202.Google Scholar
Lewis, S., Maddy, D. & Glenday, S., 2004. The Thames valley sediment conveyor: fluvial system development over the last two interglacial-glacial cycles. Quaternaire 15: 17–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Longwell, C.R., 1936. Geology of the Boulder Reservoir floor, Arizona-Nevada. Geological Society of America Bulletin 47: 1293–1476.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lucchitta, I., 1972. Early history of the Colorado River in the Basin and Range Province. Geological Society of America Bulletin 83: 1933–1948.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lucchitta, I., Holm, R.F., Lucchitta, B.K., 2011. A Miocene river in northern Arizona and its implications for the Colorado River and Grand Canyon. GSA Today 21 (10), 7 pp: doi: 10.1130/G119A.1CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Macklin, M.G., Fuller, I.C., Lewin, J., Maas, G.S., Passmore, D.G., Rose, J., Woodward, J.C., Black, S., Hamlin, R.H.B. & Rowan, J.S., 2002. Correlation of fluvial sequences in the Mediterranean basin over the last 200 ka and their relationship to climate change. Quaternary Science Reviews 21: 1633–1641.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCave, I.N., 1969. Correlation of marine and nonmarine strata with example from the Devonian of New York state. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin 53: 155–162.Google Scholar
Maddy, D., 1997. Uplift-driven valley incision and river terrace formation in southern England. Journal of Quaternary Science 12: 539–545.3.0.CO;2-T>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maddy, D., Bridgland, D.R. & Green, C.P., 2000. Crustal uplift in southern England; evidence from the river terrace records. Geomorphology 33: 167–181.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maddy, D., Bridgland, D.R. & Westaway, R., 2001a. Uplift-driven valley incision and climate-controlled river terrace development in the Thames valley, UK. Quaternary International 79: 23–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maddy, D., Macklin, M. & Woodward, J., 2001b. River Basin Sediment Systems: Archives of Environmental Change. Balkema (Rotterdam), 503pp.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Matoshko, A., Gozhik, P. & Danukalova, G., 2004. Key Late Cenozoic fluvial archives of eastern Europe: the Dniester, Dnieper, Don and Volga. Proceedings of the Geologists' Association 115: 141–173.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meyer, W. & Stets, J., 2002. Pleistocene to Recent tectonics in the Rhenish Massif (Germany). Netherlands Journal of Geosciences/Geologie en Mijnbouw 81: 217–221.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miklós, D. & Neppel, F., 2010. Palaeogeography of the Danube and its catchment. In: Milly, M (ed.): Hydrological processes of the Danube River Basin: perspectives from the Danubian countries. Springer (Dordrecht): 79–124.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mol, J., Vandenberghe, J. & Kasse, K., 2000. River response to variations of periglacial climate in mid-latitude Europe. Geomorphology 33: 131–148.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moucha, R., Forte, A.M., Rowley, D.B., Mitrovica, J.X., Simmons, N.A & Grand, S.P., 2009. Deep mantle forces and uplift of the Colorado Plateau: Geophysical Research Letters 36: L19310, doi: 10.1029/2009GL039778.Google Scholar
Mudelsee, M. & Schulz, M., 1997. The Mid-Pleistocene climate transition: onset of 100 ka cycle lags ice volume build-up by 280 ka. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 151: 117–123.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oskin, M., & Stock, J., 2003a. Marine incursion synchronous with plate-boundary localization in the Gulf of California. Geology 31: 23–26.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oskin, M., & Stock, J., 2003b. Pacific-North America plate motion and opening of the Upper Delfin Basin, northern Gulf of California. Geological Society of America Bulletin 115: 1173–1190.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Passarge, S., 1972. Morphology of climatic zones or morphology of landscape belts?In: Derbyshire, E. (ed.): Climatic Geomorphology. Macmillan (London): 91–95.Google Scholar
Pastre, J.-F., Antoine, P., Bridgland, D.R. & Maddy, D., 2004. Colloque du ‘Fluvial Archives Group’ (FLAG), Clermont-Ferrand, Septembre 2002. Quaternaire 15: 1–2 (Editorial of Special Issue).Google Scholar
Pederson, J.L., Tressler, C., Cragun, S., Mackley, R. & Rittenour, T., 2010. The Colorado Plateau bullseye of erosion and uplift – linking patterns of quantified rates, amounts, and rock strength. In: CREvolution 2 – Origin and Evolution of the Colorado River System II. Workshop 24-26 05 2010. Available online: https://sites.google.com/site/crevolution2/home/abstracts.Google Scholar
Pedoja, K., Husson, L., Regard, V., Cobbold, P.R., Ostanciaux, E., Johnson, M.E., Kershaw, S., Saillard, M., Martinod, J., Furgerot, L., Weill, P. & Delcaillau, B., 2011. Relative sea-level fall since the last interglacial stage: Are coasts uplifting worldwide? Earth-Science Reviews 108: 1–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pritchard, D., Roberts, G.G., White, N.J. & Richardson, C.N., 2009. Uplift Histories from River Profiles. Geophysical Research Letters 36: L24301.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robert, X., Moucha, R., Reiners, P., Forte, A. & Whipple, K., 2011. Cenozoic evolution of the Grand Canyon and the Colorado Plateau driven by mantle dynamics?In: Beard, L.S., Karlstrom, K.E., Young, R.A. & Billingsley, G.H. (eds): CREvolution 2 – Origin and Evolution of the Colorado River System, Workshop Abstracts: US Geological Survey Open-File Report 2011-1210: 238–244.Google Scholar
Roberts, G.G. & White, N., 2010. Estimating uplift rate histories from river profiles using African examples. Journal of Geophysical Research 115: B02406, doi: 10.1029/2009JB006692.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosenbloom, N.A. & Anderson, R.S., 1994. Evolution of the marine terraced landscape, Santa Cruz, California. Journal of Geophysical Research 99: 14,013–14,030.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ruegg, G.H.J., 1994. Alluvial architecture of the Quaternary Rhine-Meuse river system in the Netherlands. Geologie en Mijnbouw 72: 321–330.Google Scholar
Rose, J. & Allen, P., 1977. Middle Pleistocene stratigraphy in south east Suffolk. Journal of the Geological Society of London 133: 83–102.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schumm, S.A., 1977. The fluvial system. Wiley (New York), 338 pp.Google Scholar
Schumm, S.A., 1979. Geomorphic thresholds, the concept and its application, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 4: 485–515.Google Scholar
Schumm, S.A., 1993. River response to baselevel change: implications for sequence stratigraphy. Journal of Geology 101: 279–294.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Seyrek, A., Demir, T., Pringle, M., Yurtmen, S., Westaway, R., Bridgland, D., Beck, A. & Rowbotham, G., 2008. Late Cenozoic uplift of the Amanos Mountains and incision of the Middle Ceyhan river gorge, southern Turkey; Ar-Ar dating of the Dűziçi basalt. Geomorphology 97: 321–355.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Siddall, M., Rohling, E.J., Almogi-Labin, A., Hemleben, C.H., Meischner, D., Schmelzer, I. & Smeed, D.A., 2003. Sea-level fluctuations during the last glacial cycle. Nature 423: 853–858.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sinha, R. & Tandon, S.K., 2003. Global correlation of Late Cenozoic fluvial deposits: focus on India. Current Science (New Delhi) 84: 965–966 (Editorial of IGCP 449 special issue).Google Scholar
Snyder, N.P., Whipple, K.X., Tucker, G.E. & Merritts, D.J., 2000. Landscape response to tectonic forcing: Digital elevation model analysis of stream profiles in the Mendocino triple junction region, northern California. Geological Society of America Bulletin 112: 1250–1263.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spencer, J.F., Smith, G.R. & Dowling, T.E., 2008. Middle to Late Cenozoic geology, hydrography, and fish evolution in the American Southwest. In: Reheis, M.C., Hershler, R. & Miller, D.M. (eds): Late Cenozoic Drainage History of the Southwestern Great Basin and Lower Colorado River Region: Geologic and Biotic Perspectives. Geological Society of America Special Paper 439: 279–299.Google Scholar
Starkel, L., 2003. Climatically controlled terraces in uplifting mountain areas. Quaternary Science Reviews 22: 2189–2198.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stokes, M., Cunha, P.P. & Martins, A.A., 2012. Techniques for analysing Late Cenozoic river terrace sequences. Geomorphology 165–166: 1–6 (Editorial of Special Issue).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Törnqvist, T.E., 1993. Fluvial Sedimentary Geology and Chronology of the Holocene Rhine-Meuse Delta, the Netherlands. PhD thesis, University of Utrecht, 193 pp.Google Scholar
Törnqvist, T.E., 1998. Longitudinal profile evolution of the Rhine Meuse system during the last deglaciation: interplay of climate change and glacio eustasy? Terra Nova 10: 11–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Törnqvist, T.E. & Blum, M.D., 1998. Variability of coastal onlap as a function of relative sea-level rise, floodplain gradient, and sediment supply examples from late Quaternary fluvial systems. In: Canaveras, J., Angeles Garcia del Cura, M. & Soria, J. (eds): Sedimentology at the Dawn of the Third Millenium. Proceedings of the 15th International Sedimentological Congress: p. 765.Google Scholar
Toucanne, S., Zaragosi, S., Bourillet, J.F., Cremer, M., Eynaud, F., Van Vliet-Lanoë, B., Penaud, A., Fontanier, C., Turon, J.L., Cortjo, E. & Gibbard, P.L., 2009. Timing of massive ‘Fleuve Manche’ discharges over the last 350 kyr: insights into the European ice-sheet oscillations and the European drainage network from MIS 10 to 2. Quaternary Science Reviews 28: 1238–1256.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tricart, J., 1972. The landforms of the humid tropics, forests and savannahs (English translation of 1965 original by C.J. Kiewiet DeJonge). Longman (London), 306 pp.Google Scholar
Tricart, J. & Cailleux, A., 1972. Introduction to climatic geomorphology (English translation of 1965 original by C.J. Kiewiet DeJonge). Longman (London), 295 pp.Google Scholar
Tyràček, J., 1983. River terraces-important paleoclimatic indicator. In: Billards, O., Conchon, O. & Shotton, F.W. (eds): Quaternary Glaciations in the Northern Hemisphere. IGCP Project 73-1-24. Report No. 9. Unesco International Geological Correlation Programme (Paris): 34–41.Google Scholar
Van den Berg, M.W., 1994. Neo-tectonics in the Roer Valley Rift System. Style and rate of crustal deformation inferred from syntectonic sedimentation. Geologie en Mijnbouw 73: 143–156.Google Scholar
Vandenberghe, J., 1993. Changing fluvial processes under changing periglacial conditions. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie Neue Folge 88: 17–28.Google Scholar
Vandenberghe, J., 1995. Timescales, climate and river development. Quaternary Science Reviews 14: 631–638.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vandenberghe, J., 2002. The relation between climate and river processes, land-forms and deposits during the Quaternary. Quaternary International 91: 17–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vandenberghe, J., 2003. Climate forcing of fluvial system development; an evolution of ideas. Quaternary Science Reviews 22: 2053–2060.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vandenberghe, J., 2008. The fluvial cycle at cold-warm-cold transitions in lowland regions: a refinement of theory. Geomorphology 98: 275–284.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vandenberghe, J. & Maddy, D., 2001. The response of river systems to climate change. Quaternary International 79: 1–3 (Editorial of special issue on this topic).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vandenberghe, J. & Vanacker, V., 2008. Towards a system approach in the study of river catchments. Geomorphology 98: 173–175.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vandenberghe, J., Cordier, S. & Bridgland, D.R., 2010. Extrinsic and intrinsic forcing of fluvial development: understanding natural and anthropogenic influences. Proceedings of the Geologists' Association 121: 107–112 (Editorial of FLAG special issue).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vandenberghe, J., Kasse, C., Bohnke, S. & Kozarsky, S., 1994. Climate related river activity at the Weichselian-Holocene transition: a comparative study of the Warta and Maas rivers. Terra Nova 6: 476–485.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Veldkamp, A. & Van den Berg, M.W., 1993. Three-dimensional modelling of Quaternary fuvial dynamics in a climo-tectonic depenent system. A case study of the Maas record (Maastricht, the Netherlands). Global and Planetary Change 8: 203–218.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Waters, R.S. & Johnson, R.H., 1958. The terraces of the Derbyshire Derwent. The East Midland Geographer, 2 (9): 3–15.Google Scholar
Weissel, J.K. & Seidl, M.A., 1998. Inland propagation of erosional escarpments and river profile evolution across the southeast Australian passive continental margin. AGU Geophysical Monograph Series 107: 189–206.Google Scholar
Westaway, R., 2002a. Geomorphological consequences of weak lower continental crust, and its significance for studies of uplift, landscape evolution, and the interpretation of river terrace sequences. Netherlands Journal of Geosciences 81: 283–304.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Westaway, R., 2002b. Long-term river terrace sequences: evidence for global increases in surface uplift rates in the Late Pliocene and early Middle Pleistocene caused by flow in the lower continental crust induced by surface processes. Netherlands Journal of Geosciences 81: 305–328.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Westaway, R., 2002c. The Quaternary evolution of the Gulf of Corinth, central Greece: coupling between surface processes and flow in the lower continental crust. Tectonophysics 348: 269–318.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Westaway, R., 2004. Review of ‘The steady-state orogen: concepts, field observations, and models’, edited by Frank Pazzaglia and Peter Knuepfer (special volume 151 of American Journal of Science, Yale University Press, Connecticut, USA, 2001). Quaternary Science Reviews 23: 215–218.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Westaway, R., 2007. Improved modelling of the Quaternary evolution of the Gulf of Corinth, incorporating erosion and sedimentation coupled by lower-crustal flow. Tectonophysics 440: 67–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Westaway, R., 2009. Active crustal deformation beyond the SE margin of the Tibetan Plateau: constraints from the evolution of fluvial systems. Global and Planetary Change 68: 395–417.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Westaway, R., 2010. Cenozoic uplift of southwest England. Journal of Quaternary Science 25: 419–432.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Westaway, R., 2011. The Pleistocene terrace staircase of the River Thame, central-southern England, and its significance for regional stratigraphic correlation, drainage development, and vertical crustal motions. Proceedings of the Geologists' Association 122: 92–112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Westaway, R. & Bridgland, D.R., 2010. Causes, consequences and chronology of large-magnitude palaeoflows in Middle and Late Pleistocene river systems of northwest Europe. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 35: 1071–1094.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Westaway, R. & Bridgland, D.R., 2011. Reply to comments by F.S. Busschers K.M. Cohen, J. Vandenberghe, R.T. Van Balen, C. Kasse, J. Wallinga & H.J.T. Weerts on ‘Causes, consequences and chronology of large-magnitude palaeo-flows in Middle and Late Pleistocene river systems of northwest Europe’, by Rob Westaway and David R. Bridgland (2010). Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 36: 1841–1846.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Westaway, R., Bridgland, D. & Mishra, S., 2003. Rheological differences between Archaean and younger crust can determine rates of Quaternary vertical motions revealed by fluvial geomorphology. Terra Nova 15: 287–298.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Westaway, R., Bridgland, D.R., Sinha, R. & Demir, T., 2009. Fluvial sequences as evidence for landscape and climatic evolution in the Late Cenozoic: A synthesis of data from IGCP 518. Global and Planetary Change 68: 237–253 (Editorial for special issue by the same name).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Westaway, R., Guillou, H., Seyrek, A., Demir, T., Bridgland, D., Scaillet, S. & Beck, A., 2009. Late Cenozoic surface uplift, basaltic volcanism, and incision by the River Tigris around Diyarbakır, SE Turkey. International Journal of Earth Sciences 98: 601–625.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Westaway, R., Bridgland, D.R. & White, M.J., 2006. The Quaternary uplift history of central southern England: evidence from the terraces of the Solent River system and nearby raised beaches. Quaternary Science Reviews 25: 2212–2250.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Westaway, R., Maddy, D. & Bridgland, D., 2002. Flow in the lower continental crust as a mechanism for the Quaternary uplift of south-east England: constraints from the Thames terrace record. Quaternary Science Reviews 21: 559–603.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whipple, K.X. & Tucker, G.E., 1999. Dynamics of the stream power river incision model: implications for height limits of mountain ranges, landscape response timescales and research needs. Journal of Geophysical Research 104 (B8): 17,661–17,674.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whipple, K.X. & Tucker, G.E., 2002. Topographic outcomes predicted by stream erosion models: Sensitivity analysis and intermodel comparison, Journal of Geophysical Research 107 (B2): 2039, doi: 10.1029/2000JB00044.Google Scholar
Wooldridge, S.W. & Kirkaldy, J.F., 1936. River profiles and denudation chronology in southern England. Geological Magazine 73: 1–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wymer, J.J., 1968. Lower Palaeolithic Archaeology in Britain as Represented by the Thames Valley. John Baker (London), 429 pp.Google Scholar
Dayuan, Yang, 2006. Changjiang Dimao Guocheng (Yangtze Geomorphological Processes). Science Press (Beijing), 219 pp (in Chinese).Google Scholar
Zeuner, F.W., 1945. The Pleistocene Period: its Climate, Chronology and Faunal Successions, 1st edition. Publication, No. 130. Ray Society (London), 322 pp.Google Scholar